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EC number: 200-891-8 | CAS number: 75-68-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to microorganisms
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Non-GLP non-guideline experimental study, published in peer reviewed literature, notable limitations in design and/or reporting
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Effect of gas hydrate formers on microorganisms
- Author:
- Prior BA, Fennema O and Marth EH
- Year:
- 1 970
- Bibliographic source:
- Applied Microbiology, Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 139-144
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Three concentrations of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane tested on various bacteria. Changes in numbers of microorganisms determined by plate count after 48 hours exposure.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
- EC Number:
- 200-891-8
- EC Name:
- 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
- Cas Number:
- 75-68-3
- Molecular formula:
- C2H3ClF2
- IUPAC Name:
- 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
- Details on test material:
- 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (CH3CClF2)
fluorocarbon-142b, Allied Chemical Corp.
purity 98%
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
None
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- Not applicable
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was tested in the vapor state (vapor space was saturated at 21°C, but the amount was insufficient to cause condensation). 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, iin a partially liquefied state, was further tested at two levels: (i) sufficient 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was present at 21 °C to saturate the vapor space and to provide a few drops of liquid condensate in the culture medium, and (ii) sufficient 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was present at 21 °C to saturate the vapor space and to provide liquid in an amount theoreticlaly adequate to bind all water present.
The buret used for dispensing liquid or vapor-state 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane into aerosol cans was similar to those available commercially, except that a membrane filter (0.22 µm pore size; Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) was inserted between the buret and the aerosol cans.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: various bacteria
- Details on inoculum:
- The bacteria chosen represent a broad cross-section of those common in foods. Organisms except bacterial sporeformers were prepared by growing them in sterile AC Broth (Difco) at their respective optimum temperatutes. Sterile AC Broth (Difco) was employed as the culture medium for all organisms during incubation in aerosol cans.
The following microorganisms were tested:
Staphylococcus aureus
Micrococcus conglomeratus
Streptococcus cremoris
S. lactis
Leuconostoc citrovoru"n
Leuconostoc dextranicum
Bacíllus cereus (spores)
B. polymyxa (spores)
Escherichia coli
E. íntermedia
Salmonella typhímuríum
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas fragi
Achromobacter butyri
Flavobacterium devorans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Candida utilis
Study design
- Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- 1 - 48 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No data
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- 21 ± 3 °C
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 1.68 - 1.99 - 7.92 g.
The amount of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was determined by weighing each can before and after filling - Details on test conditions:
- 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was added aseptically to capped aerosol cans (200x214, 143 mL capacity) containing 20 ml of sterile broth and a 24-hr culture of the test microorganism. Controls devoid of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane were included with each treatment. Test samples were prepared in triplicate and control samples in duplicate. Avoidance of contamination during filling and sealing of the aerosol cans was verified by using uninoculated controls. Samples were incubated while being agitated continuously an a platform shaker. The numbers of bacteria were determined by plate count (Plate Count Agar (Difco)) both prior to and after incubation.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- not specified in the publication
Results and discussion
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The resistance of the various microorganisms to the vapor-state of the test substance was compared statistically with microbial characteristics such as Gram reaction, sporulation, capsulation, shape, surface-to-volume ratios, and optimum termperature growth as reported in Bergey's Manual. Significant correlations were lacking in all instances.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Results Vapor Phase
Fractional change in numbers after 48 hr [(no./ml (treated)/no./ml (control)] |
||
Microorganism |
No initial |
No 48h |
Staphylococcus aureus |
4.1 |
16 |
Micrococcus conglomeratus |
0.15 |
4.7 x 10 ^ -5 |
Streptococcus cremoris |
1.1 |
1.8 x 10 ^ -2 |
S. lactis |
110 |
0.13 |
Leuconostoc citrovorum |
0.61 x 10 ^ -2 |
1 x 10 ^ -3 |
Leuconostoc dextranicum |
7.8 |
0.52 |
Bacillus cereus (spores) |
1.3 x 10 -2 |
0.35 |
B. polymyxa (spores) |
0.65 |
0.5 x 10 ^ -1 |
Escherichia coli |
0.27 |
3.5 x 10 ^ -3 |
E. intermedia |
0.15 |
1 x 10 ^ -4 |
Salmonella typhimurium |
30.8 |
1.8 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
5.2 x 10 ^ 2 |
1.1 |
Pseudomonas fluorescens |
73 |
9.2 x 10 ^-2 |
Pseudomonas fragi |
6.3 |
5.6 x 10 ^-4 |
Achromobacter butyri |
1.0 x 10 ^-3 |
9.0 x 10 ^-6 |
Flavobacterium devorans |
1.3 |
6.3 x 10 ^-4 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
57 |
0.57 |
Candida utilis |
12 |
5.1 x 10 ^-2 |
Results Liquid Phase
Fractional change in numbers after 48 hr [(no./ml (treated)/no./ml (control)] |
||||
Low level of liquid |
High level of liquid |
|||
Microorganism |
No initial |
No 48h |
No initial |
No 48h |
Escherichia coli |
NO* |
NO |
3.6 x 10 ^-6 |
1.1 x 10 ^ -6 |
Pseudomonas fluorescens |
1.9 x 10 ^-7 |
3.6 x 10 ^ -9 |
NO |
NO |
P. aeruginosa |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
Leuconostoc dextranicum |
8.8 x 10 ^-4 |
6.7 x 10 ^-6 |
1.4 x 10 ^-4 |
1.1 x 10 ^-6 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
Streptococcus lactis |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
Salmonella typhimurium |
3.3 x 10 ^-5 |
2.5 x 10 ^-6 |
6.7 x 10 ^-7 |
5.0 x 10 ^-8 |
Staphylococcus aureus |
1.9 x 10 ^-4 |
1.4 x 10 ^-4 |
NO |
NO |
Bacillus cereus (spores) |
4.1 x 10 ^-3 |
41 |
8.6 x 10 -3 |
86 |
* NO=no viable organisms
Treatment with liquid 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane for 48 hours substantially reduced the number of viable organisms in all of the test cultures; however, the population of B. cereus in the treated samples decreased less than in the 48 hr control. All cultures except B. cereus were reduced to less than 10,000 organisms per ml after 48 hours in the presecen of liquid 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- Treatment with liquid 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane for 48 hours substantially reduced the number of viable organisms in all of the test cultures; however, the population of B. cereus in the treated samples decreased less than in the 48 hr control. All cultures except B. cereus were reduced to less than 10,000 organisms per ml after 48 hours in the presecen of liquid 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
- Executive summary:
Three concentrations of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane tested on various bacteria. Changes in numbers of microorganisms determined by plate count after 48 hours exposure. The resistance of the various microorganisms to the vapor-state of the test substance was compared statistically with microbial characteristics such as Gram reaction, sporulation, capsulation, shape, surface-to-volume ratios, and optimum termperature growth as reported in Bergey's Manual. Significant correlations were lacking in all instances.Treatment with liquid 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane for 48 hours substantially reduced the number of viable organisms in all of the test cultures; however, the population of B. cereus in the treated samples decreased less than in the 48 hr control. All cultures except B. cereus were reduced to less than 10,000 organisms per ml after 48 hours in the presecen of liquid 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
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