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Ecotoxicological information

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

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Endpoint:
toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
20 - 24 Jul 2014
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
Exposure period 96h instead of 72h
GLP compliance:
yes
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Vehicle:
no
Details on test solutions:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: A saturated test substance solution was prepared. A 100 [mg/L] test substance dispersion was treated with ultrasound (15 [min], ambient temperature). Thereafter the dispersion was stirred for 24 [h] in the dark. After that time the dispersion was filtered on a paper filter to remove the insoluble test substance. The clear saturated test substance solution was tested as highest test concentration and served as stock solution.
Test organisms (species):
Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Green algae
- Strain: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata HINDAK, SAG 61.81
- Source: Collection of algae cultures (SAG) Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut der Universität Nikolausberger Weg 18, D-37073 Goettingen
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): A four day old preculture was used.


Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
96 h
Test temperature:
24 ± 1 °C
pH:
7.1 - 8.4
Nominal and measured concentrations:
A saturated solution of the test item served as highest test concentration. Further 6 concentration levels were tested in a geometrical series with a dilution factor of 2.0.
Mean measured concentrations of Mefenpyrdiethyl: 13.09, 6.65, 2.86, 1.26, 0.53, 0.27, 0.16 mg/L
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Sterile Erlenmeyer flasks, volume: 250 [mL], Test volume 100 [mL]
- Initial cells density: 10 000 algal cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6

GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: according to guideline
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Water quality parameters of pH, measured at 0 and 96 [h], and temperature, measured continuously, met the guideline requirements.


OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: Yes, adjusted prior to test chemical addition with 0.1 or 1 [N] NaOH or HCI
- Photoperiod: 24 [h/d] light
- Light intensity and quality: 66.5 + 10 [µE/m2/s] on the water surface (Fluorescent tube, Radium NL 58W/31, Spectralux Warmton)


EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Samples of the algal populations were removed daily from each test vessel and cell concentrations were determined using a light microscope and counting chamber.
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
10.71 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: Mefenpyr-diethyl
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
12.57 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: Mefenpyr-diethyl + Metabolite
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
2.86 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: Mefenpyr-diethyl
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
4.35 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: Mefenpyr-diethyl + Metabolite
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
4.86 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
biomass
Remarks on result:
other: Mefenpyr-diethyl
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
0.27 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
biomass
Remarks on result:
other: Mefenpyr-diethyl
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
6.61 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
biomass
Remarks on result:
other: Mefenpyr-diethyl + Metabolite
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
0.78 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
biomass
Remarks on result:
other: Mefenpyr-diethyl + Metabolite

Biological findings:

Microscopic evaluation of the cells at the start of the incubation revealed no morphological abnormalities. At the end of the incubation a part of the cells in the two highest concentration levels had lost the typical sickle-shaped appearance. The effects of the test item based on the mean measured concentrations.

Conclusion:

Based on measured concentrations (overall study including the metabolite), the 96h EC50 (growth rate) in the green algae

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was calculated to be 12.57 mg/L test item. The NOEC (growth rate) was at 4.35 mg/L.

The effects of Mefenpyr-diethyl (Draft ISO), substance, technical, Code: AE F107892 00 1C97 0001 were found to be reversible.

Recovery of alga cells:

Test substance [mg/L]

Mefenpyr-diethyl +

Metabolite

0[d]

 

 

 

[10E4 cells/mL]

4 [d]

 

7 [d]

 

[10E4 cells/mL]

growth rate

 

[10E4 cells/mL]

growth rate

 

14.89

0.20

73.95

1.48

86.69

0.87

8.45

0.32

85.10

1.40

95.76

0.81

control

1.38

98.70

1.07

111.81

0.63

Endpoint:
toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
supporting study
Study period:
12 - 15 Aug 1991
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
GLP compliance:
yes
Analytical monitoring:
no
Vehicle:
yes
Details on test solutions:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: To obtain fresh stock solution for the test, the test substance was weighed out to a precision of 0.1 mg and diluted with a maximum of 0.1 mL acetone/L nutrient medium.. Defined amounts of the stock solution (well shaken before extraction) - or dilutions of it - were pipetted proportionally into the test flasks, filled up to about 90 mL with nutrient medium and stirred vigorously with a glass rod.

- Chemical name of vehicle: Acetone of analytical grade (applied abbreviation3 A, Riedel-de Haen AG,D-3016 Seelze, Art.No.32201, assay 99.5%, lot 6057) was used as a solvent with 0.1 mL per liter medium.

Test organisms (species):
Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Green algae
- Strain: Scenedesmus subspicatus CHODAT
- Source: Algae were originally from the Collection of Algal Cultures, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Fed. Republic of Germany. To maintain the original test strain, the algae are cultured at the Okotoxikologie (Okologie I) of Hoechst AG.
- Method of cultivation: described by Kuhl and Lorenzen (1964)


ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 3 days
Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
72 h
Test temperature:
25 + 2 °C
pH:
7.7 - 8.9
Salinity:
-
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal test substance concentrations were 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6, and 10 mg/L, a solvent control (acetone) and a control.
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 300 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, which were filled with 100 mL medium and closed with cotton stoppers.
- Initial cells density: 10 000 algal cells / mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 6

GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: according to guideline
- Intervals of water quality measurement: At test day 1, 2, and 3

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: illuminated constantly
- Light intensity and quality: white spectrum fluorescent lamps and a light intensity of ca. 8000 lux.

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Samples of the algal populations were removed daily from each test vessel and cell concentrations determined using a cytometer in combination with a microscope.

Reference substance (positive control):
yes
Remarks:
Potassium Dichromate
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
5.8 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
biomass
Remarks on result:
other: 95% CL: 5.6 - 10.0)
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1.8 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks:
and biomass
Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Results with reference substance valid? yes
- EC50 (72h): 0.26 (0.18 - 0.32) mg/L

Findings:

After 72 hours test duration the concentration inhibiting the algal growth (comparison of biomass) by 50%,

EbC50, was determined at 5.8 mg/L. With regard to specific growth rate, inhibition was less than 50 % in the

highest concentration tested. The NOEC was observed at 1.8 mg/L.

Conclusion:

Based on nominal concentrations, the 72h EbC50 in the green algae Scenedesmus subspicatus was

calculated to be 5.8 mg/L test item. The NOEC was at 1.8 mg/L.

Endpoint:
toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
supporting study
Study period:
05 - 29 Oct 1998
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
GLP compliance:
yes
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Vehicle:
yes
Details on test solutions:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: The test substance was weighed out to a precision of 0.1 mg and dissolved in nutrient medium. Acetone was used as an auxiliary. Each test jar was prepared individually. About 90 mL nutrient medium were filled into a graduated cylinder. Defined amounts of the stock solution, well shaken before extraction, were pipetted proportionally.
- Chemical name of vehicle: Acetone
Test organisms (species):
Navicula pelliculosa
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: diatom (Bacillariophyceae)
- Strain: Navicula pellicutosa (de Brebisson) Hilse
- Source: Collection of Algal Cultures, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Goettingen, D-37073 Goettingen, FRG.
- Method of cultivation: described by Kuhl and Lorenzen (1964)

Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
96 h
Hardness:
0.315 mmol/L (Ca2+ + Mg2+)
Test temperature:
24.1 - 25.0 °C
pH:
7.2 - 8.7
Dissolved oxygen:
7.2 - 8.8 mg/L
Salinity:
-
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal test substance concentrations were 0 (control), solvent control, 1, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6, 10.0 and 18.0 mg/L
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 300 mL Erlenmeyer flasks closed with pressed paper stoppers, 100 ml fill volume
- Initial cells density: 10 000 algal cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 6


GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: Yes


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: according to guideline
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Oxygen concentration and pH values of each test flask and temperature at each
concentration step were assessed daily.


OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: illuminated constantly
- Light intensity and quality: white spectrum fluorescent lamps and a light intensity of 66 µE*m-²*sE-1

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Samples of the algal populations were removed daily from each test vessel and cell concentrations determined using a cytometer in combination with a microscope.
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
2.18 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: without the metabolite
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1.02 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: without the metabolite
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
2.61 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Remarks:
including the metabolite
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: including the metabolite
Duration:
72 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1.22 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Remarks:
including the metabolite
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: including the metabolite
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
3.12 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: without the metabolite
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1.02 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: without the metabolite
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
3.8 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Remarks:
including the metabolite
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: including the metabolite
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1.22 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Remarks:
including the metabolite
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: including the metabolite

Findings:

Water quality parameters such as pH, measured at 0 and 96 [h], and temperature, measured continuously, were

determined to be within the acceptable limits. The test item showed limited solubility and precipitated at the

bottom of the test vessels at concentrations > 10 mg/L. Overall study mean measured concentrations of the test

item (AE F107892 + AE F113225) were used for evaluation of effect data. The initial and terminal test item

concentrations are shown in the Table:

Initial and study mean concentrations of AE F107892 as nominal percentage:

Concentration (μg/L)

 

Day

Control

S-control

1.0

1.8

3.2

5.6

10.0

18

AE F107892

 

0

-

 

85.8

72.7

74.4

77.4

51.4

55.9

AE F107892

 

0-4

-

 

63.3

56.5

54.7

58.3

43.0

45.2

AE F107892 + AE F113225

 

0-4

-

 

78.5

67.9

64.6

71.0

52.6

54.0

Biological findings:

Significant inhibition of growth was not observed in any of the nominal concentrations equal or below 1.8 mg/L

nominal, which is equivalent to measured overall study mean concentrations of 1.02 mg/L A F10782 and

1.22 mg/L A F10782 + AE F113225).

NOEC and EC50 values of AE F10782 in Navicula pelliculosa after 96 hours

Endpoint

AE F107892

(mg/L mean measured)

AE F107892 + AE F113225

96 h EbC50 (95% confidence interval)

1.39 (1.02 - 1.75)

1.65 (1.22 - 2.07)

NOEC

1.02

1.22

96 h ErC50 (95% confidence interval)

3.12 (1.75 - 3.26)

3.80 (2.07 - 3.98)

NOEC

1.02

1.22

Conclusion:

Based on measured concentrations (overall study including the metabolite), the 96h EbC50 in the diatom algae

Navicula pelliculosa was calculated to be 1.65 mg/L test item. The NOEC was at 1.22 mg/L.

The 96h-EC50 value for the growth rate is 3.8 mg/L and the NOEC is 1.22 mg/L

Description of key information

EC50 (96 h, growth rate) = 12.57 mg/L with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (measured, OECD 201)
NOEC (96 h, growth rate) = 4.35 mg/L with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (measured, OECD 201)

Key value for chemical safety assessment

EC50 for freshwater algae:
12.57 mg/L
EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
4.35 mg/L

Additional information

Three studies conducted with the parent substance are available in order to evaluate the toxicity to algae. All studies referred to herein were performed under a static test regime and in accordance with the OECD testing guideline 201 and GLP. As key study the most reliable GLP study on the parent substance was chosen (1998). In the key study, conducted with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, seven test concentrations raning from 0.16 to 13.09 mg/L were prepared. A dose verification was performed and the concentrations of the parent substance and one metabolite were measured at test initiation and test end.

The 96h EC50 (growth rate) for the green alga was calculated to be 10.71 mg/L based on the measured parent substance concentration and 12.57 mg/L based on parent substance plus metabolite. The NOEC (96 h) for growth rate was 2.86 mg/L based on the measured parent substance concentration and 4.35 mg/L based on parent substance plus metabolite. 

In a study on the diatom Navicula pelliculosa a 72h EC50 for growth rate of 2.61 mg/L and a NOEC (72 h) of 1.22 mg/L was reported (1999a). A further study on the parent substance determined an EC50 (72h, biomass) for Scenedesmus subspicatus of 5.8 mg/L and a NOEC (72 h) (growth rate and biomass) of 1.8 mg/L.

Supporting information on the toxicity of three different metabolites of the test item is available. The studies were performed with metabolites of the test substance and the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and applied concentration ranges between 10 – 100 mg/L (1997), 3.2 – 100 mg/L (1999 b), and 6.6 – 100 mg/L (2002). For growth rate the following 72h EC50 values were determined: 46.2 mg/L, 42.3 mg/L (effects due to pH decrease), and > 100 mg/L, respectively. NOECs were 18 mg/L, 18 mg/L (effects due to pH decrease) and 32 mg/L, respectively.