2-phenylhexanenitrile

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

The experimental phase of the study was conducted between 8 December 1994 and 16 January 1995.

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

1996

Report date:

1996

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 3

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

JAPAN: Guidelines for Screening Mutagenicity Testing Of Chemicals

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 4

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)

Version / remarks:

Meets the requirements of the Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF, OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "and the USA, EPA (TSCA) OPPTS harmonised guidelines.

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

2-phenylhexanenitrile

EC Number:

423-460-8

EC Name:

2-phenylhexanenitrile

Cas Number:

3508-98-3

Molecular formula:

C12 H15 N

IUPAC Name:

2-phenylhexanenitrile

Test material form:

liquid

Method

Target gene:

Histidine for Salmonella.
Tryptophan for E.Coli

Species / strain

Species / strain 1

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable.

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Species / strain 2

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1538

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Species / strain 3

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable.

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Aroclor-1254 induced rat liver, S9

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Preliminary Toxicity Test: 5, 50, 500, 5000 µg/plate

Mutation Test Concentrations:
Experiment 1: 0, 39.036, 78.125, 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate.
Experiment 2: 0, 39.036, 78.125, 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate

Vehicle / solvent:

Vehicle: Dimethyl sulphoxide

Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle:
Prior to commencing testing, the solubility of the test substance was assessed at 50 mg/ml in water in which it was not fully miscible and dimethyl sulphoxide in which it was fully miscible. Dimethyl sulphoxide was therefore chosen as the solvent for this study.

Controls

Controls 1

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of TA100

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 1 µg/plate

Remarks:

With S9 mix

Controls 2

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1535 and TA1537

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 2 µg/plate

Remarks:

With S9 mix

Controls 3

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of TA98 and TA1538

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-Aminoanthracene, 0.5 µg/plate

Remarks:

With S9 mix

Controls 4

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of WP2uvrA

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 10 µg/plate

Remarks:

With S9 mix

Controls 5

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of TA100

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 3 µg/plate

Remarks:

without S9 mix

Controls 6

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1535

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 5 µg/plate

Remarks:

Without S9 mix

Controls 7

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1537

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

Remarks:

without S9 mix

Migrated to IUCLID6: 9-Aminoacridine: 80 µg/plate

Controls 8

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of TA98

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-Nitrofluorene, 2 µg/plate

Remarks:

without S9 mix

Controls 9

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1538

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-Nitrofluorene, 1 µg/plate

Controls 10

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Spontaneous mutation rates of WP2uvrA

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 2µg/plate

Remarks:

Without S9 mix

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation) Experiments 1 and 2

DURATION
- Preincubation period for bacterial strains: 10h
- Exposure duration: 48 - 72 hrs
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): Not applicable
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): Not applicable

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Triplicate plating.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: plates were assessed for numbers of revertant colonies and examined for effects on the growth of the bacterial background lawn.

Evaluation criteria:

Acceptance Criteria:
The mean number of revertant colonies for all treatment groups is compared with those obtained for solvent control groups. The mutagenic activity of a test substance is assessed by applying the following criteria:
(a) If treatment with a test substance produces an increase in revertant colony numbers of at least twice the concurrent solvent controls, with some evidence of a positive dose-relationship, in two separate experiments, with any bacterial strain either in the presence or absence of S-9 mix, it is considered to show evidence of mutagenic activity in this test system. No statistical analysis is performed.
(b) If treatment with a test substance does not produce reproducible increases of at least 1.5 times the concurrent solvent controls, at any dose level with any bacterial strain, it is considered to show no evidence of mutagenic activity in this test system. No statistical analysis is performed.
(c) If the results obtained fail to satisfy the criteria for a clear "positive" or "negative" response given in paragraphs (a) and (b), the following approach is taken in order to resolve the issue of the substance's mutagenic activity in this test system.

(i) Repeat tests may be performed using modifications of the experimental method. These modifications include (but are not restricted to), the use of a narrower dose range than that already tested; the use of different levels of liver homogenate S-9 fraction in the S-9 mix. Should an increase in revertant colony numbers be observed which satisfies paragraph (a) the substance is considered to show evidence of mutagenic activity in this test system. No statistical analysis is performed.
(ii) If no clear "positive" response can be obtained the test data may be subjected to analysis to determine the statistical significance of any observed increases in revertant colony numbers. The statistical procedures used will be those described by Mahon et al (1989).

Statistics:

Standard deviation

Results and discussion

Test results

Test results 1

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 2

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 3

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 4

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 5

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1538

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 6

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

The revertant colony counts for Salicynalva obtained in the preliminary toxicity test was toxic at 5000 µg/plate towards all the tester strains in the presence of S-9 mix and towards all strains except TA 1535 and WP2 uvrA in the absence of S-9 mix. Therefore, 5000 µg/plate was chosen as the top dose level in the first mutation test but a total of eight dose levels were tested to ensure that sufficient non-toxic dose levels were obtained for all the tester strains. Toxicity was shown towards all the tester strains, although the degree of toxicity was strain dependent. The lowest dose level at which toxicity was observed was 625 µg/plate and toxicity was observed towards all the tester strains at 5000 µg/plate. At least four non-toxic dose levels were obtained for all the strains so it was decided to use the same dose levels in the second mutation test.

Toxicity towards the tester strains was again observed. This followed the same pattern as that observed in the first mutation test. No substantial increases in revertant colony numbers of any of the tester strains were observed following treatment with Salicynalva at any dose level, in the presence or absence of S-9 mix, in either mutation test. The concurrent positive control compounds demonstrated the sensitivity of the assay and the metabolising activity of the liver preparations.

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Any other information on results incl. tables

REFERENCES

- AMES, B.N., MCCANN, J., and YAMASAKI, E. (1975) Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. Mutation Research, 31, 347.

- EEC (1993) EEC Methods for Determination of Toxicity, Annex to Directive 92/69/EEC, (01 No. L383A, 29. 1 2.92), Part B, Method B. 14. Other effects - Mutagenicity: Salmonella typhimurium - Reverse Mutation Assay.

- EEC (1993) EEC Methods for Determination of Toxicity, Annex to Directive 92/69/EEC, (01 No. L383A, 29. 1 2.92), Part B, Method B.13. Other effects - Mutagenicity: Escherichia coli – Reverse Mutation Assay.

- EPA (1984) US Environmental Protection Agency, Method: HG-Gene Muta - S. typhimurium: TheSalmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay, 1 984.

GREEN, M.H.L. (1984) Mutagen testing using trp+ reversion in Escherichia coli in: KILBEY, B.1., LEGATOR, M., NICHOLS, W. and RAMEL, C. (Eds). Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures. Second edition, p. 1 6 1 . Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam.

- JMAFF (1985) Japan, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Notification of Director General, Agricultural Production Bureau, NohSan No. 4200, 28 January 1985.

- JMITI (1986 and 1987) Japan, Joint Directives of the EPA, MOHW and MITI: Kampo-gyo No. 700 (EPA), Yakuhatsu No. 1 039 (MOHW), 6 1 Kikyoko No. 1 0 1 4 (MITI), 5 December 1 986; Kampo-gyo No. 237 (EPA), Yakuhatsu No. 306 (MOHW), 62 Kikyoku No. 303 (MITI), 31 March 1 987.

- JMOHW (1989) Japan, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Notification Yakushin 1 No. 24, 11 September 1989, Guidelines for Toxicity Studies of Drugs, 4 I, Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test.

- JMOL (1987) Japan, Ministry of Labour, Guidebook of Mutagenicity Tests, Published 16 June 1987.

- MAHON, G.A.T., GREEN, M.H.L., MIDDLETON, B., MITCHELL, LDE G., ROBINSON, W.D. and TWEATS, D.J. (1989) Analysis of data from microbial colony assay in: KIRKLAND, DJ. (Ed.) UKEMS Subcommittee on Guidelines for Mutagenicity Testing. Report, Part Ill. Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data, p.26. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

- MARON, D.M. and AMES, B.N. (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutation Research, 113, 173.

-OECD (1983) OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 47 1 : Genetic Toxicology: Salmonella typhimurium, Reverse Mutation Assay, 26 May 1983.

- OECD (1983) OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 472: Genetic Toxicology:Escherichia coli, Reverse Mutation Assay, 26 May 1983.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

The substance is not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay performed according to OECD 471 (1997).

Executive summary:

In this OECD TG 471 study, the mutagenic potential of Salicynalva, histidine dependent auxotrophic mutants of Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA 100) and a tryptophan dependent mutant of Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA) were exposed to the test substance, diluted in dimethyl sulphoxide which was also used as a negative control. Two independent mutation tests were performed, in the presence and absence of liver preparations from Aroclor 1254-induced rats. In the preliminary toxicity test, with dose levels of up to 5000 µg/plate, toxicity was observed at the top dose level towards all the tester strains in the presence of S-9 mix and all the strains except TA 1535 and WP2 uvrA in the absence of S-9 mix. A top dose level of 5000 µg/plate was chosen for the subsequent mutation study. Other dose levels used in the mutation assays were: 2500, 1250, 625, 312.5, 156.25, 78.125 and 39.063 µg/plate. No evidence of mutagenic activity was seen at any dose level of Salicynalva in either mutation test. The concurrent positive control compounds demonstrated the sensitivity of the assay and the metabolising activity of the liver preparations. It is concluded that, when tested in dimethyl sulphoxide, Salicynalva was not mutagenic in this bacterial system.