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EC number: 205-775-0 | CAS number: 150-84-5
Toxicological Summary
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 17 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 15
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 255.7 mg/m³
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 4.8 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 60
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 290 mg/kg bw/day
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
The basis of the derived systemic DNELs for citronellyl acetate formed the available repeated dose toxicity studies with food-grade geranyl acetate (29% citronellyl acetate (CAS 150-84-5) and 71% geranyl acetate (CAS 105-87-3)) in a weight of evidence performed by the National Toxicity Program of the US National Institutes of Health (NTP, 1987).
In an oral 90 day repeated dose toxicity study in Fischer 344 rats, mortality and depressed mean body weights were the major adverse test substance related effects and a NOAEL of 2000 mg/kg bw/d of food-grade geranyl acetate has been set, corresponding to 580 mg/kg bw/d citronellyl acetate.
In a related oral 2 year repeated dose toxicity study in Fischer 344 rats, mortality, reduced body weights and an increased incidence of nephropathy with questionable relationship to test substance administration was found as major findings and a NOAEL is to be set at 1000 mg/kg bw/d, corresponding to 290 mg/kg bw/d citronellyl acetate.
In an oral 90 day repeated dose toxicity study in B6C3F1 mice, mortalities, delays in body weight gain, cytoplasmic vacuolization with lipid inclusions indicative of fatty degeneration in liver, kidney and myocardium and stomach lesions including inflammation and edema were reported. The NOAEL was set at 1000 mg/kg bw/d food-grade geranyl acetate corresponding to 290 mg/kg bw/d citronellyl acetate.
In a related oral 2 year repeated dose toxicity study in B6C3F1 mice, findings were confirmed but the respective study had limitations in study execution (e.g. dosage errors, test substance independent mortality and infections) and does not form a valid basis for the derivation of a NOAEL.
Therefore a NOAEL of 290 mg/kg bw/d from the 90 day study in mice and the 2 year study in rats has been taken as point of departure for the respective DNELs.
Route to route extrapolation:
No experimental data on absorption of citronellyl acetate are available. Based on the physicochemical properties citronellyl acetate is considered to become readily bioavailable via the dermal and oral route. On the basis of the low vapour pressure, the exposure with citronellyl acetate via inhalation as a vapour is low. According to Chapter R.8 of REACH Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, it is proposed in the absence of route-specific information to include a default factor in the case of inhalation-to-oral extrapolation, assuming 50% oral and 100% inhalation absorption. Due to the lack of experimental data a default factor of 1 for oral-to-dermal extrapolation, assuming 100% oral and 100% dermal absorption is used for the DNEL derivation.
For the worker, the following DNELs were derived:
For derivation of the long-term systemic inhalative DNEL for citronellyl acetate, the oral NOAEL of 290 mg/kg bw/d was taken as a basis and converted into a corrected inhalative NOAEC of 255.7 mg/m3 according to the procedure, recommended in the current guidance document (R8, ECHA 2008). Applying all assessment factors, the inhalative long-term systemic DNEL was set at 17.0 mg/m3 for the worker.
Long-term –inhalation, systemic effects
Description |
Value |
Remark |
Step 1) Relevant dose-descriptor |
NOAEL: 290 mg/kg bw/day |
|
Step 2) Modification of starting point |
50%/100%
0.38 m3/kg bw
6.7 m3/10 m3 |
Ratio of oral (rat) to inhalation (human) absorption (default value, as proposed in the REACH guidance (R.8.4.2)
Standard respiratory volume of a rat, corrected for 8 h exposure, as proposed in the REACH Guidance (R.8.4.2)
Correction for activity driven differences of respiratory volumes in workers compared to workers in rest (6.7 m3/10 m3). |
Modified dose-descriptor |
NOAEC corrected inhalative = 290*(1/0.38)*(50/100)*(6.7/10) = 255.7 mg/m3 |
|
Step 3) Assessment factors |
|
|
Allometric scaling |
1 |
No allometric scaling has to be applied in case of oral to inhalation route to route extrapolation according to R8 ECHA 2008. |
Remaining differences |
1 |
Substance specific assessment factor: Major adverse effects observed were predominantly general systemic toxicity. On the basis of these findings, no toxicodynamic and/or additional toxicokinetic differences between test animals and humans is to be expected besides aspects already covered by allometric scaling (not relevant, see above). Some organ specific adverse effects (e.g. lipidosis) were found to be species specific. However, the chosen NOAEL as point of departure also includes these species specific effects. Overall, no additional AF for remaining differences is considered mandatory. |
Intraspecies |
5 |
Default assessment factor according to R8 ECHA 2008 was used as worst case. |
Exposure duration |
1 |
Data from chronic study was taken into account |
Dose response |
1 |
according to R8 ECHA 2008 |
Quality of database |
3 |
Studies used as point of departure tested a mixture of geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate, which limits the conclusion on single component. |
DNEL |
Value |
|
|
255.7 / (1 x 1 x 5 x 1 x 1 x 3) = 17.0 mg/m3 |
|
For derivation of the long-term systemic dermal DNEL of citronellyl acetate, the oral NOAEL of 290 mg/kg bw/d was taken as a basis and was converted into a corrected dermal NOAEL of 290 mg/kg bw/d according to the procedure, recommended in the current guidance document (R8, ECHA 2008). Applying all assessment factors, the dermal long-term systemic DNEL derived was 4.8 mg/kg bw/d for the worker.
Long-term – dermal, systemic effects
Description |
Value |
Remark |
Step 1) Relevant dose-descriptor |
NOAEL: 290 mg/kg bw/day |
|
Step 2) Modification of starting point |
1 |
Default assessment factor for oral to dermal extrapolation according to R8 ECHA 2008 was used due to lack of experimental data on dermal penetration rate |
Modified dose-descriptor |
NOAEL corrected dermal = 290*1 = 290 mg/kg bw/d |
|
Step 3) Assessment factors |
|
|
Allometric scaling |
4 |
Assessment factor for allometric scaling according to R8 ECHA 2008 |
Remaining differences |
1 |
Substance specific assessment factor: Major adverse effects observed were predominantly general systemic toxicity. On the basis of these findings, no toxicodynamic and/or additional toxicokinetic differences between test animals and humans is to be expected besides aspects already covered by allometric scaling. Some organ specific adverse effects (e.g. lipidosis) were found to be species specific. However, the chosen NOAEL as point of departure also includes these species specific effects. Overall, no additional AF for remaining differences is considered mandatory. |
Intraspecies |
5 |
Default assessment factor according to R8 ECHA 2008 was used as worst case. |
Exposure duration |
1 |
Data from chronic study was taken into account |
Dose response |
1 |
according to R8 ECHA 2008 |
Quality of database |
3 |
Studies used as point of departure tested a mixture of geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate, which limits the conclusion on single component. |
DNEL |
Value |
|
|
290 / (4 x 1 x 5 x 1 x 1 x 3) = 4.8 mg/kg bw/day |
|
No DNELs were derived for local effects after short term or after long term inhalative exposure, since the conservatively derived long term inhalative DNEL for systemic effects covers putative local inhalative effects.No DNELs were derived for systemic effects after short term dermal or inhalative exposure, as the substance exhibits no hazardous potential in terms of these endpoints and the conservatively derived respective long term DNELs for systemic effects sufficiently covers such putative effects.
For derivation of the DNELs for local short-term and long-term dermal exposure, no reliable quantitative data addressing the hazard of skin irritation is available. Therefore no DNELs were derived and a qualitative risk characterisation including the implementation of suitable risk management measures is performed in the CSR.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 4.2 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 30
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 126.1 mg/m³
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.4 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 120
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 290 mg/kg bw/day
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.4 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 120
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 290 mg/kg bw/day
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
The basis of the derived systemic DNELs for geranyl acetate formed the available repeated dose toxicity studies with food-grade geranyl acetate (29% citronellyl acetate (CAS 150-84-5) and 71% geranyl acetate (CAS 105-87-3)) in a weight of evidence performed by the National Toxicity Program of the US National Institutes of Health (NTP, 1987).
In an oral 90 day repeated dose toxicity study in Fischer 344 rats, mortality and depressed mean body weights were the major adverse test substance related effects and a NOAEL of 2000 mg/kg bw/d of food-grade geranyl acetate has been set, corresponding to 580 mg/kg bw/d citronellyl acetate.
In a related oral 2 year repeated dose toxicity study in Fischer 344 rats, mortality, reduced body weights and an increased incidence of nephropathy with questionable relationship to test substance administration was found as major findings and a NOAEL is to be set at 1000 mg/kg bw/d, corresponding to 290 mg/kg bw/d citronellyl acetate.
In an oral 90 day repeated dose toxicity study in B6C3F1 mice, mortalities, delays in body weight gain, cytoplasmic vacuolization with lipid inclusions indicative of fatty degeneration in liver, kidney and myocardium and stomach lesions including inflammation and edema were reported. The NOAEL was set at 1000 mg/kg bw/d food-grade geranyl acetate corresponding to 290 mg/kg bw/d citronellyl acetate.
In a related oral 2 year repeated dose toxicity study in B6C3F1 mice, findings were confirmed but the respective study had limitations in study execution (e.g. dosage errors, test substance independent mortality and infections) and does not form a valid basis for the derivation of a NOAEL.
Therefore a NOAEL of 290 mg/kg bw/d from the 90 day study in mice and the 2 year study in rats has been been taken as point of departure for the respective DNELs.
Route to route extrapolation:
No experimental data on absorption of citronellyl acetate are available. Based on the physicochemical properties citronellyl acetate is considered to become readily bioavailable via the dermal and oral route. On the basis of the low vapour pressure, the exposure with citronellyl acetate via inhalation as a vapour is low. According to Chapter R.8 of REACH Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, it is proposed in the absence of route-specific information to include a default factor in the case of inhalation-to-oral extrapolation, assuming 50% oral and 100% inhalation absorption. Due to the lack of experimental data a default factor of 1 for oral-to-dermal extrapolation, assuming 100% oral and 100% dermal absorption is used for the DNEL derivation.
For the general population, the following DNELs were derived:
For derivation of the long-term systemic oral DNEL of citronellyl acetate,the NOAEL 290 mg/kg bw/d was used.After applying the assessment factors, the oral long-term systemic DNEL was set at 2.4 mg/ kg bw/day for the general population.
Long-term – oral, systemic effects
Description |
Value |
Remark |
Step 1) Relevant dose-descriptor |
NOAEL: 290 mg/kg bw/day |
|
Step 2) Modification of starting point |
- |
- |
Step 3) Assessment factors |
|
|
Allometric scaling |
4 |
Assessment factor for allometric scaling according to R8 ECHA 2008 |
Remaining differences |
1 |
Substance specific assessment factor: Major adverse effects observed were predominantly general systemic toxicity. On the basis of these findings, no toxicodynamic and/or additional toxicokinetic differences between test animals and humans is to be expected besides aspects already covered by allometric scaling. Some organ specific adverse effects (e.g. lipidosis) were found to be species specific. However, the chosen NOAEL as point of departure also includes these species specific effects. Overall, no additional AF for remaining differences is considered mandatory. |
Intraspecies |
10 |
Default assessment factor according to R8 ECHA 2008 was used as worst case. |
Exposure duration |
1 |
Data from chronic study was taken into account |
Dose response |
1 |
according to R8 ECHA 2008 |
Quality of database |
3 |
Studies used as point of departure tested a mixture of geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate, which limits the conclusion on single component. |
DNEL |
Value |
|
|
290 / (4 x 1 x 10 x 1 x 1 x 3) = 2.4 mg/kg bw/day |
|
For derivation of the long-term systemic inhalative DNEL for citronellyl acetate, the oral NOAEL of 290 mg/kg bw/d was taken as a basis and converted into a corrected inhalative NOAEC of 126.1 mg/m3 according to the procedure, recommended in the current guidance document (R8, ECHA 2008). Applying all assessment factors, the inhalative long-term systemic DNEL was set at 4.2 mg/m3 for the general population.
Long-term – inhalation, systemic effects
Description |
Value |
Remark |
Step 1) Relevant dose-descriptor |
NOAEL: 290 mg/kg bw/day |
|
Step 2) Modification of starting point |
50%/100%
1.15 m3/kg bw
|
Ratio of oral (rat) to inhalation (human) absorption (default value, as proposed in the REACH guidance (R.8.4.2)
Standard respiratory volume of a rat, corrected for 24 h exposure, as proposed in the REACH Guidance (R.8.4.2) |
Modified dose-descriptor |
NOAECinhalcorrected = 290*(1/1.15)*(50/100) = 126.1 mg/m3 |
|
Step 3) Assessment factors |
|
|
Allometric scaling |
1 |
No allometric scaling has to be applied in case of oral to inhalation route to route extrapolation according toR8 ECHA 2008. |
Remaining differences |
1 |
Substance specific assessment factor: Major adverse effects observed were predominantly general systemic toxicity. On the basis of these findings, no toxicodynamic and/or additional toxicokinetic differences between test animals and humans is to be expected besides aspects already covered by allometric scaling (not relevant, see above). Some organ specific adverse effects (e.g. lipidosis) were found to be species specific. However, the chosen NOAEL as point of departure also includes these species specific effects. Overall, no additional AF for remaining differences is considered mandatory. |
Intraspecies |
10 |
Default assessment factor according to R8 ECHA 2008 was used as worst case. |
Exposure duration |
1 |
Data from chronic study was taken into account |
Dose response |
1 |
according to R8 ECHA 2008 |
Quality of database |
3 |
Studies used as point of departure tested a mixture of geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate, which limits the conclusion on single component. |
DNEL |
Value |
|
|
126.1 / (1 x 1 x 10 x 1 x 1 x 3) = 4.2 mg/m3 |
|
For derivation of the long-term systemic dermal DNELof citronellyl acetate, the oral NOAEL of 290 mg/kg bw/d was taken as a basis and was converted into a dermal NOAEL of 290 mg/kg bw/day according to the procedure, recommended in the current guidance document (R8, ECHA 2008). Applying all assessment factors, the dermal long-term systemic DNEL derived was 2.4 mg/kg bw/d for the general population.
Long-term – dermal, systemic effects
Description |
Value |
Remark |
Step 1) Relevantdose-descriptor |
NOAEL: 290 mg/kg bw/day |
|
Step 2) Modification of starting point |
1 |
Default assessment factor for oral to dermal extrapolation according to R8 ECHA 2008 was used due to lack of experimental data on dermal penetration rate |
Modified dose-descriptor |
NOAELcorrected dermal= 290*1= 290 mg/kg bw/d |
|
Step 3) Assessment factors |
|
|
Interspecies |
4 |
Assessment factor for allometric scaling according to R8 ECHA 2008 |
Remaining differences |
1 |
Substance specific assessment factor: Major adverse effects observed were predominantly general systemic toxicity. On the basis of these findings, no toxicodynamic and/or additional toxicokinetic differences between test animals and humans is to be expected besides aspects already covered by allometric scaling. Some organ specific adverse effects (e.g. lipidosis) were found to be species specific. However, the chosen NOAEL as point of departure also includes these species specific effects. Overall, no additional AF for remaining differences is considered mandatory. |
Intraspecies |
10 |
Default assessment factor according to R8 ECHA 2008 was used as worst case. |
Exposure duration |
1 |
Data from chronic study was taken into account |
Dose response |
1 |
according to R8 ECHA 2008 |
Quality of database |
3 |
Studies used as point of departure tested a mixture of geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate, which limits the conclusion on single component. |
DNEL |
Value |
|
|
290 / (4 x 1 x 10 x 1 x 1 x 3) = 2.4 mg/kg bw/day |
|
No DNELs were derived for local effects after short term or after long term inhalative exposure, since the conservatively derived long term inhalative DNEL for systemic effects covers putative local inhalative effects.No DNELs were derived for systemic effects after short term oral, dermal or inhalative exposure, as the substance exhibits no hazardous potential in terms of these endpoints and the conservatively derived respective long term DNELs for systemic effects sufficiently covers such putative effects.
For derivation of the DNELs for local short-term and long-term dermal exposure, no reliable quantitative data addressing the hazard of skin irritation is available. Therefore no DNELs were derived and a qualitative risk characterisation including the implementation of suitable risk management measures is performed in the CSR.
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