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Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Based on the results of the test and read across in vitro genotoxicity studies, the test substance is considered to be non-genotoxic.

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
From April 23, 1990 to May 10, 1990
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
Deviations:
not specified
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)
Deviations:
not specified
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Not applicable
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
bacterial reverse mutation assay
Target gene:
Histidine: hisC3076, hisD3052 pKM101, hisG46, hisG46 pKM101
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
S9 liver mix obtained from Aroclor 1254 induced male Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rats
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
Preliminary toxicity test:
1.0, 3.3, 10, 33.3, 100, 333, 1000, 3330, 5000 µg/plate

Experiment 1
with S9-mix
0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0, 33.3 µg/plate
without S9-mix
0.1, 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0 µg/plate

Experiment 2
with S9-mix
0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0, 33.3 µg/plate
without S9-mix
0.1, 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0 µg/plate
Vehicle / solvent:
Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) of spectroscopic quality
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
(DMSO)
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: sodium azide (TA1535), 9-aminoacridine (TA1537), daunomycine (TA98), methylmethanesulfonate (TA100)
Remarks:
without S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: 2-aminoanthracene (all 4)
Remarks:
with S9 mix
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation)

DURATION
- Preincubation period: until 10^9 cells/mL had been obtained
- Exposure duration: 48 hours

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): Histidine

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Five different doses of the test substance have been tested in triplicate in each strain. An independentrepeat of the experiment was performed.

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: All colonies were counted.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
Method: A preliminary toxicity test was performed with TA100 (with and without S9-mix), 9 concentrations were tested in duplicate. The survival of the TA100 culture was determined by comparing the number of colonies on the plate + test substance with those onthe solvent control plate.
Evaluation criteria:
An Ames test was considered acceptable if it met the following criteria:
a) The negative control data (number of spontaneous revertants per plate) should reasonably fall within the laboratory background historical range for each tester strain.
b) The positive control chemicals should produce responses in all tester strains which also reasonably fall within the laboratory
historical range documented for each positive control substance. Furthermore, the mean plate count should be at least two times
the concurrent vehicle control group mean.
c) The selected dose range should include a clearly toxic concentration as demonstrated by the preliminary toxicity range-finding
test with strain TA100 or should extend to 5 mg/plate (active ingredient).

A test substance was considered negative (not mutagenic) i n the Ames test if:
a) The total number of revertants in any tester strain at any concentration was not greater than two times the solvent control value, with or without metabolic activation.
b) The negative response should be reproducible in at least one independently repeated experiment.

A test substance was considered positive (mutagenic)in the Ames test if :
a) It induced at least a 2-fold, dose related increase in the number of revertants with respect to the number induced by the solvent
control in any of the tester strains, either with or without metabolic activation. However, any mean plate count of less than 20 was considered to be not significant. If the test substance showed in the first test only a positive response at one or two
concentrations, the assay was repeated with doses just below and exceeding those showing positive effects in the first test.
b) The positive response should be reproducible in at least one independently repeated experiment. The preceding criteria were not absolute and other extenuating factors might enter into the final evaluation decision.
Statistics:
Not reported
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
(in preliminary test)
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1537
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
(in preliminary test)
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
(in preliminary test)
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
(in preliminary test)
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Species / strain:
E. coli WP2
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
not determined
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
not determined
Vehicle controls validity:
not examined
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
True negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
not examined
Additional information on results:
TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
No data

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: A preliminary toxicity study with TA100 showed that survival without S9-mix was not or only slightly reduced up to test substance concentration of 10.0 µg/plate and eliminated at and above 33.3 µg/plate. In the presence of S9-mix the survival of strain TA100
was slightly reduced at a test substance concentration of 33.3 µg/plate and eliminated at and above 100 µg/plate. Based on these data, the test substance was tested up to a concentration of 10.0 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix and up to 33.3 µg/plate in the presence of S9-mix.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: The negative and strain-specific positive control values fell within the testing laboratory background historical ranges indicating that the test conditions were optimal and that the metabolic activation system functioned properly.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: No data

All bacterial strains showed negative responses over the entire dose range of the test substance, i.e. no dose-related, two-fold, increase in the number of revertants in two independently repeated experiments.

Conclusions:
Under the study conditions, the test substance was considered to be non mutagenic in the Ames test.
Executive summary:

A study was conducted to evaluate the mutagenic potential of the test substance, C12 -18 DAQ (76.4% active in hydroalcoholic solution) in the Ames test, according to the OECD Guideline 471 and EU Method B.13/14, in compliance with GLP. In the study S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 strains were used and S9 liver mix obtained from Aroclor 1254 induced male Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rats was used as metabolic activating system. A preliminary toxicity study with TA100 showed that survival without S9-mix was not or only slightly reduced up to test substance concentration of 10.0 µg/plate and eliminated at and above 33.3 µg/plate. In the presence of S9-mix the survival of strain TA100 was slightly reduced at a test substance concentration of 33.3 µg/plate and eliminated at and above 100 µg/plate. Based on these data, the test substance was tested up to a concentration of 10.0 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix and up to 33.3 µg/plate in the presence of S9-mix. Experiment 1: (a) with S9-mix - 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0, 33.3 µg/plate (b) without S9-mix - 0.1, 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0 µg/plate. Experiment 2: (a) with S9-mix - 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0, 33.3 µg/plate (b) without S9-mix - 0.1, 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0 µg/plate. The negative and strain-specific positive control values fell within the testing laboratory background historical ranges indicating that the test conditions were optimal and that the metabolic activation system functioned properly. All bacterial strains showed negative responses over the entire dose range of the test substance, i.e. no dose-related, two-fold, increase in the number of revertants in two independently repeated experiments. Under the study conditions, the test substance was considered to be non mutagenic in the Ames test (Scheres, 1990).

Endpoint:
in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
From November 10, 1995 to March 06, 1996
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.10 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
Deviations:
no
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Not applicable
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of assay:
in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test
Target gene:
Not applicable
Species / strain / cell type:
lymphocytes:
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
cultured peripheral human lymphocytes
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not applicable
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
Preparation of S9-homogenate:
Rat liver microsomal enzymes were routinely prepared from adult male Wistar rats, which were obtained from Charles River Wiga, Sulzfeld, Germany. The animals were housed at NOTOX in a special room under standard laboratory conditions, as described in the SOP's, The rats were injected intraperitoneally with a solution (20% w/v) of Aroclor 1254 (500 mg/kg body weight) in corn oil. Five days later, they were killed by decapitation; (they were denied access to food for at least 12 hours preceding sacrifice). The livers of the rats were removed aseptically, and washed in cold (OOC) sterile 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.1 mM Na2-EDTA. Subsequently the livers were minced in a blender and homogenized in 3 volumes of phosphate buffer with a Potter homogenizer, The homogenate was centrifuged for 15 min at 9000 g. The supernatant (S9) was transferred into sterile ampules, which were stored in liquid nitrogen (-196°C).

Preparation of S9-mix:
S9-mix was prepared immediately before use and kept on ice. S9-mix contained per ml: 1.02 mg MgC12.6H20; 2.46 mg KCl; 1.7 mg glucose-6-phosphate; 3.4 mg NADP; 4 umol HEPES. The above solution was filter (0.22 pm)-sterilized. To 0.5 ml S9-mix components 0.5 ml W-fraction (batch 95.7) was added (50% (v/v) S9-fraction). Metabolic activation was achieved by adding 0.2 ml liver S9-mix to 5.3 ml exposition medium (4.8 ml F10 complete culture medium, 0.4 ml blood and 0.1 ml (9 mg/ml) Phytohaemagglutinin). The concentration of the S9-fraction in the exposition medium was 1.8% (v/v).
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
First experiment: (a) Without S9-mix: 3-4.2 and 5.6 µg/mL (24 h) and 5.6 µg/mL (48h) (b) With S9-mix: 10-18 and 24 µg/mL (24 h) and 18 µg/mL (48 h)
Second experiment : (a) Without S9-mix: 3-4.2 and 7.5 µg/mL (24h) (b) With S9-mix: 3-18 and 24 µg/mL (24h)
Vehicle / solvent:
- DMSO
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
mitomycin C
Remarks:
Without S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
cyclophosphamide
Remarks:
With S9 mix
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
Organism/cell type: Cultured peripheral human lymphocytes
Metabolic activation system: S9 mix: Aroclor-1254 induced rat liver SS-mix from adult male Wistar rats, from Charles River Wiga, Sulzfeld, Germany.

CELL CULTURE
Blood samples              
Blood samples were taken from a healthy adult male volunteer by venapuncture using the Venoject multiple sample blood collecting system with a suitable size sterile vessel containing sodium heparin. The blood samples were stored at a temperature between 4 and 25°C. Within 4 h after blood collection lymphocyt cultures were started.

F10 complete culture medium       
F10 complete culture medium consisted of Ham's F10 medium without thymidine and hypoxanthine (Gibco), supplemented with 20% (v/v) heat­ inactivated (56°C; 30 min) foetal calf serum (Gibco), L-glutamine (2 mM), penicillin/streptomycin (50 U/ml and 50 µg/ml respectively), sodium bicarbonate (1.2 g/1) and 30 U/ml heparin.

Cell culture conditions       
Whole blood was cultured in F10 complete culture medium with Phytohaemagglutinin (Murex). Per culture (5 ml F10 complete culture medium and 0.4 ml whole blood) 0.1 ml (9 mg/ml) Phytohaemagglutinin was added.

Environmental conditions       
All incubations were carried out in a humid atmosphere (80-95%) containing 5% co2 in air in the dark at 37°C. The temperature, humidity and CO2- percentage were monitored during the experiment.

Negative control:
The vehicle of the test article, being dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)

Positive controls:
Solvent for positive controls
Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) without calcium and magnesium

Without metabolic activation (-S9-mix):
Mitomycin C (MMC-C; CAS no. 50-07-7, Sigma, U.S.A.) was used as a direct acting mutagen at a final concentration of 0.2 ug/ml (solvent: HBSS) for a 24 h treatment period and 0.1 ug/ml for a 48 h treatment period.

With metabolic activation (+S9-mix):
Cyclophosphamide (CP; CAS no. 50-18-O. Endoxan-Asta, Asta-Werke, F.R.G.) was used as an indirect acting mutagen, requiring metabolic activation, at a final concentration of 15 ug/ml (solvent: HBSS) for a 3 h treatment period (24 h fixation time).
Rationale for test conditions:
Stimulated cultured human lymphocytes were used because they are sensitive indicators of clastogenic activity of a broad range of chemical classes. In combination with a mammalian metabolizing system (S9-mix) also indirect chemical mutagens, i.e. those requiring metabolic transformation into reactive intermediates, could be tested for clastogenic effects in vitro. Following treatment, cell division was arrested in the metaphase stage of the cell cycle by addition of the spindle poison colchicine. Structural chromosome changes such as breaks, gaps, minutes, dicentrics and exchange figures were examined microscopically in cultures treated with the test substance and the results were compared with those of the control (vehicle-treated) cultures. Chromosome aberrations were generally evaluated in the first post-treatment mitosis. The appearance of the first post-treatment mitosis could be considerably delayed, due to toxic insult of the cells. Therefore, cells were harvested at 24 hand 48 h after beginning of treatment to cover the interval in which maximum aberration frequency was expected. A test article which induced a positive response in this assay is presumed to be a potential mammalian cell clastogenic agent.


Evaluation criteria:
Test was considered as acceptable, if it met the following criteria:
1. The Numbers of chromosome aberrations found in the solvent control cultures should reasonable be within the laboratory historical control.
2. The positive control substance should produce a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations
3. A homogeneous response between the replicate cultures is observed
Statistics:
Chi square test for the dose related statistical significance
Key result
Species / strain:
other: cultured human lymphocytes
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Remarks:
Test substance did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Remarks:
up to 24 µg/mL
Vehicle controls validity:
not examined
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
- In the first experiment an increase in the number of aberrant cells was found, only at the 24 h fixation time in the presence of S9-mix and at one concentration only (24 µg/mL). 
- Since the type of aberrations abserved were only breaks, the increase was not observed at any other concentration and not confirmed in the second experiment, this finding was considered not to be of biological significance. 
- Next to this the number of cells with aberrations were just at the historical control data range.

Results

Dose range finding test

In the dose range finding test blood cultures were treated with 3, 10, 33, 100 and 333 µg/ml culture medium with and without S9-mix. At a concentration of 333 µg/ml test substance precipitated in the culture medium. Therefore, a concentration of 333 µg/ml was used as the highest concentration of test substance.

Based on the results of the dose range finding test the following dose levels were selected for the cytogenetic assay:

Experiment 1

Without S9-mix: (a) 3, 4.2, 5.6, 7.5, 10 and 18 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time) (b) 4.2, 5.6, 7.5, 10 and 18 µg/ml culture medium (48 h fixation time)

With S9-mix: (a) 3, 10, 13, 18, 24 and 33 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time) (b) 10, 13, 18, 24 and 33 µg/ml culture medium (48 h fixation time)

Based on the observations of the mitotic index of cultures (from blood of a healthy male donor) treated with various test substance concentrations or with the positive or negative control substances, the following doses were selected for scoring of chromosome aberrations:

Without S9-mix: 3, 4.2 and 5.6 µg/ml cultuie medium (24 h fixation time), 5.6 µg/ml (48 h fixation time)

With S9- mix: 10, 18 and 24 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time), 18 µg/ml (48 h fixation time)

The data of the dose range finding test and the first cytogenetic assay were used to determine the dose levels for the second cytogenetic assay.

Experiment 2

Without S9-mix: 1, 3, 4.2, 5.6 and 7.5 ug/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time)

With S9-mix: 3, 10, 13, 18, 21 and 24 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time)

Based on the observations of the mitotic index of cultures (from blood of a healthy male donor) treated with various test substance concentrations or with the positive or negative control substances, the following doses were selected for scoring of chromosome aberrations:

Without S9-mix: 3, 4.2 and 7 .5 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time)

With S9-mix: 3, 18 and 24 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fi xati on time)

Cytogenetic assay

The ability of test substance to induce chromosome aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes was investigated. The test was carried out in duplicate in two independent experiments. The results of duplicate cultures are indicated by A and B. The scores for the numbers of aberrant cells (inclusive and exclusive gaps) and the numbers of the various types of chromosome aberrations at the various concentrations of the test substance are presented. The criteria according to which the aberrations were classified are outlined. In the presence of S9-mix (24 h fixation time), in experiment 1, a concentration of 24 µg/ml induced a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations both when gaps are included and excluded. Since, the types of aberrations observed were only breaks, the increase is not dose related, experiment 2 did not confirm this result and moreover the number of cells with chromosome aberrations were just without the historical control data range, the increase is not considered biologically relevant. All other concentrations tested in the presence of S9-mix at the 24 hand 48 h fixation period did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. In the absence of S9-mix test substance did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. The number of cells with chromosome aberrations found in the solvent control cultures were within the laboratory historical control data range {i.e.1.0 ± 3.3 (mean± three times the standard deviation) aberrant cells per 100 metaphases (without S9-mix; gaps excluded) and 0.8 ± 2.7 aberrant cells per 100 metaphases (with S9-mix; gaps excluded)}. The positive control chemicals (MMC-C and CP) both produced statistically significant increases in the frequency of aberrant cells. It was therefore concluded that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system (S9-mix) functioned properly.

Finally, it is concluded that this test should be considered valid and that test substance is not clastogenic under the experimental conditions of this test.

Table 1. Table for Cytogenetic In-Vitro-Test: Chromosomal Analysis

positive

Dose in µg/ml

state mean and standard deviations below

control

Experiment 1

Without S9-mix, 24 h fixation

control

3

4.2

5.6

Mitotic index

64

100

82

73

47

Total aberrations with gaps:

61

1

0

4

0

Total aberrations without gaps:

63

1

0

2

0

With S9-mix, 24 h fixation

pos. control

control

10

18

24

Mitotic index

59

100

81

58

41

Total aberrations with gaps:

53

1

6

0

9

Total aberrations without gaps:

52

0

4

0

9

Without S9-mix, 48 h fixation

pos.

control

5.6

Mitotic index

78

100

52

Total aberrations with gaps:

52

1

5

Total aberrations without gaps:

52

0

3

With S9-mix, 48 h fixation

pos.

control

18

Mitotic index

n.a.

100

49

Total aberrations with gaps:

na

1

6

Total aberrations without gaps:

na

1

4

Experiment 2

Without S9-mix, 24 h fixation

pos.

control

3

4.2

7.5

Mitotic index

58

100

83

61

45

Total aberrations with gaps:

33

2

2

2

8

Total aberrations without gaps:

33

1

1

2

4

With S9-mix, 24 h fixation

pos.

control

3

18

24

Mitotic index

51

100

79

61

49

Total aberrations with gaps:

36

3

4

1

5

Total aberrations without gaps:

36

3

2

1

3

Positve controls: the numbers are based on 150 instead 200 cells evaluated.

Conclusions:
Under the study conditions, the test substance was considered to be non clastogenic in human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation.
Executive summary:

A study was conducted to determine the clastogenic potential of the test substance, DDAC (51.3% active) in cultured human lymphocytes, according to OECD Guideline 473 and EU method B.10, in compliance with GLP. After a preliminary toxicity test, test substance was tested in two independent experiments, with and without a metabolic activation system, the S9- mix. In the absence of S9 -mix test substance was tested up to 5.6 µg/mL for a 24 and 48 h fixation time in the first experiment. In the second experiment test substance was tested up to 7.5 µg/mL for a 24 h fixation time. In the presence of S9 -mix test substance was tested up to 24 µg/mL for 24 h fixation time and up to 18 µg/mL for a 48 h fixation time in the first experiment. In the second experiment it was tested up to 24 µg/mL for a 24 h fixation time. In the presence of S9-mix (24 h fixation time), in experiment 1, a concentration of 24 µg/ml induced a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations both when gaps were included and excluded. Since, the types of aberrations observed were only breaks, the increase was not dose related. Experiment 2 did not confirm this result and moreover the number of cells with chromosome aberrations were just without the historical control data range, therefore the increase was not considered biologically relevant. All other concentrations tested in the presence of S9-mix at the 24 hand 48 h fixation period did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. In the absence of S9-mix test substance did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. Positive control chemicals, mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide, both produced a statistically significant increase in the incidence of cells with chromosome aberrations, indicating that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system (S9-mix) functioned properly. Under the study conditions, the test substance was considered to be non clastogenic in human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation (Van de waart, 1996).

Endpoint:
in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
From November 10, 1995 to March 06, 1996
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Remarks:
KL2 due to RA
Justification for type of information:
Refer to section 13 of IUCLID for details on the read-across justification. The study with the read across substance is considered sufficient to fulfil the information requirements.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.10 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
Deviations:
no
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Not applicable
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of assay:
in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test
Target gene:
Not applicable
Species / strain / cell type:
other: cultured peripheral human lymphocytes
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
None
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not applicable
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
Preparation of S9-homogenate:
Rat liver microsomal enzymes were routinely prepared from adult male Wistar rats, which were obtained from Charles River Wiga, Sulzfeld, Germany. The animals were housed at NOTOX in a special room under standard laboratory conditions, as described in the SOP's, The rats were injected intraperitoneally with a solution (20% w/v) of Aroclor 1254 (500 mg/kg body weight) in corn oil. Five days later, they were killed by decapitation; (they were denied access to food for at least 12 hours preceding sacrifice). The livers of the rats were removed aseptically, and washed in cold (OOC) sterile 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.1 mM Na2-EDTA. Subsequently the livers were minced in a blender and homogenized in 3 volumes of phosphate buffer with a Potter homogenizer, The homogenate was centrifuged for 15 min at 9000 g. The supernatant (S9) was transferred into sterile ampules, which were stored in liquid nitrogen (-196°C).

Preparation of S9-mix:
S9-mix was prepared immediately before use and kept on ice. S9-mix contained per ml: 1.02 mg MgC12.6H20; 2.46 mg KCl; 1.7 mg glucose-6-phosphate; 3.4 mg NADP; 4 umol HEPES. The above solution was filter (0.22 pm)-sterilized. To 0.5 ml S9-mix components 0.5 ml W-fraction (batch 95.7) was added (50% (v/v) S9-fraction). Metabolic activation was achieved by adding 0.2 ml liver S9-mix to 5.3 ml exposition medium (4.8 ml F10 complete culture medium, 0.4 ml blood and 0.1 ml (9 mg/ml) Phytohaemagglutinin). The concentration of the S9-fraction in the exposition medium was 1.8% (v/v).
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
First experiment: (a) Without S9-mix: 3-4.2 and 5.6 µg/mL (24 h) and 5.6 µg/mL (48h) (b) With S9-mix: 10-18 and 24 µg/mL (24 h) and 18 µg/mL (48 h)
Second experiment : (a) Without S9-mix: 3-4.2 and 7.5 µg/mL (24h) (b) With S9-mix: 3-18 and 24 µg/mL (24h)
Vehicle / solvent:
- DMSO
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
mitomycin C
Remarks:
Without S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
cyclophosphamide
Remarks:
With S9 mix
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
Organism/cell type: Cultured peripheral human lymphocytes
Metabolic activation system: S9 mix: Aroclor-1254 induced rat liver SS-mix from adult male Wistar rats, from Charles River Wiga, Sulzfeld, Germany.

CELL CULTURE
Blood samples              
Blood samples were taken from a healthy adult male volunteer by venapuncture using the Venoject multiple sample blood collecting system with a suitable size sterile vessel containing sodium heparin. The blood samples were stored at a temperature between 4 and 25°C. Within 4 h after blood collection lymphocyt cultures were started.

F10 complete culture medium       
F10 complete culture medium consisted of Ham's F10 medium without thymidine and hypoxanthine (Gibco), supplemented with 20% (v/v) heat­ inactivated (56°C; 30 min) foetal calf serum (Gibco), L-glutamine (2 mM), penicillin/streptomycin (50 U/ml and 50 µg/ml respectively), sodium bicarbonate (1.2 g/1) and 30 U/ml heparin.

Cell culture conditions       
Whole blood was cultured in F10 complete culture medium with Phytohaemagglutinin (Murex). Per culture (5 ml F10 complete culture medium and 0.4 ml whole blood) 0.1 ml (9 mg/ml) Phytohaemagglutinin was added.

Environmental conditions       
All incubations were carried out in a humid atmosphere (80-95%) containing 5% co2 in air in the dark at 37°C. The temperature, humidity and CO2- percentage were monitored during the experiment.

Negative control:
The vehicle of the test article, being dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)

Positive controls:
Solvent for positive controls
Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) without calcium and magnesium

Without metabolic activation (-S9-mix):
Mitomycin C (MMC-C; CAS no. 50-07-7, Sigma, U.S.A.) was used as a direct acting mutagen at a final concentration of 0.2 ug/ml (solvent: HBSS) for a
24 h treatment period and 0.1 ug/ml for a 48 h treatment period.

With metabolic activation (+S9-mix):
Cyclophosphamide (CP; CAS no. 50-18-O. Endoxan-Asta, Asta-Werke, F.R.G.) was used as an indirect acting mutagen, requiring metabolic activation, at a final concentration of 15 ug/ml (solvent: HBSS) for a 3 h treatment period (24 h fixation time).
Rationale for test conditions:
Stimulated cultured human lymphocytes were used because they are sensitive indicators of clastogenic activity of a broad range of chemical classes. In combination with a mammalian metabolizing system (S9-mix) also indirect chemical mutagens, i.e. those requiring metabolic transformation into reactive intermediates, could be tested for clastogenic effects in vitro. Following treatment, cell division was arrested in the metaphase stage of the cell cycle by addition of the spindle poison colchicine. Structural chromosome changes such as breaks, gaps, minutes, dicentrics and exchange figures were examined microscopically in cultures treated with the test substance and the results were compared with those of the control (vehicle-treated) cultures. Chromosome aberrations were generally evaluated in the first post-treatment mitosis. The appearance of the first post-treatment mitosis could be considerably delayed, due to toxic insult of the cells. Therefore, cells were harvested at 24 hand 48 h after beginning of treatment to cover the interval in which maximum aberration frequency was expected. A test article which induced a positive response in this assay is presumed to be a potential mammalian cell clastogenic agent.


Evaluation criteria:
Test was considered as acceptable, if it met the following criteria:
1. The Numbers of chromosome aberrations found in the solvent control cultures should reasonable be within the laboratory historical control.
2. The positive control substance should produce a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations
3. A homogeneous response between the replicate cultures is observed
Statistics:
Chi square test for the dose related statistical significance
Key result
Species / strain:
other: cultured human lymphocytes
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Remarks:
Test substance did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Remarks:
up to 24 µg/mL
Vehicle controls validity:
not examined
Untreated negative controls validity:
not examined
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
- In the first experiment an increase in the number of aberrant cells was found, only at the 24 h fixation time in the presence of S9-mix and at one concentration only (24 µg/mL). 
- Since the type of aberrations abserved were only breaks, the increase was not observed at any other concentration and not confirmed in the second experiment, this finding was considered not to be of biological significance. 
- Next to this the number of cells with aberrations were just at the historical control data range.

Results

Dose range finding test

In the dose range finding test blood cultures were treated with 3, 10, 33, 100 and 333 µg/ml culture medium with and without S9-mix. At a concentration of 333 µg/ml test substance precipitated in the culture medium. Therefore, a concentration of 333 µg/ml was used as the highest concentration of test substance.

Based on the results of the dose range finding test the following dose levels were selected for the cytogenetic assay:

Experiment 1

Without S9-mix: (a) 3, 4.2, 5.6, 7.5, 10 and 18 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time) (b) 4.2, 5.6, 7.5, 10 and 18 µg/ml culture medium (48 h fixation time)

With S9-mix: (a) 3, 10, 13, 18, 24 and 33 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time) (b) 10, 13, 18, 24 and 33 µg/ml culture medium (48 h fixation time)

Based on the observations of the mitotic index of cultures (from blood of a healthy male donor) treated with various test substance concentrations or with the positive or negative control substances, the following doses were selected for scoring of chromosome aberrations:

Without S9-mix: 3, 4.2 and 5.6 µg/ml cultuie medium (24 h fixation time), 5.6 µg/ml (48 h fixation time)

With S9- mix: 10, 18 and 24 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time), 18 µg/ml (48 h fixation time)

The data of the dose range finding test and the first cytogenetic assay were used to determine the dose levels for the second cytogenetic assay.

Experiment 2

Without S9-mix: 1, 3, 4.2, 5.6 and 7.5 ug/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time)

With S9-mix: 3, 10, 13, 18, 21 and 24 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time)

Based on the observations of the mitotic index of cultures (from blood of a healthy male donor) treated with various test substance concentrations or with the positive or negative control substances, the following doses were selected for scoring of chromosome aberrations:

Without S9-mix: 3, 4.2 and 7 .5 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fixation time)

With S9-mix: 3, 18 and 24 µg/ml culture medium (24 h fi xati on time)

Cytogenetic assay

The ability of test substance to induce chromosome aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes was investigated. The test was carried out in duplicate in two independent experiments. The results of duplicate cultures are indicated by A and B. The scores for the numbers of aberrant cells (inclusive and exclusive gaps) and the numbers of the various types of chromosome aberrations at the various concentrations of the test substance are presented. The criteria according to which the aberrations were classified are outlined. In the presence of S9-mix (24 h fixation time), in experiment 1, a concentration of 24 µg/ml induced a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations both when gaps are included and excluded. Since, the types of aberrations observed were only breaks, the increase is not dose related, experiment 2 did not confirm this result and moreover the number of cells with chromosome aberrations were just without the historical control data range, the increase is not considered biologically relevant. All other concentrations tested in the presence of S9-mix at the 24 hand 48 h fixation period did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. In the absence of S9-mix test substance did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. The number of cells with chromosome aberrations found in the solvent control cultures were within the laboratory historical control data range {i.e.1.0 ± 3.3 (mean± three times the standard deviation) aberrant cells per 100 metaphases (without S9-mix; gaps excluded) and 0.8 ± 2.7 aberrant cells per 100 metaphases (with S9-mix; gaps excluded)}. The positive control chemicals (MMC-C and CP) both produced statistically significant increases in the frequency of aberrant cells. It was therefore concluded that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system (S9-mix) functioned properly.

Finally, it is concluded that this test should be considered valid and that test substance is not clastogenic under the experimental conditions of this test.

Table 1. Table for Cytogenetic In-Vitro-Test: Chromosomal Analysis

positive

Dose in µg/ml

state mean and standard deviations below

control

Experiment 1

Without S9-mix, 24 h fixation

control

3

4.2

5.6

Mitotic index

64

100

82

73

47

Total aberrations with gaps:

61

1

0

4

0

Total aberrations without gaps:

63

1

0

2

0

With S9-mix, 24 h fixation

pos. control

control

10

18

24

Mitotic index

59

100

81

58

41

Total aberrations with gaps:

53

1

6

0

9

Total aberrations without gaps:

52

0

4

0

9

Without S9-mix, 48 h fixation

pos.

control

5.6

Mitotic index

78

100

52

Total aberrations with gaps:

52

1

5

Total aberrations without gaps:

52

0

3

With S9-mix, 48 h fixation

pos.

control

18

Mitotic index

n.a.

100

49

Total aberrations with gaps:

na

1

6

Total aberrations without gaps:

na

1

4

Experiment 2

Without S9-mix, 24 h fixation

pos.

control

3

4.2

7.5

Mitotic index

58

100

83

61

45

Total aberrations with gaps:

33

2

2

2

8

Total aberrations without gaps:

33

1

1

2

4

With S9-mix, 24 h fixation

pos.

control

3

18

24

Mitotic index

51

100

79

61

49

Total aberrations with gaps:

36

3

4

1

5

Total aberrations without gaps:

36

3

2

1

3

Positve controls: the numbers are based on 150 instead 200 cells evaluated.

Conclusions:
Based on the results of the read across study, the test substance was considered to be non clastogenic in human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation.
Executive summary:

A study was conducted to determine the clastogenic potential of the read across substance, DDAC (51.3% active) in cultured human lymphocytes, according to OECD Guideline 473 and EU method B.10, in compliance with GLP. After a preliminary toxicity test, read across substance was tested in two independent experiments, with and without a metabolic activation system, the S9- mix. In the absence of S9 -mix read across substance was tested up to 5.6 µg/mL for a 24 and 48 h fixation time in the first experiment. In the second experiment read across substance was tested up to 7.5 µg/mL for a 24 h fixation time. In the presence of S9 -mix read across substance was tested up to 24 µg/mL for 24 h fixation time and up to 18 µg/mL for a 48 h fixation time in the first experiment. In the second experiment it was tested up to 24 µg/mL for a 24 h fixation time. In the presence of S9-mix (24 h fixation time), in experiment 1, a concentration of 24 µg/ml induced a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations both when gaps were included and excluded. Since, the types of aberrations observed were only breaks, the increase was not dose related. Experiment 2 did not confirm this result and moreover the number of cells with chromosome aberrations were just without the historical control data range, therefore the increase was not considered biologically relevant. All other concentrations tested in the presence of S9-mix at the 24 hand 48 h fixation period did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. In the absence of S9-mix read across substance did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. Positive control chemicals, mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide, both produced a statistically significant increase in the incidence of cells with chromosome aberrations, indicating that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system (S9-mix) functioned properly (Van der waart, 1996). Based on the results of the read across study, the test substance was considered to be non clastogenic in human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation.

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
From November 27, 2001 to March 05, 2002
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.17 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
Deviations:
no
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Not applicable
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of assay:
in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the thymidine kinase gene
Target gene:
Not applicable
Species / strain / cell type:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
TK (Thymidine kinase ) -/+, not able to grow in Trifluorothimidine medium
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not specified
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
S9 mix, from Aroclor 1254 induced (500 mg/kg i.p.) rat livers. The final concentration of S9 fraction in the culture medium was 2%.
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
Experiments without S9 mix:
0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 2.78 and 5.56 µg/mL (1st experiment),
0.06, 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL (2nd experiment)
Experiments with S9 mix:
0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.7 and 50 µg/mL (1st experiment),
0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 5, 7.5 and 10 µg/mL (2nd experiment).
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
Untreated negative controls:
not specified
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
methylmethanesulfonate
Remarks:
without S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
not specified
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
cyclophosphamide
Remarks:
with S9 mix
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
Cells
L5178Y cells are an established cell line recommended by international regulations for use in the in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test. They have demonstrated sensitivity to chemical mutagens, a high cloning efficiency and a stable spontaneous mutant frequency. The average cell cycle time is 12-14 hours and the TK phenotypic expression time is 2 days. L5178Y cells, were obtained from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, USA), by the intermediate of Biovalley (77601, Marne-La-Vallée, France). The cells were stored in a cryoprotective medium (10% horse serum and 10% dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO)) at -80°C or in liquid nitrogen. Each batch of frozen cells was purged of TK- mutants and checked for the absence of mycoplasma.

Metabolic activation system
The S9 mix consists of induced enzymatic systems contained in rat liver microsomal fraction (S9 fraction) and the cofactors necessary for their function. S9 fraction was purchased from Moltox (Molecular Toxicology, INC, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA) and obtained from the liver of rats treated with Aroclor 1254 (500 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal route. The S9 fraction was preserved in sterile tubes at -80°C, until use. The S9 mix was prepared at +4°C immediately before use and maintained at this temperature until added to culture medium.

Culture medium
RPMI 1640 medium containing L-Glutamine (2 mM), penicillin (100 U/mL), streptomycin (100 µg/mL) and sodium pyruvate (200 µg/mL). This medium (RPMI 0) was supplemented by heat inactivated horse serum at 10% v/v (RPMI 10) or 20% v/v (RPMI 20).

DURATION
- Exposure duration:
Without S9-mix: 1st experiment: 3 h; 2nd experiment: 24 h
With S9-mix: 1st experiment: 3 h; 2nd experiment: 3 h

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Two plates/dose-level for test and four plates for control

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 2000 cells/well
Rationale for test conditions:
For details on treatment of results, kindly refer to attached background material section of the IUCLID.
Evaluation criteria:
Acceptance criteria
This study was considered valid since the following criteria were fulfilled:
• the cloning efficiency of the vehicle controls were between 0.6-1.4 for CE0 and between 0.7-1.3 for CE2,
• the mutation frequency of the vehicle controls were between 60-250E-6
• the mutation frequency of the positive controls were higher than that of the vehicle controls (more than two fold) and consistent with our historical data.

Evaluation criteria
A reproducible noteworthy (at least two-fold) increase in the mutant frequency when compared with the vehicle controls, at any dose-level and/or evidence a dose-relationship were considered as a positive result. Reference to historical data, or other considerations of biological relevance were also taken into account in the evaluation of the data obtained. Positive response observed only at high levels of cytotoxicity (survival lower than 10%) were not considered.
Statistics:
Not reported
Key result
Species / strain:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
Without S9-mix: 5.56 µg/mL at 3 h treatment; 0.56 µg/mL at 24 h treatment; With S9-mix >5.56 µg/mL
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not specified
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
Preliminary toxicity test:
-The test item was freely soluble in the vehicle (DMSO) at 380 mg/mL (expressed as active item). In the culture medium, the dose-level of 3800 µg/mL showed a marked emulsion. At this dose-level, the pH was approximately 7.9 (7.4 for the vehicle control) and no increase in the osmolality due to the test item was noted. Consequently, with a treatment volume of 200 µL/20 mL (1% v/v) culture medium, the dose-levels for the preliminary toxicity test were: 7.6, 76, 380, 760, 1900 and 3800 µg/mL, both with and without S9.

-A slight to marked emulsion was observed at the end of the treatment period at dose-levels ≥ 760 µg/mL.

-Without S9 mix, the test item was markedly to strongly toxic at dose-levels ≥ 7.6 µg/mL (93-100% decrease in the cloning efficiency immediately after treatment (CE0) and in the relative survival (RS)).

-With S9 mix, the test item was markedly to strongly toxic at dose-levels ≥ 76 µg/mL (97-100% decrease in the CE0 and RS).

Results

Based on the preliminary toxicity test for the selection of the doses, the selected dose-levels for treatment were as follow : All the dose-levels were expressed as active substance, taking into account the active material content of 40.37%.

Without S9 mix
- First experiment: 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 2.78 and 5.56 µg/mL
- Second Experiment: 0.06, 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL

After 3 h treatment (first experiment), a slight to strong toxicity was showed by 39-69% decrease in the relative  total  growth (RTG)  at  dose- levels  >= 2.78 µg/mL and 96% decrease in the RS at 5.56 µg/mL. After 24 h treatment (second experiment), the test substance was moderately to strongly toxic at dose-levels >=0.56 µl/mL (as shown mainly by 57 -100% decrease in the RS). No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequency was induced both after 3 and 24 h treatments.

With S9 mix
-First experiment: 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56 16.7 and 50 µg/mL
-Second Experiment: 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 5, 7.5 and 10 µg/mL

The test substance was moderately to markedly toxic at dose-levels between 5 and 7.5 µg/mL. At higher dose-levels, the test substance was strongly to completely toxic. No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequencies was induced in both experiments.


The cloning efficiencies and the mutation frequencies of the vehicle and positive controls were as specified in acceptance criteria.  The study was therefore considered valid.

Table: First experiment without S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: mutagenicity results

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Empty

wells*

CE0

RCE0

%

Empty

wells*

CE2

RCE2

%

Empty

wells*

LC

SC

MF

10-6

R

 

40

 

 

11

 

 

74

18

4

 

 

0

24

0.7

100

18

1.0

100

79

12

5

121

1.0

 

28

 

 

25

 

 

76

14

6

 

 

 

38

 

 

26

 

 

74

16

6

 

 

 

0.07

25

 

0.8

 

121

14

 

0.9

 

88

79

13

4

 

105

 

0.9

 

27

 

 

34

 

 

81

10

5

 

 

 

 

0.21

 

36

 

 

0.6

 

 

96

 

8

 

 

1.0

 

 

103

 

72

 

17

 

7

 

 

119

 

 

1.0

 

32

 

 

30

 

 

79

12

5

 

 

 

 

0.62

 

35

 

 

0.6

 

 

93

 

11

 

 

1.0

 

 

102

 

73

 

16

 

7

 

 

137

 

 

1.1

 

35

 

 

28

 

 

73

21

2

 

 

 

 

1.85

 

29

 

 

0.7

 

 

109

 

6

 

 

1.2

 

 

118

 

80

 

6

 

6

 

 

84

 

 

0.7

 

30

 

 

24

 

 

78

12

6

 

 

 

 

2.78

 

24

 

 

0.8

 

 

124

 

7

 

 

1.0

 

 

100

 

81

 

8

 

7

 

 

68

 

 

0.6

 

26

 

 

33

 

 

87

6

3

 

 

 

 

5.56

 

31

 

 

0.8

 

 

122

 

32

 

 

0.7

 

 

72

 

71

 

17

 

10

 

 

179

 

 

1.5

 

20

 

 

30

 

 

78

7

11

 

 

 

 

MMS

 

44

 

 

0.6

 

 

86

 

34

 

 

0.5

 

 

49

 

49

 

16

 

31

 

 

658

 

 

5.4

25 µg/ml

32

 

 

55

 

 

53

21

23

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

MMS:methylmethanesulfonate

LC: large colonies

CE0and CE2: cloning efficiency

SC: small colonies

RCE0and RCE2: relative cloning efficiency

R: ratio between Mutation Frequency of treated cells/Mutation Frequency of control cells

*: empty wells are counted on a total number of 96 wells

Table : First experiment without S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: cell growth during expression time

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Cell concentration (x 10+5/ml)

Daily cell growth

 

RSG

%

 

RTG

%

Day 0

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1x Day 2

(SG)

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

 

2.7

2.0

11.0

2.0

4.7

5.5

2.4

13.0

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

100

 

3.6

2.0

7.5

2.0

6.3

3.8

3.2

11.8

 

 

 

3.1

2.0

7.1

2.0

6.0

3.5

3.0

10.5

 

 

0.07

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

67

 

3.7

2.0

6.2

2.0

5.4

3.1

2.7

8.4

 

 

 

3.9

2.0

5.6

2.0

5.3

2.8

2.7

7.4

 

 

0.21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

72

74

 

3.5

2.0

7.1

2.0

5.9

3.6

2.9

10.4

 

 

 

4.2

2.0

5.0

2.0

5.9

2.5

3.0

7.3

 

 

0.62

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

69

70

 

3.9

2.0

6.9

2.0

5.7

3.4

2.9

9.8

 

 

 

3.2

2.0

6.2

2.0

6.4

3.1

3.2

9.8

 

 

1.85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

69

82

 

3.1

2.0

5.3

2.0

5.6

2.6

2.8

7.3

 

 

 

2.6

2.0

5.6

2.0

5.6

2.8

2.8

7.8

 

 

2.78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

61

 

2.3

2.0

5.3

2.0

5.6

2.7

2.8

7.4

 

 

 

0.2

0.2 *

0.3

0.3 *

0.7

1.7

2.7

4.5

 

 

5.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

44

31

 

0.1

0.1 *

0.1

0.1 *

0.4

2.0

3.1

6.3

 

 

 

3.8

2.0

4.3

2.0

5.5

2.2

2.7

5.9

 

 

MMS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

29

25 µg/ml

3.1

2.0

6.5

2.0

5.6

3.2

2.8

8.9

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

conc.: cell concentration before being adjusted

adj.conc.:adjusted cell concentration when replating

SG: suspension growth

RSG: relative suspension growth

RTG: relative total growth

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate

*: cells were not replated as their density was < 2 x 105/ml

Table: First experiment without S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: toxicity immediately after treatment

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

post-treatment cell

count (x 105cells/ml)

Cell count

factor

CE0

Survival

RS

%

 

2.7

 

 

 

 

0

 

1.0

0.7

0.7

100

 

3.6

 

 

 

 

 

3.1

 

 

 

 

0.07

 

1.1

0.8

0.9

130

 

3.7

 

 

 

 

 

3.9

 

 

 

 

0.21

 

1.2

0.6

0.8

115

 

3.5

 

 

 

 

 

4.2

 

 

 

 

0.62

 

1.3

0.6

0.8

121

 

3.9

 

 

 

 

 

3.2

 

 

 

 

1.85

 

1.0

0.7

0.7

110

 

3.1

 

 

 

 

 

2.6

 

 

 

 

2.78

 

0.8

0.8

0.7

97

 

2.3

 

 

 

 

 

0.2

 

 

 

 

5.56

 

0.0

0.8

0.0

4

 

0.1

 

 

 

 

 

3.8

 

 

 

 

MMS

 

1.1

0.6

0.6

95

25 µg/ml

3.1

 

 

 

 

0: vehicle control (DMSO )

CE0: cloning efficiency immediately after treatment

RS: relative survival

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate

Table : Second experiment without S9 mix, 24-hour treatment: mutagenicity results

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Empty

wells*

CE0

RCE0

%

Empty

wells*

CE2

RCE2

%

Empty

wells*

LC

SC

MF10-6

R

 

35

 

 

34

 

 

85

6

5

 

 

0

34

0.7

100

36

0.7

100

84

8

4

124

1.0

 

32

 

 

32

 

 

80

12

4

 

 

 

28

 

 

32

 

 

77

11

8

 

 

 

0.06

28

 

0.6

 

95

28

 

0.8

 

124

82

10

5

 

85

 

0.7

 

40

 

 

24

 

 

85

7

5

 

 

 

 

0.19

 

34

 

 

0.7

 

 

101

 

31

 

 

0.7

 

 

103

 

82

 

8

 

7

 

 

81

 

 

0.7

 

30

 

 

34

 

 

90

6

0

 

 

 

 

0.56

 

36

 

 

0.6

 

 

91

 

31

 

 

0.7

 

 

103

 

84

 

7

 

5

 

 

64

 

 

0.5

 

35

 

 

34

 

 

92

3

1

 

 

 

 

1.67

 

35

 

 

0.4

 

 

54

 

23

 

 

0.7

 

 

107

 

85

 

7

 

4

 

 

74

 

 

0.6

 

71

 

 

39

 

 

88

1

7

 

 

 

 

2.5

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

5

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

MMS

 

29

 

 

0.8

 

 

122

 

36

 

 

0.6

 

 

97

 

56

 

16

 

24

 

 

394

 

 

3.2

5 µg/ml

22

 

 

33

 

 

60

23

15

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

MMS: methylmethanesulfonate           

LC: large colonies

CE0and CE2: cloning efficiency

SC: small colonies

RCE0and RCE2: relative cloning efficiency

R: ratio between Mutation Frequency of treated cells/Mutation Frequency of control cells

*: empty wells are counted on a total number of 96 wells

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : Second experiment without S9 mix, 24-hour treatment: cell growthduring expressiontime

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Cell concentration (x 10+5/ml)

Daily cell growth

 

RSG

%

 

RTG

%

Day 0

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1x Day 2

(SG)

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

 

5.8

2.0

6.8

2.0

6.3

3.4

3.1

10.5

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

100

 

8.4

2.0

8.4

2.0

5.5

4.2

2.8

11.6

 

 

 

6.2

2.0

5.5

2.0

5.7

2.8

2.9

7.8

 

 

0.06

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

84

104

 

5.2

2.0

7.1

2.0

6.1

3.6

3.0

10.7

 

 

 

5.5

2.0

6.2

2.0

5.0

3.1

2.5

7.7

 

 

0.19

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

79

82

 

5.4

2.0

6.8

2.0

5.8

3.4

2.9

9.9

 

 

 

4.1

2.0

7.4

2.0

6.0

3.7

3.0

10.9

 

 

0.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

101

104

 

2.6

2.0

6.3

2.0

7.4

3.1

3.7

11.5

 

 

 

0.0

0.0 *

0.2

0.2 *

0.4

4.8

2.1

9.8

 

 

1.67

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59

63

 

0.1

0.1 *

0.1

0.1 *

0.3

0.7

4.7

3.3

 

 

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

2.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

7.8

2.0

7.7

2.0

4.8

3.9

2.4

9.2

 

 

MMS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

82

80

5 µg/ml

7.4

2.0

7.0

2.0

5.1

3.5

2.6

8.9

 

 

0:vehiclecontrol(DMSO)

conc.: cell concentration before being adjusted

adj.conc.:adjusted cell concentration when replating

SG: suspension growth

RSG: relative suspension growth

RTG: relative total growth

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate

*: cells were not replated as their density was < 2 x 105/ml

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : Second experiment without S9 mix, 24-hour treatment: toxicity immediately after treatment

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

post-treatment cell

count (x 105cells/ml)

Cell count

factor

CE0

Survival

RS

%

 

5.8

 

 

 

 

0

 

1.0

0.7

0.7

100

 

8.4

 

 

 

 

 

6.2

 

 

 

 

0.06

 

0.8

0.6

0.5

76

 

5.2

 

 

 

 

 

5.5

 

 

 

 

0.19

 

0.8

0.7

0.5

77

 

5.4

 

 

 

 

 

4.1

 

 

 

 

0.56

 

0.5

0.6

0.3

43

 

2.6

 

 

 

 

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

1.67

 

0.0

0.4

0.0

0

 

0.1

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

2.5

 

-

-

-

-

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

5

 

-

-

-

-

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

7.8

 

 

 

 

MMS

 

1.1

0.8

0.9

130

5 µg/ml

7.4

 

 

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CE0: cloning efficiency immediately after treatment

RS: relative survival

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table: First experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: mutagenicity results

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Empty

wells*

CE0

RCE0

%

Empty

wells*

CE2

RCE2

%

Empty

wells*

LC

SC

MF10-6

R

 

8

 

 

10

 

 

77

11

8

 

 

0

6

1.4

100

14

1.3

100

82

9

5

75

1.0

 

17

 

 

21

 

 

80

11

5

 

 

 

12

 

 

4

 

 

78

9

9

 

 

 

0.21

5

 

2.1

 

151

5

 

1.8

 

139

83

9

4

 

46

 

0.6

 

2

 

 

6

 

 

80

11

5

 

 

 

 

0.62

 

5

 

 

1.7

 

 

123

 

11

 

 

1.4

 

 

112

 

77

 

15

 

4

 

 

52

 

 

0.7

 

8

 

 

8

 

 

88

6

2

 

 

 

 

1.85

 

3

 

 

2.1

 

 

151

 

4

 

 

1.6

 

 

127

 

76

 

9

 

11

 

 

56

 

 

0.7

 

4

 

 

10

 

 

84

2

10

 

 

 

 

5.56

 

13

 

 

1.4

 

 

106

 

16

 

 

1.0

 

 

80

 

85

 

2

 

9

 

 

45

 

 

0.6

 

6

 

 

21

 

 

90

2

4

 

 

 

 

16.7

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

50

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

CPA

 

13

 

 

1.1

 

 

78

 

31

 

 

0.7

 

 

56

 

41

 

27

 

29

 

 

491

 

 

6.6

3 µg/ml

22

 

 

30

 

 

54

13

30

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CPA:cyclophosphamide          

LC: large colonies

CE0and CE2:cloningefficiency

SC: small colonies

RCE0and RCE2: relative cloningefficiency

R: ratio between Mutation Frequency of treated cells/Mutation Frequency of control cells

*: empty wells are counted on a total number of 96 wells

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : First experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: cell growth during expression time

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Cell concentration (x 10+5/ml)

Daily cell growth

 

RSG

%

 

RTG

%

Day 0

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1x Day 2

(SG)

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

 

3.8

2.0

8.0

2.0

7.3

4.0

3.6

14.5

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

100

 

4.4

2.0

6.9

2.0

7.2

3.5

3.6

12.4

 

 

 

4.2

2.0

7.2

2.0

7.5

3.6

3.7

13.4

 

 

0.21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

113

157

 

4.1

2.0

8.5

2.0

8.1

4.2

4.0

17.0

 

 

 

4.3

2.0

9.1

2.0

5.4

4.5

2.7

12.2

 

 

0.62

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

103

116

 

3.6

2.0

9.2

2.0

6.8

4.6

3.4

15.5

 

 

 

3.8

2.0

6.1

2.0

5.6

3.0

2.8

8.5

 

 

1.85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

67

85

 

4.8

2.0

5.1

2.0

7.5

2.5

3.8

9.5

 

 

 

3.1

2.0

6.5

2.0

3.1

3.2

1.5

5.0

 

 

5.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

38

31

 

3.4

2.0

4.3

2.0

5.0

2.2

2.5

5.4

 

 

 

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

16.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

3.8

2.0

6.1

2.0

6.1

3.1

3.0

9.2

 

 

CPA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

82

46

3 µg/ml

3.9

2.0

5.6

2.0

9.3

2.8

4.6

13.0

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

conc.: cell concentration before being adjusted

adj.conc.:adjustedcellconcentrationwhenreplating SG: suspensiongrowth

RSG: relative suspension growth RTG: relative total growth

CPA: cyclophosphamide

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : First experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: toxicity immediately after treatment

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

post-treatment cell

count (x 105cells/ml)

Cell count

factor

CE0

Survival

RS

%

 

3.8

 

 

 

 

0

 

1.0

1.4

1.4

100

 

4.4

 

 

 

 

 

4.2

 

 

 

 

0.21

 

1.0

2.1

2.1

153

 

4.1

 

 

 

 

 

4.3

 

 

 

 

0.62

 

1.0

1.7

1.6

119

 

3.6

 

 

 

 

 

3.8

 

 

 

 

1.85

 

1.0

2.1

2.2

158

 

4.8

 

 

 

 

 

3.1

 

 

 

 

5.56

 

0.8

1.4

1.1

83

 

3.4

 

 

 

 

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

16.7

 

0.0

-

-

-

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

50

 

0.0

-

-

-

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

 

3.8

 

 

 

 

CPA

 

0.9

1.1

1.0

73

3 µg/ml

3.9

 

 

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CE0: cloning efficiency immediately after treatment RS: relative survival

CPA: cyclophosphamide

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : Second experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: mutagenicity results

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Empty

wells*

CE0

RCE0

%

Empty

wells*

CE2

RCE2

%

Empty

wells*

LC

SC

MF

10-6

R

 

24

 

 

12

 

 

82

9

5

 

 

0

30

0.8

100

21

1.1

100

82

9

5

67

1.0

 

23

 

 

7

 

 

82

9

5

 

 

 

30

 

 

25

 

 

85

5

6

 

 

 

0.19

30

 

0.8

 

96

10

 

1.4

 

122

80

9

9

 

60

 

0.9

 

26

 

 

12

 

 

83

10

3

 

 

 

 

0.56

 

28

 

 

0.8

 

 

101

 

6

 

 

1.3

 

 

117

 

82

 

12

 

2

 

 

61

 

 

0.9

 

25

 

 

18

 

 

82

9

5

 

 

 

 

1.67

 

17

 

 

0.9

 

 

110

 

6

 

 

1.4

 

 

127

 

83

 

9

 

4

 

 

67

 

 

1.0

 

30

 

 

14

 

 

76

14

6

 

 

 

 

5

 

32

 

 

0.7

 

 

92

 

3

 

 

2.0

 

 

179

 

79

 

9

 

8

 

 

57

 

 

0.9

 

27

 

 

5

 

 

74

14

9

 

 

 

 

40

 

 

 

5

 

 

 

80

 

11

 

5

 

 

7.5

 

0.6

74

 

1.6

144

 

 

 

48

0.7

 

35

 

 

10

 

 

85

6

5

 

 

 

 

10

 

49

 

 

0.4

 

 

53

 

26

 

 

0.7

 

 

64

 

91

 

5

 

0

 

 

26

 

 

0.4

 

48

 

 

36

 

 

94

2

0

 

 

 

 

CPA

 

38

 

 

0.5

 

 

65

 

26

 

 

0.7

 

 

63

 

60

 

15

 

22

 

 

440

 

 

6.6

3 µg/ml

46

 

 

37

 

 

44

19

37

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CPA:cyclophosphamide          

LC: largecolonies

CE0and CE2:cloning efficiency

SC: small colonies

RCE0and RCE2: relative cloningefficiency

R: ratio between Mutation Frequency of treated cells/Mutation Frequency of control cells

*: empty wells are counted on a total number of 96 wells


Table : Second experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: cell growth during expression time

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Cell concentration (x 10+5/ml)

Daily cell growth

 

RSG

%

 

RTG

%

Day 0

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1x Day 2

(SG)

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

 

5.7

2.0

6.9

2.0

9.6

3.5

4.8

16.5

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

100

 

5.6

2.0

7.0

2.0

7.9

3.5

4.0

13.7

 

 

 

5.2

2.0

8.3

2.0

6.3

4.1

3.2

13.0

 

 

0.19

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

84

102

 

5.1

2.0

7.5

2.0

6.6

3.8

3.3

12.4

 

 

 

5.7

2.0

8.0

2.0

5.9

4.0

3.0

11.7

 

 

0.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

74

87

 

6.5

2.0

5.4

2.0

8.0

2.7

4.0

10.7

 

 

 

4.9

2.0

7.5

2.0

5.1

3.7

2.5

9.4

 

 

1.67

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57

73

 

6.5

2.0

5.3

2.0

6.0

2.6

3.0

7.8

 

 

 

6.6

2.0

3.6

2.0

5.1

1.8

2.6

4.6

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

52

 

5.5

2.0

5.2

2.0

3.3

2.6

1.6

4.2

 

 

 

4.6

2.0

2.0

2.0 *

2.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 

 

7.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9

13

 

5.1

2.0

2.4

2.0

2.7

1.2

1.3

1.6

 

 

 

2.7

2.0

2.0

2.0 *

1.1

1.0

0.5

0.6

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

2

 

2.4

2.0

1.4

1.4 *

1.1

0.7

0.8

0.5

 

 

 

6.4

2.0

5.5

2.0

7.1

2.8

3.5

9.7

 

 

CPA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

38

3 µg/ml

6.7

2.0

6.2

2.0

5.7

3.1

2.9

8.8

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

conc.: cell concentration before being adjusted

adj.conc.:adjusted cell concentration when replating

SG: suspensiongrowth

RSG: relative suspension growth

RTG: relative total growth

CPA: cyclophosphamide

*: cells were not replated as their density was < 2 x 105/ml


Table : Second experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: toxicity immediately after treatment

  

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

post-treatment cell

count (x 105cells/ml)

Cell count

factor

CE0

Survival

RS

%

 

5.7

 

 

 

 

0

 

1.0

0.8

0.8

100

 

5.6

 

 

 

 

 

5.2

 

 

 

 

0.19

 

0.9

0.8

0.7

87

 

5.1

 

 

 

 

 

5.7

 

 

 

 

0.56

 

1.1

0.8

0.9

109

 

6.5

 

 

 

 

 

4.9

 

 

 

 

1.67

 

1.0

0.9

0.9

111

 

6.5

 

 

 

 

 

6.6

 

 

 

 

5

 

1.1

0.7

0.8

98

 

5.5

 

 

 

 

 

4.6

 

 

 

 

7.5

 

0.9

0.6

0.5

63

 

5.1

 

 

 

 

 

2.7

 

 

 

 

10

 

0.4

0.4

0.2

24

 

2.4

 

 

 

 

 

6.4

 

 

 

 

CPA

 

1.2

0.5

0.6

75

3 µg/ml

6.7

 

 

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CE0: cloning efficiency immediately after treatment

RS: relative survival

CPA: cyclophosphamide

Table: Historical data without S9 mix - Mouse lymphoma assay

 

3-hour treatment

24-hour treatment

 

 

assay No.

vehicle

MMS

vehicle

MMS

CE0

CE2

MF

CE0

CE2

MF

CE0

CE2

MF

CE0

CE2

MF

1

1.2

0.9

84

0.8

0.5

682

0.6

0.8

118

0.4

0.6

539

2

0.9

0.7

82

0.9

0.5

528

0.6

0.8

128

0.5

0.5

603

3

1.1

0.9

139

1

0.6

467

0.7

0.9

242

0.6

0.6

601

4

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.7

0.7

78

0.5

0.5

475

5

0.7

0.8

124

0.8

0.4

499

0.7

0.7

126

0.5

0.6

479

6

0.9

0.7

117

0.7

0.5

424

0.6

0.8

143

0.4

0.5

755

7

0.9

0.8

108

0.7

0.5

431

0.7

0.8

72

1.1

0.6

426

8

0.6

0.7

126

0.6

0.4

612

0.6

0.7

161

0.4

0.5

990

9

1.0

0.8

130

1.1

0.5

605

-

-

-

-

-

-

10

1.1

1.1

61

1.1

0.5

861

0.7

1.1

87

1.1

0.7

675

11

1.2

0.9

75

0.9

0.5

458

0.6

0.7

125

0.5

0.4

1298

12

1.3

0.9

58

1.8

0.7

462

1.0

1.3

94

0.8

0.5

823

13

1.0

1.3

77

1.2

0.6

533

1.0

1.3

94

0.8

0.5

823

minimum

0.6

0.7

58

0.6

0.4

424

0.6

0.7

72

0.4

0.4

426

maximum

1.3

1.3

139

1.8

0.7

861

1.0

1.3

242

1.1

0.7

1298

mean

1.0

0.9

98

1.0

0.5

547

0.7

0.9

122

0.6

0.5

707

CE0: cloning efficiency at day 0

CE2: cloning efficiency at day 2

MF: mutation frequency

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate (3-hour treatment: 25µg/ml ; 24-hour treatment: 5µg/ml)

- : not performed

Table: Historical data with S9 mix Mouse lymphoma assay

 

 

assay No.

vehicle

CPA

CE0

CE2

MF

CE0

CE2

MF

1

0.9

0.8

83

0.5

0.4

1077

2

0.9

0.7

123

0.5

0.3

915

3

1.0

0.8

68

0.5

0.6

948

4

0.7

0.8

138

0.3

0.4

1177

5

0.7

1.0

80

0.5

0.4

1248

6

0.9

0.9

161

0.4

0.3

1200

7

0.7

0.8

186

0.4

0.4

958

8

0.8

0.7

137

0.4

0.3

1563

9

0.7

1.0

92

0.3

0.3

1200

10

0.6

1.0

136

0.4

0.5

643

11

0.9

0.8

246

0.7

0.8

618

12

0.6

0.8

199

0.4

0.4

1389

13

0.7

0.8

114

0.4

0.4

915

14

0.9

1.0

88

1.0

0.8

484

15

1.1

0.9

77

0.4

0.4

1077

16

0.7

0.8

86

0.4

0.7

675

17

0.8

0.7

113

0.5

0.5

754

18

0.7

0.9

91

0.5

0.4

1583

19

0.6

0.8

108

0.4

0.4

1126

20

1.2

1.0

79

1.4

0.7

544

21

0.7

1.2

72

0.6

0.8

636

22

0.9

1.2

86

0.7

0.9

721

23

1.0

0.8

108

0.6

0.3

1456

24

0.9

1.2

86

0.7

0.9

721

minimum

0.6

0.7

68

0.3

0.3

484

maximum

1.2

1.2

246

1.4

0.9

1583

mean

0.8

0.9

115

0.5

0.5

985

CE0: cloning efficiency at day 0

CE2: cloning efficiency at day 2

MF: mutation frequency

CPA: cyclophosphamide (3µg/ml)

- : not performed

Conclusions:
Under the study conditions, the test substance was considered to be non-mutagenic in mouse lymphoma assay with and without metabolic activation.
Executive summary:

A study was conducted to determine the potential of the test substance, DDAC (40.37% active) to induce mutations at the TK (thymidine kinase) locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, according to OECD guideline 476 and EU method B17, in compliance with GLP. After a preliminary toxicity test, test substance was tested in two independent experiments, with and without a metabolic activation system, the S9 mix, prepared from a liver microsomal fraction (S9 fraction) of rats induced with Aroclor 1254. Approximately 0.5E+6 (3-hour treatment: preliminary toxicity test and all experiments except for the second experiment without S9 mix) or 0.15E+6 (24-hour treatment: second experiment without S9 mix) cells/mL in 20 mL culture medium with 5% horse serum were exposed to the test or control substances, in the presence or absence of S9 mix (final concentration of S9 fraction 2%), at 37°C. The test substance was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). All the dose-levels were expressed as active substance, taking into account the active material content of 40.37%. The selected dose-levels for test substance treatment without S9 mix were as follows: (a) 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 2.78 and 5.56 µg/mL, for the first experiment (b) 0.06, 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL, for the second experiment. The selected dose-levels for test substance treatment with S9 mix were as follows: (a) 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.7 and 50 µg/mL, for the first experiment (b) 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 5, 7.5 and 10 µg/mL, for the second experiment. For the 24-hour treatment, the incubation at 37°C was performed with a gentle shaking. The dose-levels for the positive controls were as follows: (1) without S9 mix: methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), used at a final concentration of 25 µg/mL (3-hour treatment) or 5 µg/mL (24-hour treatment) (2) with S9 mix: Cyclophosphamide (CPA), used at a final concentration of 3 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity was then determined using cloning efficiency (CE0) before expression of the mutant phenotype. Cell viability (using cloning efficiency CE2) and number of mutant clones (differentiating small and large colonies) were checked after the expression of the mutant phenotype. Other parameters such as cell concentration, relative survival (RS), relative suspension growth (RSG) and/or relative total growth (RTG) were also taken into consideration. In experiments without S9 mix. a slight to strong toxicity was induced, depending on the dose-levels and the treatment duration. No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequency was induced both experiments without S9 mix after the 3 and 24-hour treatments. In experiments with S9 mix, the test substance was moderately to strongly toxic, depending on the dose-levels. No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequency was induced in both experiments with S9 mix. The cloning efficiencies CE0 and CE2 and the mutation frequencies of the vehicle and positive controls were as specified in acceptance criteria. The study was therefore considered valid. Under the study conditions, the test substance was considered to be non-mutagenic in mouse lymphoma assay with and without metabolic activation (Haddouk, 2002).

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
From November 27, 2001 to March 05, 2002
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Remarks:
KL2 due to RA
Justification for type of information:
Refer to section 13 of IUCLID for details on the read-across justification. The study with the read across substance is considered sufficient to fulfil the information requirements.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.17 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
Deviations:
no
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Not applicable
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of assay:
in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the thymidine kinase gene
Target gene:
Not applicable
Species / strain / cell type:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
TK (Thymidine kinase ) -/+, not able to grow in Trifluorothimidine medium
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not specified
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
S9 mix, from Aroclor 1254 induced (500 mg/kg i.p.) rat livers. The final concentration of S9 fraction in the culture medium was 2%.
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
Experiments without S9 mix:
0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 2.78 and 5.56 µg/mL (1st experiment),
0.06, 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL (2nd experiment)
Experiments with S9 mix:
0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.7 and 50 µg/mL (1st experiment),
0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 5, 7.5 and 10 µg/mL (2nd experiment).
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
Untreated negative controls:
not specified
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
methylmethanesulfonate
Remarks:
without S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
not specified
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
cyclophosphamide
Remarks:
with S9 mix
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
Cells
L5178Y cells are an established cell line recommended by international regulations for use in the in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test. They have demonstrated sensitivity to chemical mutagens, a high cloning efficiency and a stable spontaneous mutant frequency. The average cell cycle time is 12-14 hours and the TK phenotypic expression time is 2 days. L5178Y cells, were obtained from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, USA), by the intermediate of Biovalley (77601, Marne-La-Vallée, France). The cells were stored in a cryoprotective medium (10% horse serum and 10% dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO)) at -80°C or in liquid nitrogen. Each batch of frozen cells was purged of TK- mutants and checked for the absence of mycoplasma.

Metabolic activation system
The S9 mix consists of induced enzymatic systems contained in rat liver microsomal fraction (S9 fraction) and the cofactors necessary for their function. S9 fraction was purchased from Moltox (Molecular Toxicology, INC, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA) and obtained from the liver of rats treated with Aroclor 1254 (500 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal route. The S9 fraction was preserved in sterile tubes at -80°C, until use. The S9 mix was prepared at +4°C immediately before use and maintained at this temperature until added to culture medium.

Culture medium
RPMI 1640 medium containing L-Glutamine (2 mM), penicillin (100 U/mL), streptomycin (100 µg/mL) and sodium pyruvate (200 µg/mL). This medium (RPMI 0) was supplemented by heat inactivated horse serum at 10% v/v (RPMI 10) or 20% v/v (RPMI 20).

DURATION
- Exposure duration:
Without S9-mix: 1st experiment: 3 h; 2nd experiment: 24 h
With S9-mix: 1st experiment: 3 h; 2nd experiment: 3 h

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Two plates/dose-level for test and four plates for control

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 2000 cells/well

Rationale for test conditions:
For details on treatment of results, kindly refer to attached background material section of the IUCLID.
Evaluation criteria:
Acceptance criteria
This study was considered valid since the following criteria were fulfilled:
• the cloning efficiency of the vehicle controls were between 0.6-1.4 for CE0 and between 0.7-1.3 for CE2,
• the mutation frequency of the vehicle controls were between 60-250E-6
• the mutation frequency of the positive controls were higher than that of the vehicle controls (more than two fold) and consistent with our historical data.

Evaluation criteria
A reproducible noteworthy (at least two-fold) increase in the mutant frequency when compared with the vehicle controls, at any dose-level and/or evidence a dose-relationship were considered as a positive result. Reference to historical data, or other considerations of biological relevance were also taken into account in the evaluation of the data obtained. Positive response observed only at high levels of cytotoxicity (survival lower than 10%) were not considered.
Statistics:
Not reported
Key result
Species / strain:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Remarks:
Without S9-mix: 5.56 µg/mL at 3 h treatment; 0.56 µg/mL at 24 h treatment; With S9-mix >5.56 µg/mL
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not specified
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
Preliminary toxicity test:
-The test item was freely soluble in the vehicle (DMSO) at 380 mg/mL (expressed as active item). In the culture medium, the dose-level of 3800 µg/mL showed a marked emulsion. At this dose-level, the pH was approximately 7.9 (7.4 for the vehicle control) and no increase in the osmolality due to the test item was noted. Consequently, with a treatment volume of 200 µL/20 mL (1% v/v) culture medium, the dose-levels for the preliminary toxicity test were: 7.6, 76, 380, 760, 1900 and 3800 µg/mL, both with and without S9.

-A slight to marked emulsion was observed at the end of the treatment period at dose-levels ≥ 760 µg/mL.

-Without S9 mix, the test item was markedly to strongly toxic at dose-levels ≥ 7.6 µg/mL (93-100% decrease in the cloning efficiency immediately after treatment (CE0) and in the relative survival (RS)).

-With S9 mix, the test item was markedly to strongly toxic at dose-levels ≥ 76 µg/mL (97-100% decrease in the CE0 and RS).

Results

Based on the preliminary toxicity test for the selection of the doses, the selected dose-levels for treatment were as follow : All the dose-levels were expressed as active substance, taking into account the active material content of 40.37%.

Without S9 mix
- First experiment: 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 2.78 and 5.56 µg/mL
- Second Experiment: 0.06, 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL

After 3 h treatment (first experiment), a slight to strong toxicity was showed by 39-69% decrease in the relative  total  growth (RTG)  at  dose- levels  >= 2.78 µg/mL and 96% decrease in the RS at 5.56 µg/mL. After 24 h treatment (second experiment), the test substance was moderately to strongly toxic at dose-levels >=0.56 µl/mL (as shown mainly by 57 -100% decrease in the RS). No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequency was induced both after 3 and 24 h treatments.

With S9 mix
-First experiment: 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56 16.7 and 50 µg/mL
-Second Experiment: 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 5, 7.5 and 10 µg/mL

The test substance was moderately to markedly toxic at dose-levels between 5 and 7.5 µg/mL. At higher dose-levels, the test substance was strongly to completely toxic. No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequencies was induced in both experiments.


The cloning efficiencies and the mutation frequencies of the vehicle and positive controls were as specified in acceptance criteria.  The study was therefore considered valid.

Table: First experiment without S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: mutagenicity results

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Empty

wells*

CE0

RCE0

%

Empty

wells*

CE2

RCE2

%

Empty

wells*

LC

SC

MF

10-6

R

 

40

 

 

11

 

 

74

18

4

 

 

0

24

0.7

100

18

1.0

100

79

12

5

121

1.0

 

28

 

 

25

 

 

76

14

6

 

 

 

38

 

 

26

 

 

74

16

6

 

 

 

0.07

25

 

0.8

 

121

14

 

0.9

 

88

79

13

4

 

105

 

0.9

 

27

 

 

34

 

 

81

10

5

 

 

 

 

0.21

 

36

 

 

0.6

 

 

96

 

8

 

 

1.0

 

 

103

 

72

 

17

 

7

 

 

119

 

 

1.0

 

32

 

 

30

 

 

79

12

5

 

 

 

 

0.62

 

35

 

 

0.6

 

 

93

 

11

 

 

1.0

 

 

102

 

73

 

16

 

7

 

 

137

 

 

1.1

 

35

 

 

28

 

 

73

21

2

 

 

 

 

1.85

 

29

 

 

0.7

 

 

109

 

6

 

 

1.2

 

 

118

 

80

 

6

 

6

 

 

84

 

 

0.7

 

30

 

 

24

 

 

78

12

6

 

 

 

 

2.78

 

24

 

 

0.8

 

 

124

 

7

 

 

1.0

 

 

100

 

81

 

8

 

7

 

 

68

 

 

0.6

 

26

 

 

33

 

 

87

6

3

 

 

 

 

5.56

 

31

 

 

0.8

 

 

122

 

32

 

 

0.7

 

 

72

 

71

 

17

 

10

 

 

179

 

 

1.5

 

20

 

 

30

 

 

78

7

11

 

 

 

 

MMS

 

44

 

 

0.6

 

 

86

 

34

 

 

0.5

 

 

49

 

49

 

16

 

31

 

 

658

 

 

5.4

25 µg/ml

32

 

 

55

 

 

53

21

23

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

MMS:methylmethanesulfonate

LC: large colonies

CE0and CE2: cloning efficiency

SC: small colonies

RCE0and RCE2: relative cloning efficiency

R: ratio between Mutation Frequency of treated cells/Mutation Frequency of control cells

*: empty wells are counted on a total number of 96 wells

Table : First experiment without S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: cell growth during expression time

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Cell concentration (x 10+5/ml)

Daily cell growth

 

RSG

%

 

RTG

%

Day 0

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1x Day 2

(SG)

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

 

2.7

2.0

11.0

2.0

4.7

5.5

2.4

13.0

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

100

 

3.6

2.0

7.5

2.0

6.3

3.8

3.2

11.8

 

 

 

3.1

2.0

7.1

2.0

6.0

3.5

3.0

10.5

 

 

0.07

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

67

 

3.7

2.0

6.2

2.0

5.4

3.1

2.7

8.4

 

 

 

3.9

2.0

5.6

2.0

5.3

2.8

2.7

7.4

 

 

0.21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

72

74

 

3.5

2.0

7.1

2.0

5.9

3.6

2.9

10.4

 

 

 

4.2

2.0

5.0

2.0

5.9

2.5

3.0

7.3

 

 

0.62

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

69

70

 

3.9

2.0

6.9

2.0

5.7

3.4

2.9

9.8

 

 

 

3.2

2.0

6.2

2.0

6.4

3.1

3.2

9.8

 

 

1.85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

69

82

 

3.1

2.0

5.3

2.0

5.6

2.6

2.8

7.3

 

 

 

2.6

2.0

5.6

2.0

5.6

2.8

2.8

7.8

 

 

2.78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

61

 

2.3

2.0

5.3

2.0

5.6

2.7

2.8

7.4

 

 

 

0.2

0.2 *

0.3

0.3 *

0.7

1.7

2.7

4.5

 

 

5.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

44

31

 

0.1

0.1 *

0.1

0.1 *

0.4

2.0

3.1

6.3

 

 

 

3.8

2.0

4.3

2.0

5.5

2.2

2.7

5.9

 

 

MMS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

29

25 µg/ml

3.1

2.0

6.5

2.0

5.6

3.2

2.8

8.9

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

conc.: cell concentration before being adjusted

adj.conc.:adjusted cell concentration when replating

SG: suspension growth

RSG: relative suspension growth

RTG: relative total growth

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate

*: cells were not replated as their density was < 2 x 105/ml

Table: First experiment without S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: toxicity immediately after treatment

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

post-treatment cell

count (x 105cells/ml)

Cell count

factor

CE0

Survival

RS

%

 

2.7

 

 

 

 

0

 

1.0

0.7

0.7

100

 

3.6

 

 

 

 

 

3.1

 

 

 

 

0.07

 

1.1

0.8

0.9

130

 

3.7

 

 

 

 

 

3.9

 

 

 

 

0.21

 

1.2

0.6

0.8

115

 

3.5

 

 

 

 

 

4.2

 

 

 

 

0.62

 

1.3

0.6

0.8

121

 

3.9

 

 

 

 

 

3.2

 

 

 

 

1.85

 

1.0

0.7

0.7

110

 

3.1

 

 

 

 

 

2.6

 

 

 

 

2.78

 

0.8

0.8

0.7

97

 

2.3

 

 

 

 

 

0.2

 

 

 

 

5.56

 

0.0

0.8

0.0

4

 

0.1

 

 

 

 

 

3.8

 

 

 

 

MMS

 

1.1

0.6

0.6

95

25 µg/ml

3.1

 

 

 

 

0: vehicle control (DMSO )

CE0: cloning efficiency immediately after treatment

RS: relative survival

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate

Table : Second experiment without S9 mix, 24-hour treatment: mutagenicity results

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Empty

wells*

CE0

RCE0

%

Empty

wells*

CE2

RCE2

%

Empty

wells*

LC

SC

MF10-6

R

 

35

 

 

34

 

 

85

6

5

 

 

0

34

0.7

100

36

0.7

100

84

8

4

124

1.0

 

32

 

 

32

 

 

80

12

4

 

 

 

28

 

 

32

 

 

77

11

8

 

 

 

0.06

28

 

0.6

 

95

28

 

0.8

 

124

82

10

5

 

85

 

0.7

 

40

 

 

24

 

 

85

7

5

 

 

 

 

0.19

 

34

 

 

0.7

 

 

101

 

31

 

 

0.7

 

 

103

 

82

 

8

 

7

 

 

81

 

 

0.7

 

30

 

 

34

 

 

90

6

0

 

 

 

 

0.56

 

36

 

 

0.6

 

 

91

 

31

 

 

0.7

 

 

103

 

84

 

7

 

5

 

 

64

 

 

0.5

 

35

 

 

34

 

 

92

3

1

 

 

 

 

1.67

 

35

 

 

0.4

 

 

54

 

23

 

 

0.7

 

 

107

 

85

 

7

 

4

 

 

74

 

 

0.6

 

71

 

 

39

 

 

88

1

7

 

 

 

 

2.5

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

5

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

MMS

 

29

 

 

0.8

 

 

122

 

36

 

 

0.6

 

 

97

 

56

 

16

 

24

 

 

394

 

 

3.2

5 µg/ml

22

 

 

33

 

 

60

23

15

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

MMS: methylmethanesulfonate           

LC: large colonies

CE0and CE2: cloning efficiency

SC: small colonies

RCE0and RCE2: relative cloning efficiency

R: ratio between Mutation Frequency of treated cells/Mutation Frequency of control cells

*: empty wells are counted on a total number of 96 wells

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : Second experiment without S9 mix, 24-hour treatment: cell growthduring expressiontime

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Cell concentration (x 10+5/ml)

Daily cell growth

 

RSG

%

 

RTG

%

Day 0

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1x Day 2

(SG)

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

 

5.8

2.0

6.8

2.0

6.3

3.4

3.1

10.5

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

100

 

8.4

2.0

8.4

2.0

5.5

4.2

2.8

11.6

 

 

 

6.2

2.0

5.5

2.0

5.7

2.8

2.9

7.8

 

 

0.06

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

84

104

 

5.2

2.0

7.1

2.0

6.1

3.6

3.0

10.7

 

 

 

5.5

2.0

6.2

2.0

5.0

3.1

2.5

7.7

 

 

0.19

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

79

82

 

5.4

2.0

6.8

2.0

5.8

3.4

2.9

9.9

 

 

 

4.1

2.0

7.4

2.0

6.0

3.7

3.0

10.9

 

 

0.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

101

104

 

2.6

2.0

6.3

2.0

7.4

3.1

3.7

11.5

 

 

 

0.0

0.0 *

0.2

0.2 *

0.4

4.8

2.1

9.8

 

 

1.67

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59

63

 

0.1

0.1 *

0.1

0.1 *

0.3

0.7

4.7

3.3

 

 

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

2.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

7.8

2.0

7.7

2.0

4.8

3.9

2.4

9.2

 

 

MMS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

82

80

5 µg/ml

7.4

2.0

7.0

2.0

5.1

3.5

2.6

8.9

 

 

0:vehiclecontrol(DMSO)

conc.: cell concentration before being adjusted

adj.conc.:adjusted cell concentration when replating

SG: suspension growth

RSG: relative suspension growth

RTG: relative total growth

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate

*: cells were not replated as their density was < 2 x 105/ml

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : Second experiment without S9 mix, 24-hour treatment: toxicity immediately after treatment

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

post-treatment cell

count (x 105cells/ml)

Cell count

factor

CE0

Survival

RS

%

 

5.8

 

 

 

 

0

 

1.0

0.7

0.7

100

 

8.4

 

 

 

 

 

6.2

 

 

 

 

0.06

 

0.8

0.6

0.5

76

 

5.2

 

 

 

 

 

5.5

 

 

 

 

0.19

 

0.8

0.7

0.5

77

 

5.4

 

 

 

 

 

4.1

 

 

 

 

0.56

 

0.5

0.6

0.3

43

 

2.6

 

 

 

 

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

1.67

 

0.0

0.4

0.0

0

 

0.1

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

2.5

 

-

-

-

-

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

5

 

-

-

-

-

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

7.8

 

 

 

 

MMS

 

1.1

0.8

0.9

130

5 µg/ml

7.4

 

 

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CE0: cloning efficiency immediately after treatment

RS: relative survival

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table: First experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: mutagenicity results

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Empty

wells*

CE0

RCE0

%

Empty

wells*

CE2

RCE2

%

Empty

wells*

LC

SC

MF10-6

R

 

8

 

 

10

 

 

77

11

8

 

 

0

6

1.4

100

14

1.3

100

82

9

5

75

1.0

 

17

 

 

21

 

 

80

11

5

 

 

 

12

 

 

4

 

 

78

9

9

 

 

 

0.21

5

 

2.1

 

151

5

 

1.8

 

139

83

9

4

 

46

 

0.6

 

2

 

 

6

 

 

80

11

5

 

 

 

 

0.62

 

5

 

 

1.7

 

 

123

 

11

 

 

1.4

 

 

112

 

77

 

15

 

4

 

 

52

 

 

0.7

 

8

 

 

8

 

 

88

6

2

 

 

 

 

1.85

 

3

 

 

2.1

 

 

151

 

4

 

 

1.6

 

 

127

 

76

 

9

 

11

 

 

56

 

 

0.7

 

4

 

 

10

 

 

84

2

10

 

 

 

 

5.56

 

13

 

 

1.4

 

 

106

 

16

 

 

1.0

 

 

80

 

85

 

2

 

9

 

 

45

 

 

0.6

 

6

 

 

21

 

 

90

2

4

 

 

 

 

16.7

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

50

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

 

-

 

 

-

 

 

-

-

-

 

 

 

 

CPA

 

13

 

 

1.1

 

 

78

 

31

 

 

0.7

 

 

56

 

41

 

27

 

29

 

 

491

 

 

6.6

3 µg/ml

22

 

 

30

 

 

54

13

30

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CPA:cyclophosphamide          

LC: large colonies

CE0and CE2:cloningefficiency

SC: small colonies

RCE0and RCE2: relative cloningefficiency

R: ratio between Mutation Frequency of treated cells/Mutation Frequency of control cells

*: empty wells are counted on a total number of 96 wells

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : First experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: cell growth during expression time

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Cell concentration (x 10+5/ml)

Daily cell growth

 

RSG

%

 

RTG

%

Day 0

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1x Day 2

(SG)

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

 

3.8

2.0

8.0

2.0

7.3

4.0

3.6

14.5

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

100

 

4.4

2.0

6.9

2.0

7.2

3.5

3.6

12.4

 

 

 

4.2

2.0

7.2

2.0

7.5

3.6

3.7

13.4

 

 

0.21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

113

157

 

4.1

2.0

8.5

2.0

8.1

4.2

4.0

17.0

 

 

 

4.3

2.0

9.1

2.0

5.4

4.5

2.7

12.2

 

 

0.62

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

103

116

 

3.6

2.0

9.2

2.0

6.8

4.6

3.4

15.5

 

 

 

3.8

2.0

6.1

2.0

5.6

3.0

2.8

8.5

 

 

1.85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

67

85

 

4.8

2.0

5.1

2.0

7.5

2.5

3.8

9.5

 

 

 

3.1

2.0

6.5

2.0

3.1

3.2

1.5

5.0

 

 

5.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

38

31

 

3.4

2.0

4.3

2.0

5.0

2.2

2.5

5.4

 

 

 

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

16.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

0.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

 

 

3.8

2.0

6.1

2.0

6.1

3.1

3.0

9.2

 

 

CPA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

82

46

3 µg/ml

3.9

2.0

5.6

2.0

9.3

2.8

4.6

13.0

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

conc.: cell concentration before being adjusted

adj.conc.:adjustedcellconcentrationwhenreplating SG: suspensiongrowth

RSG: relative suspension growth RTG: relative total growth

CPA: cyclophosphamide

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : First experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: toxicity immediately after treatment

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

post-treatment cell

count (x 105cells/ml)

Cell count

factor

CE0

Survival

RS

%

 

3.8

 

 

 

 

0

 

1.0

1.4

1.4

100

 

4.4

 

 

 

 

 

4.2

 

 

 

 

0.21

 

1.0

2.1

2.1

153

 

4.1

 

 

 

 

 

4.3

 

 

 

 

0.62

 

1.0

1.7

1.6

119

 

3.6

 

 

 

 

 

3.8

 

 

 

 

1.85

 

1.0

2.1

2.2

158

 

4.8

 

 

 

 

 

3.1

 

 

 

 

5.56

 

0.8

1.4

1.1

83

 

3.4

 

 

 

 

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

16.7

 

0.0

-

-

-

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

50

 

0.0

-

-

-

 

0.0

 

 

 

 

 

3.8

 

 

 

 

CPA

 

0.9

1.1

1.0

73

3 µg/ml

3.9

 

 

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CE0: cloning efficiency immediately after treatment RS: relative survival

CPA: cyclophosphamide

-: not evaluated due to severe toxicity observed


Table : Second experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: mutagenicity results

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Empty

wells*

CE0

RCE0

%

Empty

wells*

CE2

RCE2

%

Empty

wells*

LC

SC

MF

10-6

R

 

24

 

 

12

 

 

82

9

5

 

 

0

30

0.8

100

21

1.1

100

82

9

5

67

1.0

 

23

 

 

7

 

 

82

9

5

 

 

 

30

 

 

25

 

 

85

5

6

 

 

 

0.19

30

 

0.8

 

96

10

 

1.4

 

122

80

9

9

 

60

 

0.9

 

26

 

 

12

 

 

83

10

3

 

 

 

 

0.56

 

28

 

 

0.8

 

 

101

 

6

 

 

1.3

 

 

117

 

82

 

12

 

2

 

 

61

 

 

0.9

 

25

 

 

18

 

 

82

9

5

 

 

 

 

1.67

 

17

 

 

0.9

 

 

110

 

6

 

 

1.4

 

 

127

 

83

 

9

 

4

 

 

67

 

 

1.0

 

30

 

 

14

 

 

76

14

6

 

 

 

 

5

 

32

 

 

0.7

 

 

92

 

3

 

 

2.0

 

 

179

 

79

 

9

 

8

 

 

57

 

 

0.9

 

27

 

 

5

 

 

74

14

9

 

 

 

 

40

 

 

 

5

 

 

 

80

 

11

 

5

 

 

7.5

 

0.6

74

 

1.6

144

 

 

 

48

0.7

 

35

 

 

10

 

 

85

6

5

 

 

 

 

10

 

49

 

 

0.4

 

 

53

 

26

 

 

0.7

 

 

64

 

91

 

5

 

0

 

 

26

 

 

0.4

 

48

 

 

36

 

 

94

2

0

 

 

 

 

CPA

 

38

 

 

0.5

 

 

65

 

26

 

 

0.7

 

 

63

 

60

 

15

 

22

 

 

440

 

 

6.6

3 µg/ml

46

 

 

37

 

 

44

19

37

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CPA:cyclophosphamide          

LC: largecolonies

CE0and CE2:cloning efficiency

SC: small colonies

RCE0and RCE2: relative cloningefficiency

R: ratio between Mutation Frequency of treated cells/Mutation Frequency of control cells

*: empty wells are counted on a total number of 96 wells


Table : Second experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: cell growth during expression time

 

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

Cell concentration (x 10+5/ml)

Daily cell growth

 

RSG

%

 

RTG

%

Day 0

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1

Day 2

Day 1x Day 2

(SG)

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

Adj. Conc.

Conc.

 

5.7

2.0

6.9

2.0

9.6

3.5

4.8

16.5

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

100

 

5.6

2.0

7.0

2.0

7.9

3.5

4.0

13.7

 

 

 

5.2

2.0

8.3

2.0

6.3

4.1

3.2

13.0

 

 

0.19

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

84

102

 

5.1

2.0

7.5

2.0

6.6

3.8

3.3

12.4

 

 

 

5.7

2.0

8.0

2.0

5.9

4.0

3.0

11.7

 

 

0.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

74

87

 

6.5

2.0

5.4

2.0

8.0

2.7

4.0

10.7

 

 

 

4.9

2.0

7.5

2.0

5.1

3.7

2.5

9.4

 

 

1.67

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57

73

 

6.5

2.0

5.3

2.0

6.0

2.6

3.0

7.8

 

 

 

6.6

2.0

3.6

2.0

5.1

1.8

2.6

4.6

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

52

 

5.5

2.0

5.2

2.0

3.3

2.6

1.6

4.2

 

 

 

4.6

2.0

2.0

2.0 *

2.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 

 

7.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9

13

 

5.1

2.0

2.4

2.0

2.7

1.2

1.3

1.6

 

 

 

2.7

2.0

2.0

2.0 *

1.1

1.0

0.5

0.6

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

2

 

2.4

2.0

1.4

1.4 *

1.1

0.7

0.8

0.5

 

 

 

6.4

2.0

5.5

2.0

7.1

2.8

3.5

9.7

 

 

CPA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

38

3 µg/ml

6.7

2.0

6.2

2.0

5.7

3.1

2.9

8.8

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

conc.: cell concentration before being adjusted

adj.conc.:adjusted cell concentration when replating

SG: suspensiongrowth

RSG: relative suspension growth

RTG: relative total growth

CPA: cyclophosphamide

*: cells were not replated as their density was < 2 x 105/ml


Table : Second experiment with S9 mix, 3-hour treatment: toxicity immediately after treatment

  

Doses

µg/ml (a.i.)

post-treatment cell

count (x 105cells/ml)

Cell count

factor

CE0

Survival

RS

%

 

5.7

 

 

 

 

0

 

1.0

0.8

0.8

100

 

5.6

 

 

 

 

 

5.2

 

 

 

 

0.19

 

0.9

0.8

0.7

87

 

5.1

 

 

 

 

 

5.7

 

 

 

 

0.56

 

1.1

0.8

0.9

109

 

6.5

 

 

 

 

 

4.9

 

 

 

 

1.67

 

1.0

0.9

0.9

111

 

6.5

 

 

 

 

 

6.6

 

 

 

 

5

 

1.1

0.7

0.8

98

 

5.5

 

 

 

 

 

4.6

 

 

 

 

7.5

 

0.9

0.6

0.5

63

 

5.1

 

 

 

 

 

2.7

 

 

 

 

10

 

0.4

0.4

0.2

24

 

2.4

 

 

 

 

 

6.4

 

 

 

 

CPA

 

1.2

0.5

0.6

75

3 µg/ml

6.7

 

 

 

 

0: vehicle control ( DMSO )

CE0: cloning efficiency immediately after treatment

RS: relative survival

CPA: cyclophosphamide

Table: Historical data without S9 mix - Mouse lymphoma assay

 

3-hour treatment

24-hour treatment

 

 

assay No.

vehicle

MMS

vehicle

MMS

CE0

CE2

MF

CE0

CE2

MF

CE0

CE2

MF

CE0

CE2

MF

1

1.2

0.9

84

0.8

0.5

682

0.6

0.8

118

0.4

0.6

539

2

0.9

0.7

82

0.9

0.5

528

0.6

0.8

128

0.5

0.5

603

3

1.1

0.9

139

1

0.6

467

0.7

0.9

242

0.6

0.6

601

4

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.7

0.7

78

0.5

0.5

475

5

0.7

0.8

124

0.8

0.4

499

0.7

0.7

126

0.5

0.6

479

6

0.9

0.7

117

0.7

0.5

424

0.6

0.8

143

0.4

0.5

755

7

0.9

0.8

108

0.7

0.5

431

0.7

0.8

72

1.1

0.6

426

8

0.6

0.7

126

0.6

0.4

612

0.6

0.7

161

0.4

0.5

990

9

1.0

0.8

130

1.1

0.5

605

-

-

-

-

-

-

10

1.1

1.1

61

1.1

0.5

861

0.7

1.1

87

1.1

0.7

675

11

1.2

0.9

75

0.9

0.5

458

0.6

0.7

125

0.5

0.4

1298

12

1.3

0.9

58

1.8

0.7

462

1.0

1.3

94

0.8

0.5

823

13

1.0

1.3

77

1.2

0.6

533

1.0

1.3

94

0.8

0.5

823

minimum

0.6

0.7

58

0.6

0.4

424

0.6

0.7

72

0.4

0.4

426

maximum

1.3

1.3

139

1.8

0.7

861

1.0

1.3

242

1.1

0.7

1298

mean

1.0

0.9

98

1.0

0.5

547

0.7

0.9

122

0.6

0.5

707

CE0: cloning efficiency at day 0

CE2: cloning efficiency at day 2

MF: mutation frequency

MMS: methylmethane sulfonate (3-hour treatment: 25µg/ml ; 24-hour treatment: 5µg/ml)

- : not performed

Table: Historical data with S9 mix Mouse lymphoma assay

 

 

assay No.

vehicle

CPA

CE0

CE2

MF

CE0

CE2

MF

1

0.9

0.8

83

0.5

0.4

1077

2

0.9

0.7

123

0.5

0.3

915

3

1.0

0.8

68

0.5

0.6

948

4

0.7

0.8

138

0.3

0.4

1177

5

0.7

1.0

80

0.5

0.4

1248

6

0.9

0.9

161

0.4

0.3

1200

7

0.7

0.8

186

0.4

0.4

958

8

0.8

0.7

137

0.4

0.3

1563

9

0.7

1.0

92

0.3

0.3

1200

10

0.6

1.0

136

0.4

0.5

643

11

0.9

0.8

246

0.7

0.8

618

12

0.6

0.8

199

0.4

0.4

1389

13

0.7

0.8

114

0.4

0.4

915

14

0.9

1.0

88

1.0

0.8

484

15

1.1

0.9

77

0.4

0.4

1077

16

0.7

0.8

86

0.4

0.7

675

17

0.8

0.7

113

0.5

0.5

754

18

0.7

0.9

91

0.5

0.4

1583

19

0.6

0.8

108

0.4

0.4

1126

20

1.2

1.0

79

1.4

0.7

544

21

0.7

1.2

72

0.6

0.8

636

22

0.9

1.2

86

0.7

0.9

721

23

1.0

0.8

108

0.6

0.3

1456

24

0.9

1.2

86

0.7

0.9

721

minimum

0.6

0.7

68

0.3

0.3

484

maximum

1.2

1.2

246

1.4

0.9

1583

mean

0.8

0.9

115

0.5

0.5

985

CE0: cloning efficiency at day 0

CE2: cloning efficiency at day 2

MF: mutation frequency

CPA: cyclophosphamide (3µg/ml)

- : not performed

Conclusions:
Based on results of the read across study, the test substance was considered to be non-mutagenic in mouse lymphoma assay with and without metabolic activation.
Executive summary:

A study was conducted to determine the potential of the read across substance, DDAC (40.37% active) to induce mutations at the TK (thymidine kinase) locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, according to OECD guideline 476 and EU method B17, in compliance with GLP. After a preliminary toxicity test, read across substance was tested in two independent experiments, with and without a metabolic activation system, the S9 mix, prepared from a liver microsomal fraction (S9 fraction) of rats induced with Aroclor 1254. Approximately 0.5E+6 (3-hour treatment: preliminary toxicity test and all experiments except for the second experiment without S9 mix) or 0.15E+6 (24-hour treatment: second experiment without S9 mix) cells/mL in 20 mL culture medium with 5% horse serum were exposed to the read across or control substances, in the presence or absence of S9 mix (final concentration of S9 fraction 2%), at 37°C. The read across substance was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). All the dose-levels were expressed as active substance, taking into account the active material content of 40.37%. The selected dose-levels for read across substance treatment without S9 mix were as follows: (a) 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 2.78 and 5.56 µg/mL, for the first experiment (b) 0.06, 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL, for the second experiment. The selected dose-levels for read across substance treatment with S9 mix were as follows: (a) 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.7 and 50 µg/mL, for the first experiment (b) 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 5, 7.5 and 10 µg/mL, for the second experiment. For the 24-hour treatment, the incubation at 37°C was performed with a gentle shaking. The dose-levels for the positive controls were as follows: (1) without S9 mix: methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), used at a final concentration of 25 µg/mL (3-hour treatment) or 5 µg/mL (24-hour treatment) (2) with S9 mix: Cyclophosphamide (CPA), used at a final concentration of 3 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity was then determined using cloning efficiency (CE0) before expression of the mutant phenotype. Cell viability (using cloning efficiency CE2) and number of mutant clones (differentiating small and large colonies) were checked after the expression of the mutant phenotype. Other parameters such as cell concentration, relative survival (RS), relative suspension growth (RSG) and/or relative total growth (RTG) were also taken into consideration. In experiments without S9 mix. a slight to strong toxicity was induced, depending on the dose-levels and the treatment duration. No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequency was induced both experiments without S9 mix after the 3 and 24-hour treatments. In experiments with S9 mix, the read across substance was moderately to strongly toxic, depending on the dose-levels. No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequency was induced in both experiments with S9 mix. The cloning efficiencies CE0 and CE2 and the mutation frequencies of the vehicle and positive controls were as specified in acceptance criteria. The study was therefore considered valid (Haddouk, 2002). Based on results of the read across study, the test substance was considered to be non-mutagenic in mouse lymphoma assay with and without metabolic activation.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

Based on the results of the test and read across in vivo genotoxicity studies, the test substance is considered to be non-genotoxic.

Link to relevant study records
Reference
Endpoint:
in vivo mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair
Remarks:
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Test with Mammalian Liver Cells In Vivo, OECD 486
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
07.07.2006 - 29.05.2007
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 486 (Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Test with Mammalian Liver Cells in vivo)
Version / remarks:
circa. 1997
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
unscheduled DNA synthesis
Species:
rat
Strain:
Wistar
Remarks:
Wistar Hanlbm: WIST (SPF)
Details on species / strain selection:
The rat is an animal which has been used for many years as suitable experimental animal in genotoxicity investigations. There are many data available from such investigations which may be helpful in the interpretation of results from the I-JDS test. In addition, the rat is an experimental animal in many physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological studies. Data from such experiments may also be useful for the design and the performance of the UDS test.
Sex:
male
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
Source: Harlan Winkelmann GmbH, D-33178 Borchen
Number of animals: 32 (males)
Acclimatisation and quarantine: minimum 5 days
Age of the animals: 6 - 10 weeks
Initial body weight at start of treatment: Mean value 179.4 g (SD* ± 14.8 g)
* SD = Standard deviation

According to the supplier's assurance the animals were in healthy condition. The animals underwent quarantine in the animal house of RCC-CCR for at least five days after their arrival. During this period the animals did not show signs of illness or altered behaviour. The animals were distributed into the test groups at random and identified by cage number.

Husbandry
The animals were kept conventionally. The experiment was conducted under standard laboratory conditions.
Housing: single
Cage type: Makrolon Type Il, with wire mesh top (Ehret, D-79312 Emmendingen)
Bedding: granulated soft wood bedding (Harlan Winkelmann GmbH, D-33178 Borchen)
Feed: pelleted standard diet, ad libitum (Harlan Winkelmann GmbH, D-33178 Borchen)
Drinking water: tap water, ad libitum (Gemeindewerke Roßdorf, D-64380 Roßdorf)

Environment:
temperature 21 ± 30 C
relative humidity 30 - 72 %
artificial light 6.00 a.m. - 6.00 p.m.
Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
30% DMSO/70% PEG 400
Details on exposure:
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
On the day of the experiment the test item was formulated in 30% DMSO /70% PEG 400 and heated to 37C. The vehicle was chosen to its non-toxicity for the animals. The animals received a single standar volume of 10 ml/kg bw orally.
Duration of treatment / exposure:
Test subsance administered in a single treatment.
Frequency of treatment:
Test subsance administered in a single treatment.
Post exposure period:
1, 2-4, 6 and 24 h after administrationof the test item
No. of animals per sex per dose:
Preliminary experiments: 2 animals per sex per dose group per dose per timepoint.
Main experiment: 4 male sex per dose per timepoint
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Positive control(s):
Positive control 4hr: DMH; N,N'-dimethylhydrazinedihydrochloride 80 mg/kg bw
Positive control 16hr: 2-AAF; 2-acetylaminofluorene 100 mg/kg bw
Tissues and cell types examined:
Primary Hepatocytes
Details of tissue and slide preparation:
Isolation of the Primary Hepatocytes
8.4.5.
After anaesthetising the rats with 46% Ketamin (Ketavet 100, Pharmacia GmbH, D-76139 Karlsruhe), 23% Xylazin (Rompun 2%, Bayer HealthCare, D-51368 Leverkusen) and 31% Midazolam (Dormicum, Hoffmann LaRoche, D-79639 Grenzach-Wyhlen) (approx. 2 mL/kg b.w.) the liver was perfused through the vena portae with Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS, Invitrogen, D-76344 Eggenstein) supplemented with collagenase (0.05 % (w/v), Roche Diagnostics, D-68305 Mannheim) adjusted to pH 7.4 and maintained at 370 C (8).
The isolated hepatocytes were washed twice with HBSS. The crude cell suspension was filtered through a stainless steel mesh (94 pm) to yield a single cell suspension. The quality of the performed perfusion was determined by the trypan blue dye exclusion method for cell viability. In addition, the number of the cells was determined.

8.4.6.
Culture Conditions
The washed hepatocytes were centrifuged and transferred into Williams medium E (WME, Invitrogen, D-76344 Eggenstein) supplemented (I) with:
Hepes 2.38 mg/ml
Penicillin 100 units/ml
Streptomycin 0.10 mg/ml
L-GIutamine 0.29 mg/ml
Insulin 0.50 ug/ml
Fetal calf serum (FCS) 100 ul/ml

This complete medium was adjusted to pH 7.6.
At least three cultures were established from each animal. Aliquots of 2.5 ml with freshly isolated hepatocytes in complete culture medium (2.0 x 105 viable cells/ml) were added to 35 mm six-well dishes (Greiner, D-72603 Nürtingen) containing one 25 mm round plastic coverslip (Thermanox, Nunc, D-65203 Wiesbaden) per well coated with gelatine. After an attachment period of approximately 1.5 h in a 95 % air/ 5 % C02 humidified incubator at 370 C the culture medium was discarded. Then, the cell layer was rinsed once with PBS to remove non-adherent cells (9). Subsequently, 3HTdR (5 pCi/ml, specific activity 20 Ci/mmol; New England Nuclear, D-63033 Dreieich) in 2.0 ml culture medium
(WME, I % (v/v) FCS) was added to the cultures. After a labelling time of 4 h the cells were washed twice with WME supplemented with I % (wv) FCS and 0.25 rnM unlabelled thymidine. Cultures were incubated overnight using the same medium (2). To prepare for autoradiography the medium was replaced by a hypotonic solution of 1 % (w/v) sodium citrate for 10 minutes to swell the nuclei for better grain detection (9). The cells on the coverslips were then fixed by three changes of methanol:acetic acid (3+1 wv) for 20 minutes each, rinsed with 96 % (VIV) ethanol, and air-dried.

8.4.7. Autoradiographic Processing
The cover slips were mounted the side carrying the cells up on glass slides and coated with KODAK N TB (Tecnomara, D-35463 Fernwald) photographic emulsion in the dark. The coated slides were stored in light-proof boxes in the presence of a drying agent for 14 days at 40 C. The photographic emulsion was then developed with Ilford Phenisol (Ilford Imaging GmbH, 63265 Dreieich) at room temperature, fixed in Rapid Fixer (llford Imaging GmbH, 63265 Dreieich) and stained with hematoxylin/eosin.

8.4.8. Quantification of I-JDS
Evaluation was performed microscopically on coded slides using NIKON microscopes with oil immersion objectives. The cells for scoring were randomly selected according to a fixed scheme. The number of silver grains in the nuclear area was counted automatically using the Sorcerer I-JDS device version 2.0 DT3152 (Perceptive Instruments). In addition, the number of grains of the most heavily labelled nuclear-sized cytoplasm area adjacent to the nucleus was counted (2). At least two slides per animal and 50 cells per slide were evaluated. Heavily radiolabelled cells undergoing replicative DNA synthesis were excluded from counting.
Three animals per group were evaluated as described above.

8.4.9. Data Recording
The data generated were recorded in the raw data. The results were presented in tabular form, including experimental groups with the test item, vehicle and positive controls.
The nuclear and cytoplasmic grain counts, the net grain counts (nuclear minus cytoplasmic grains) as well as the mean and percentage of cells in repair (cells with a net grain count larger than 5) are reported separately (5). Individual slide and animal data are provided. The mean counts with standard deviation are used to describe the distribution of 3HTdR incorporation in the nucleus, the cytoplasm and for the net grains, respectively.
Evaluation criteria:
Nuclear and net grain counts are estimated together. Increased net grains should be based on enhanced nuclear grain counts rather than on decreased cytoplasmic grain counts.
A test item is classified as positive if the mean number of net grains is higher than five per nucleus at one of the test points.
A group average between 0 and 5 net grains is considered as a marginal response. A dose-related increase in nuclear and net grains and/or a substantial shift of the percentage distribution of the nuclear grain counts to higher values provide additional information to confirm a positive response with less than 5 net grains. Statistical significance may give further evidence for a positive evaluation. Statistical significance can be evaluated by means of the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (4).
A test item producing net grains not greater than 0 at anyone of the test points is considered non-effective in this system.
Sex:
male/female
Genotoxicity:
negative
Toxicity:
yes
Remarks:
ruffled fur, reduction in spontaneous activity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Sex:
male
Genotoxicity:
negative
Toxicity:
yes
Remarks:
ruffled fur, reductions in spontaneous activity, eye lid closure
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid

8.6. Historical Controls (1999-2005)


59 finalised studies





































Test group



Net grains



Treatment period



Number of animals



Range



Mean



Vehicle control*



-14.3 to -3.2



-6.7±2.2



2 or 16 hrs



352



Positive controls (DMH)



3.1 to 39.1



13.4± 7.5



2 hrs



176



Positive controls (2-AAF)



2.9 to 35.9



15.1 ± 7.3



16 hrs



175



* : Vehicles: deionised water, sesame oil, corn oil, PEG 400, CMC (0.5-1.0%).


 



  1. BIOMETRY


A statistical evaluation of the results was not necessary to perform as the number of net grain counts of the groups treated with the test item were in the range of the corresponding controls.


 



  1. RESULTS


10.1. Pre-Experiment


In the first pre-experiment 2 male and 2 females rats received orally a single dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. of Arquad 2C formulated in 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 400. The volume administered was 10 ml/kg b.w..


10.1.1 The treated animals expressed toxic reactions as shown in the table:























toxic reactions



hours post-treatment male / female



1h



2-4h



6h



24h



ruffled fur



0/0



2/0



1/0



0/0



 


In the second pre-experiment 2 male and 2 females rats received orally a single dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w. of Arquad 2C formulated in DMSO / PEG 400. The volume administered was 10 ml/kg b.w..


10.1.2 The treated animals expressed toxic reactions as shown in the table:

































































toxic reactions



hours post-treatment male / female



1h



2-4h



6h



24h



reduction of spontaneous activity



2/1



2/1



-/-



2/0



abdominal position



0/0



1/0



-/-



2/0



eyelid closure



2/0



2/0



-/-



0/0



ruffled fur



2/2



2/2



-/-



2/2



breathing difficulty



0/0



0/0



-/-



2/0



bloody mouth



0/0



0/0



-/-



2/0



diarrhoea



0/0



0/0



-/-



2/0



-/-: no observation made.


In the third pre-experiment 2 male and 2 females rats received orally a single dose of 1250 mg/kg b.w. of Arquad 2C formulated in 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 400. The volume administered was 10 ml/kg b.w..


10.1.3 The treated animals expressed toxic reactions as shown in the table:



















































toxic reactions



hours post-treatment male / female



1h



2-4h



6h



24h



reduction of spontaneous activity



2/2



2/2



2/2



1/1



eyelid closure



2/0



2/0



2/0



1/0



ruffled fur



2/2



2/2



2/2



1/1



breathing difficulty



0/0



1/1



1/1



0/0



death



0/0



0/0



0/0



1/1



 


On the basis of these data the dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w. was estimated to be suitable as the high dose


 


10.2. Toxic symptoms in the Main Experiment


In the main experiment with the 4 h treatment period 4 animals received orally a single dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w.. Arquad 2C formulated in 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 400.


The volume administered was 10 ml/kg b.w..


10.2.1 The treated animals expressed toxic reactions as shown in the table:



























toxic reactions



hours post-treatment 500 / 1000 mg/kg b.w.



1h



2h



4h



reduction of spontaneous activity



2/3



2/4



4/4



eyelid closure



2/4



2/4



4/4



 


In the main experiment with the 16 h treatment period 4 animals received orally a single dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w.. Arquad 2C formulated in 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 400. The volume administered was 10 ml/kg b.w..


10.2.2 The treated animals expressed toxic reactions as shown in the table:
















































toxic reactions



hours post-treatment 500 / 1000 mg/kg b.w.



 



 



 



1h



2-4h



16h



reduction of spontaneous activity



4/4



-/-



4/3



ruffled fur



2/4



-/-



4/3



breathing difficulty



0/1



-/-



0/1



diarrhoea



0/0



-/-



4/3



death



0/0



-/-



0/1



-/-: no observation made.


 


10.3 Viability of Hepatocytes























































































































































































 Treatment Animal no. Viability* [%] Number of isolated cells [x10^6] 
Vehicle control 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 4004 h178452
288350
373297
474275
500 mg/kg b.w. Arquad 2C4 h583314
6Perfusion failed 
786306
878359
1000 mg/kg b.w. Arquad 2C4 h984299
1080177
1178227
1278234
Positive control DMH 80 mg/kg b.w.4 h1376396
1487375
1588303
1683381
Vehicle control 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 40016 h1793498
1875377
19Perfusion failed 
2096251
500 mg/kg b.w. Arquad 2C16 h2176186
22Perfusion failed 
2382453
2480314
1000 mg/kg b.w. Arquad 2C16 h2572351
2677254
27Animal died 
2891 
Positive control 2-AAF 100 mg/kg b.w.16 h29Animal died#
3079346
3179249
3285391

*Viability determined by means of trypan blue dye exclusion assay


#application failure


One spare animal was included for each dose group.


 


Table 10.4.1  Mean nucleus, cytoplasmic area, and net grains at 4 hr




























































































































































































































Test groupAnimal No. Mean Nuclear Grain CountMean Cytoplasmic grain count§Mean Net Grain CountsMean Nuclear Grains of Cells in Repair% Cells  in Repair
Mean S.D. Mean S.D.Mean S.D. Mean S.D. 

Vehicle control 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 400


18.143.7314.825.55-6.685.2501
213.435.9518.717.67-5.2876.751.714
46.833.8512.44.35-5.574000
Mean 9.473.4915.313.18-5.840.743.923.52
500 mg/kg b.w. Arquad 2C55.412.639.862.59-4.453.51000
76.012.8510.242.924.233.09000
85.272.559.072.59-3.83.1601
Mean 5.560.399.720.64160.3323.460
1000 mg/kg b.w. Arquad 2C97.933.7316.134.34-8.24.42501
118.934.4416.86.53-7.876.73801
126.023.0212.773.71-6.754.03000
Mean 7.631.4815.232.16-7.610.764334.041
Positive control DMH 80 mg/kg b.w.1339.612.0814.54.9825.110.5825.7510.0597
1443.9311.6915.896.3228.0411.0628.3210.7599
1531.9410.3411.383.7320.569.0320.768.8599
Mean 38.496.0713.922.3124.573.7724943.8598

SD = Standard deviation The Standard deviation shown for a each animal is tha deviation between the 100 analysed cells. The deviation shown for the mean of each group is the standard deviation between the results obtained for each test group consisting Of three animals.


 


Table 10.4.2  Mean nucleus, cytoplasmic area, and net grains at 16 hr




























































































































































































































Test groupAnimal No. Mean Nuclear Grain CountMean Cytoplasmic grain count§Mean Net Grain CountsMean Nuclear Grains of Cells in Repair% Cells  in Repair
Mean S.D. Mean S.D.Mean S.D. Mean S.D. 
Vehicle control 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 4001710.493.9914.025.22-3.534.756.514
1814.137.3120.18.92-5.978.248.883.688
2014.737.220.717.68-5.985.958.332.083
Mean 13.122.2918.283.7-5.161.417.91.245
500 mg/kg b.w. Arquad 2C216.883.5910.764.11-3.884.89613
2310.725.85165.97-5.285.911.675.773
2410.085.11155.51-4.925.276.52.384
Mean 9.232.0613.922.78-4.690.738.063.143
1000 mg/kg b.w. Arquad 2C2512.556.5317.416.69-4.867.417.452.4611
2612.41615.56.79-3.096.477.112.329
2811.637.4715.138.26-3.496.286.52.1911
Mean 12.20.4916.011.22-3.810.937.020.4810
Positive control 2-AAF 100 mg/kg b.w.3020.576.1712.454888.125.6610424.5274
3137.6915.5725.949.5611.7511.3216.238.0777
3231.116.1620.7111.0710.3910.3214.439.0872
Mean 29.798.6419.76.810.091.8313.692.9874

SD = Standard deviation The Standard deviation shown for a each animal is tha deviation between the 100 analysed cells. The deviation shown for the mean of each group is the standard deviation between the results obtained for each test group consisting Of three animals.


 


 


1. ASHBY, J., LEVEVRE, P.A., BURLINSON, B., PENMAN, M.G., 1985
An assessment of the in vivo rat hepatocyte DNA-repair assay
Mutation Res., 156, 1-18
2. BUTTERWORTH, B.E., ASHBY, J., BERMUDEZ, E., CASCIANO, DA, MIRSALIS, J.,
PROBST, G., WILLIAMS, G. M., 1987
A study plan and guide for the in vitro rat hepatocyte DNA-repair assay
Mutation Res., 189, 113-121
3. FAUTZ, R., HUSEIN, B., EFSTATHIOU, E., HECHENBERGER-FREUDL, C., 1993
Assessment of the relation between the initial viability and the attachment of freshly
isolated rat hepatocytes used for the in vivo / in vitro DNA-repair assay (I-JDS)
Mutation Res., 291, 21-27
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Locally most powerful tied rank test in a Wilcoxon situation
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5. LONATI-GALLIGANI, M., LOHMAN, PH M., BEHRENDS, F.. 1983
The validity of the autoradiographic method for detecting DNA-repair synthesis in rat
hepatocytes in primary culture
Mutation Res., 113, 145-160
6. MIRSALIS, J.C., BUTTERWORTH, B.E., 1980
Detection of unscheduled DNA-synthesis in hepatocytes from rats treated with
genotoxic agents: an in vivo / in vitro assay for potential mutagens and carcinogens
Carcinogenesis, 1, 621-625
7. MIRSALIS, J.C., TYSON, K.c., BUTTERWORTH, B.E., 1982
Detection of genotoxic carcinogens in the in vivo / in vitro hepatocyte DNA repair assay
Env. Mutagenesis, 4, 553-562
8. SEGLEN, p.o., 1976
Preparation of isolated rat liver cells
Meth0ds of cell BiOl., 13, 29-83
9. WILLIAMS, G.M., 1977
Detection of chemical carcinogens by unscheduled DNA-synthesis in primary rat liver
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Cancer Res., 37, 1845-1851
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Mutation Res., 520, 57-62.

Conclusions:
In conclusion, it can be stated that under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce DNA-damage leading to increased repair synthesis in the hepatocytes of the treated rats.
Therefore, Arquad 2C is considered to be non-genotoxic in this in vivo/ in vitro I-JDS test system.
Executive summary:

The test item Arquad 2C was assessed in the in vivo UDS assay for its potential to induce DNA repair (UDS) in the hepatocytes of rats with doses of 500 mg/kg b.w. and 1000 mg/kg b.w. (4 h and 16 h preparation interval).


The test item was formulated in 30% DMSO / 70% PEG 400, which was used as vehicle control. The volume administered orally was 10 ml/kg body weight. After a treatment period of 4 and 16 hours, respectively, the animals were anaesthetised and sacrificed by liver perfusion. Primary hepatocyte cultures were established and exposed for 4 hours to 3HTdR (methyl-3H-thymidine) which is incorporated if UDS occurs (2).


The highest dose was estimated in a pre-experiment to be the maximum applicable dose, at which clinical signs of toxicity occurred. In the main experiment one animal died during the 16 h preparation interval.


The viability of the hepatocytes was not substantially affected due to the in vivo treatment with the test item at any of the treatment periods or dose groups. The interindividual variations obtained for the numbers and the viabilities of the isolated hepatocytes are in the range of our historical laboratory control (3).


No dose level of the test item revealed UDS induction in the hepatocytes of the treated animals as compared to the current vehicle controls. Neither the nuclear grains nor the resulting net grains were distinctly enhanced due to the in vivo treatment of the animals with the test item for 4 hours or 16 hours, respectively. Therefore, the net grain values obtained after treatment with the test item were consistently negative. 


In addition, the obtained percentage of cells in repair were within the historical control range (up to 12%). Due to a great variation in the percentages of cells (26 and 4% for slides 28a and 28b, respectively) in repair observed in the two slides scored for animal no. 28, a third slide was additionally scored. Thus, for animal no. 28 a total of 150 cells were scored instead of 100. The data from the third slide (2% cells in repair) confirmed the value obtained from slide 28b (4% cells in repair). Thus, the observed increase in the percentage of cells in repair in slide 28a is not reproducible and, therefore, not biologically relevant.


Appropriate reference mutagens [DMH (10), 80 mg/kg b.w. and 2-AAF, 100 mg/kg b.w.] were used as positive controls. In vivo treatment with DMA or 2-AAF revealed distinct increases in the number of nuclear and net grain counts.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

A study was conducted to evaluate the mutagenic potential of the test substance, C12-18 DAQ (76.4% active in hydroalcoholic solution) in the Ames test, according to OECD Guideline 471 and EU Method B.13/14, in compliance with GLP. In the study S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 strains were used and S9 liver mix obtained from Aroclor 1254 induced male Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rats was used as metabolic activating system. A preliminary toxicity study with TA100 showed that survival without S9-mix was not or only slightly reduced up to test substance concentration of 10.0 µg/plate and eliminated at and above 33.3 µg/plate. In the presence of S9-mix the survival of strain TA100 was slightly reduced at a test substance concentration of 33.3 µg/plate and eliminated at and above 100 µg/plate. Based on these data, the test substance was tested up to a concentration of 10.0 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix and up to 33.3 µg/plate in the presence of S9-mix. Experiment 1: (a) with S9-mix - 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0, 33.3 µg/plate (b) without S9-mix - 0.1, 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0 µg/plate. Experiment 2: (a) with S9-mix - 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0, 33.3 µg/plate (b) without S9-mix - 0.1, 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10.0 µg/plate. The negative and strain-specific positive control values fell within the testing laboratory background historical ranges indicating that the test conditions were optimal and that the metabolic activation system functioned properly. All bacterial strains showed negative responses over the entire dose range of the test substance, i.e. no dose-related, two-fold, increase in the number of revertants in two independently repeated experiments. Under the study conditions, the test substance was considered to be non-mutagenic in the Ames test (Scheres, 1990).


 


 


No mammalian clastogenicity or mutagenicity study could be located on C12 -18 DAQ. Therefore, read across studies available with structurally similar substance DDAC is presented. Both the test and read across substances are di-alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride compounds. DDAC is structurally the same but only differs in a slightly lower average alkyl chain length. Slightly shorter alkyl chains do not change possible chemical reactivity or genotoxicity potential.


 


 


A study was conducted to determine the clastogenic potential of the read across substance, DDAC (51.3% active) in cultured human lymphocytes, according to OECD Guideline 473 and EU method B.10, in compliance with GLP. After a preliminary toxicity test, read across substance was tested in two independent experiments, with and without a metabolic activation system, the S9- mix. In the absence of S9 -mix read across substance was tested up to 5.6 µg/mL for a 24 and 48 h fixation time in the first experiment. In the second experiment read across substance was tested up to 7.5 µg/mL for a 24 h fixation time. In the presence of S9 -mix read across substance was tested up to 24 µg/mL for 24 h fixation time and up to 18 µg/mL for a 48 h fixation time in the first experiment. In the second experiment it was tested up to 24 µg/mL for a 24 h fixation time. In the presence of S9-mix (24 h fixation time), in experiment 1, a concentration of 24 µg/ml induced a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations both when gaps were included and excluded. Since, the types of aberrations observed were only breaks, the increase was not dose related. Experiment 2 did not confirm this result and moreover the number of cells with chromosome aberrations were just without the historical control data range, therefore the increase was not considered biologically relevant. All other concentrations tested in the presence of S9-mix at the 24 hand 48 h fixation period did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. In the absence of S9-mix read across substance did not induce a statistically and biologically significant increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. Positive control chemicals, mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide, both produced a statistically significant increase in the incidence of cells with chromosome aberrations, indicating that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system (S9-mix) functioned properly (Van der waart, 1996). Based on the results of the read across study, the test substance was considered to be non clastogenic in human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation. Based on results of the read across study, similar absence of clastogenic potential is expected for the test substance.


 


 


A study was conducted to determine the potential of the read across substance, DDAC (40.37% active) to induce mutations at the TK (thymidine kinase) locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, according to OECD guideline 476 and EU method B17, in compliance with GLP. After a preliminary toxicity test, read across substance was tested in two independent experiments, with and without a metabolic activation system, the S9 mix, prepared from a liver microsomal fraction (S9 fraction) of rats induced with Aroclor 1254. Approximately 0.5E+6 (3-hour treatment: preliminary toxicity test and all experiments except for the second experiment without S9 mix) or 0.15E+6 (24-hour treatment: second experiment without S9 mix) cells/mL in 20 mL culture medium with 5% horse serum were exposed to the read across or control substances, in the presence or absence of S9 mix (final concentration of S9 fraction 2%), at 37°C. The read across substance was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). All the dose-levels were expressed as active substance, taking into account the active material content of 40.37%. The selected dose-levels for read across substance treatment without S9 mix were as follows: (a) 0.07, 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 2.78 and 5.56 µg/mL, for the first experiment (b) 0.06, 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL, for the second experiment. The selected dose-levels for read across substance treatment with S9 mix were as follows: (a) 0.21, 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.7 and 50 µg/mL, for the first experiment (b) 0.19, 0.56, 1.67, 5, 7.5 and 10 µg/mL, for the second experiment. For the 24-hour treatment, the incubation at 37°C was performed with a gentle shaking. The dose-levels for the positive controls were as follows: (1) without S9 mix: methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), used at a final concentration of 25 µg/mL (3-hour treatment) or 5 µg/mL (24-hour treatment) (2) with S9 mix: Cyclophosphamide (CPA), used at a final concentration of 3 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity was then determined using cloning efficiency (CE0) before expression of the mutant phenotype. Cell viability (using cloning efficiency CE2) and number of mutant clones (differentiating small and large colonies) were checked after the expression of the mutant phenotype. Other parameters such as cell concentration, relative survival (RS), relative suspension growth (RSG) and/or relative total growth (RTG) were also taken into consideration. In experiments without S9 mix. a slight to strong toxicity was induced, depending on the dose-levels and the treatment duration. No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequency was induced both experiments without S9 mix after the 3 and 24-hour treatments. In experiments with S9 mix, the read across substance was moderately to strongly toxic, depending on the dose-levels. No noteworthy increase in the mutation frequency was induced in both experiments with S9 mix. The cloning efficiencies CE0 and CE2 and the mutation frequencies of the vehicle and positive controls were as specified in acceptance criteria. The study was therefore considered valid (Haddouk, 2002). Based on results of the read across study, similar absence of clastogenic potential is expected for the test substance.


 


 


A in vivo study was conducted on Quaternary ammonium compounds, dicoco alkyldimethyl, chlorides (CAS: 61789-77-3), which was previously registered as Quaternary ammonium compounds, di-C12-18-alkyldimethyl, chlorides (CAS: 68391-05-9). The test item Arquad 2C was assessed in the in vivo UDS assay for its potential to induce DNA repair (UDS) in the hepatocytes of rats. After an initial pre-experiment was conductd to determine tolerabel dose limits, dose levels of 500 mg/kg b.w. and 1000 mg/kg b.w. (4 h and 16 h preparation interval) were choosen for the main experiment. Experimental results show that viability of the hepatocytes was not substantially affected due to the in vivo treatment with the test item at any of the treatment periods or dose groups. No dose level of the test item revealed UDS induction in the hepatocytes of the treated animals as compared to the current vehicle controls. Neither the nuclear grains nor the resulting net grains were distinctly enhanced due to the in vivo treatment of the animals with the test item for 4 hours or 16 hours, respectively. Therefore, the net grain values obtained after treatment with the test item were consistently negative. High variation in observed cells in repair for one animal in the 1000 mg/kg b.w. dose group resulted in the examination of a third slide to verify results (150 cells total at 50 cells per slide). The cells in repair data from the third slide confirmed a low incidence rate.


 

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on data available for C12-18 DAQ and read across substances, genotoxic potential is not expected. Therefore no classification is required for gentoxicity according to EU CLP criteria (Regulation 1272/2008/EC).