Tin sulphide

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2015

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

No GLP

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Version / remarks:

2004

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method C.2 (Acute Toxicity for Daphnia)

Version / remarks:

2008

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.1010 (Aquatic Invertebrate Acute Toxicity Test, Freshwater Daphnids)

Version / remarks:

1996

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

The test was performed in China

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Concentrations: control and 100 mg/L
- Sampling method: 50.0 mL collected water samples were divided into two, one (unfiltered) was analysed by ICP-MS; the other was filtered through 0.22 µm Millipore membrane (discarding the initial 10.0 mL filtrates), then analysed by ICP-MS.In the Limit test, water samples were collected at 0 h, 24 h and 48 h, which were analysed to determine the measured concentration.

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)

- Method:
WAFs (water accommodated fractions) solutions with a nominal concentration of 1.00 mg/L was prepared used by adding 0.0010 g of the test substance to the 1000 mL Elendt M7 test medium in glass aspirator bottles with appropriate size. The mixing aspirator bottle was stoppered and the aqueous test substance mixture was stirred for 24 hrs at room temperature (about 23°C ~ 25°C). The vortex height was set at least 10% of the static liquid depth. At the end of the 24 h, stirring was stopped and the mixture was allowed to settle for 1 h at room temperature. Then the aqueous portion removed through the outlet of the aspirator stirring bottle was the WAFs solutions of the test substance without further filtration to remove the floating undissolved test substance.
WAFs (water accommodated fractions) solutions with a nominal concentration of 10.0 mg/L was prepared by adding 0.0100 g of the test substance to the 1000mL Elendt M7 test medium in glass aspirator bottles with appropriate size. The mixing aspirator bottle was stoppered and the aqueous test substance mixture was stirred for 24 hrs at room temperature (about 23°C ~ 25°C). The vortex height was set at least 10% of the static liquid depth. At the end of the 24 h, stirring was stopped and the mixture was allowed to settle for 1 h at room temperature. Then the aqueous portion removed through the outlet of the aspirator stirring bottle was the WAFs solutions of the test substance without further filtration to remove the floating undissolved test substance.
WAFs (water accommodated fractions) solutions with a nominal concentration of 100 mg/L was prepared by adding 0.1000 g of the test substance to the 1000mL Elendt M7 test medium in glass aspirator bottles with appropriate size. The mixing aspirator bottle was stoppered and the aqueous test substance mixture was stirred for 24 hrs at room temperature (about 23°C ~ 25°C). The vortex height was set at least 10% of the static liquid depth. At the end of the 24 h, stirring was stopped and the mixture was allowed to settle for 1 h at room temperature. Then the aqueous portion removed through the outlet of the aspirator stirring bottle was the WAFs solutions of the test substance without further filtration to remove the floating undissolved test substance.
50.0 mL WAFs test solutions at different concentrations were added to glass beakers. Details were described as follows:
Test Type Nominal Concentration
(mg/L) Amount of test substance Added (g) Total Volume (L)
Range-finding Test Blank control — 1
1.00 (WAFs) 0.0010 1
10.0 (WAFs) 0.0100 1
100 (WAFs) 0.1000 1
Limit Test Blank control — 1
100 (WAFs) 0.1000 1


- Controls: Blank Control

- Evidence of undissolved material: The test material is almost insoluble in water. Therefore, the water accomodated fraction was prepared.

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magna
- Strain/clone: no information provided
- Source: Obtained from Nanjing University in 2010
- Age of parental stock (mean and range, SD): not first brood
- Feeding during test: No

METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF EARLY INSTARS OR OTHER LIFE STAGES:
Daphnia magn were less than 24 hours old at the start of the test.
All organisms used for a particular test originated from cultures established from the same healthy stock of daphnia. The stock animals were maintained in Elendt M7 under conditions (light, temperature, and medium) similar to which used in the test, Lot No: D20151202D.

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

yes

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Hardness:

Elendt M7 test medium

Test temperature:

20.4°C to 21.2°C

pH:

7.39 and 7.71

Dissolved oxygen:

92% to 100% of the air saturation

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: Control, 100 mg/L water accomodated fraction
Measured: The results indicated that the initial concentration of 100 mg/L WAFs were determined to be in the range of 259 μg/L ~ 272 μg/L. So the concentration of test substance was stable (within 80% to 120% of the initial concentration) during the 48 h test period. Note: in the filtered samples no test substance was detected.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:Glass beakers
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 50 mL
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Elendt M7 test medium
- Culture medium different from test medium: No
- Intervals of water quality measurement: every 24 hours

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: No
- Photoperiod: automatic photoperiod control
- Light intensity: light intensity range: 1000 to 1500 lx(± 20%))

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Immobility

RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: In the range-finding test, groups of animals (5 per group) were exposed to at 3 concentrations of 1.00 mg/L WAFs, 10.0 mg/L WAFs, 100 mg/L mg/L WAFs. Synchronously one control group was used in the test.
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study:
3 Acute Immobilisation of Test Substance on Daphnia magna during the Range-finding Test
Nominal Con. (mg/L, ) Initial Number of Daphnids 24 h 48 h
Number of Immobilised Daphnids Immobilisation Rate (%) Number of Immobilised Daphnids Immobilisation Rate (%)
Blank control 5 0 0 0 0
1.00（WAFs） 5 0 0 0 0
10.0（WAFs） 5 0 0 0 0
100（WAFs） 5 0 0 0 0

No immobilization was observed in the range-finding study.

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

Potassium Dichromate

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EL50

Effect conc.:

> 265 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (arithm. mean)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Immobilization

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

Based the analysis of non-filtered samples

Details on results:

- Behavioural abnormalities: none
- Mortality of control: none
- Other adverse effects control: none
- Abnormal responses: none
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values:
Tin sulfide is almost insoluble in water (water solubility 0.6 µg/L). The LOD in the present study was 1 µg/L and hence the concentration in the medium filtered for analysis was < LOD. In the medium used for exposure of the daphnids, i.e., prior filtration, a concentration of 265 µg/L was measured. This indicates that some particulate matter must have been present in the medium used for the exposure of the daphnids, This concentration was stable throughout the exposure. Since no adverse effects in the exposed daphnids, it can be concluded that the particulate material ad no adverse effects on teh daphnids.
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: No adverse effects were observed when the daphnids were exposed to medium which contained some undissolved material.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

- Results with reference substance valid? Yes
- Relevant effect levels:
Acute Immobilisation of Potassium Dichromate on Daphnia magna
Nominal Con. (mg/L) Initial Number of Daphnids Number of Immobilised Daphnids
6 h 12 h 18 h 24 h
0 5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
0.32 5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
0.56 5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
1.0 5 0 0 0 1
5 0 0 1 2
5 0 0 1 2
5 0 0 2 2
1.8 5 3 3 4 5
5 2 2 4 5
5 4 4 5 5
5 5 5 5 5
3.2 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5

- ECx:
EC50 of the reference test at differnt timepoints
12 h 18 h 24 h

EC50 (mg/L) 1.60 1.27 1.09
95% confidence limit (mg/L):1.51~1.68 1.19~1.34 1.03~1.16

Reported statistics and error estimates:

not relevant since no adverse effects observed.

Acute Immobilisation of Test Substance on Daphnia magna during the Limit Test

Nominal Con. (mg/L)	Initial Number of Daphnids	24 h		48 h
		Number of Immobilised Daphnids	ImmobilisationRate (%)	Number of Immobilised Daphnids	Immobilisation Rate (%)
Blank control	5	0	0	0	0
	5	0		0
	5	0		0
	5	0		0
100(WAFs)	5	0	0	0	0
	5	0		0
	5	0		0
	5	0		0
EC50(mg/L, based on the nominal concentration)		>100（WAFs）		>100（WAFs）

 

Visual Observations during the Limit Test

Nominal Concentration (mg/L)	Visual Observations
	24 h	48 h
Blank control	5 NB^①	5 NB
	5 NB	5 NB
	5 NB	5 NB
	5 NB	5 NB
100 (WAFs)	5 NB	5 NB
	5 NB	5 NB
	5 NB	5 NB
	5 NB	5 NB

^①NB: Normal behaviours

Analysis Results of the Test Solution in the Limit Test

Nominal Concentration (mg/L)	Measured Concentration (μg/L)				Measured Concentration/0h measured Concentration
	0 h	24 h	48 h	Mean
100 (WAFs)	272	259	263	265	97.4%

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Under valid static test conditions the 48 h-EL50 of Tin Sulfide to Daphnia magna is greater than the nominal tested concentration of 100 mg/L WAFs (measured concentration 0.265 mg/L) and greater than the water solubility of 0.6 µg/L. Hence, tin sulfide has no acute toxicity to daphnids under the tested conditions.

Executive summary:

The acute toxicity of tin sulfide to Daphnia magna was determined according to OECD 202 (2004). In a range-finding test 5 daphnids per treatment (no replicates) were exposed to nominal concentrations of 1.0, 10.0 and 100 mg test substance/L WAFs. No immobilization was observed. In the limit test 4 replicates with 5 daphnids per replicate each were tested at 100 mg/L WAF. A blank control was set up in parallel. After 48 h-test period all daphnids in control group and treated group were alive and appeared normal . A reference test with K2Cr2O7 under same conditions resulted in a 24h-LC50 of 1.,27 mg/L. All validity criteria were fulfilled. Under valid static test conditions the 48 h -EL50 of tin sulfide to Daphnia magna is greater than the nominal tested concentration of 100 mg/L WAF and greater than the measured concentration of 265 µg/L, which is greater than the water solubility of 0.6 µg/L. Therefore, it can be concluded that tin sulfide has no acute toxicity to Daphnia magna.

Description of key information

In an acute test with Daphnia magna, it was shown that tin sulfide does not cause toxic effects up to the limit of water solubility.

Additional information

Tin sulfide is highly insoluble in water. Therefore, short-term aquatic toxicity is unlikely to occur. The long-term aquatic toxicity study on Daphnia (Annex IX, section 9.1.5) was performed. Thus, no short-term toxicity testing is required. This is in accordance with the Annex VII 9.1.1 column 2 (the specific rules for adaptation from column 1) of the REACH regulation.

In an acute test with Daphnia magna, it was shown that tin sulfide does not show toxic effects up to the limit of water solubility.