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EC number: 227-815-6 | CAS number: 5989-54-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- the study does not need to be conducted because a pre-natal developmental toxicity study is available
- other:
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1977
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available information (Klimish=4)
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Treatment with the highest dose level (1000 mg/kg) of d-limonene resulted in death of dams with less than 40% mortality. The significant decrease of body- weight gain and food consumption were temporarily observed in dams given 500 and 1000 mg/kg of d-limonene, but no anomalies were observed in the general behaviour of dams given 250 and 500 mg/kg of d-limonene during the gestation. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 250 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the read-across from an analogue substance.
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- External examination of fetuses showed no anormalies.
- Visceral and skeletal examinations revealed some anormalies such as incomplete lobulation of the lungs, enlargement of the foramen ovale and retarded ossification of the middle phalanx of fore limbs in addition to the 5th sternebrae. These did not appear to be dose-dependent and restored to normal during the postnatal development.
- Other non specific anormalies involved the lumber ribs in fetuses and offsprings, formation of the accessory ossification center of the 5th sternebrae in offsprings and the atrial septal defect detected in only 2 fetuses of a litter from dams treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: fetotoxicity
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, l-limonene is not considered to have teratogenic potential in rabbit, the NOAEL for fetal toxicity was estimated to be greater than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was estimated to be 250 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain.
- Executive summary:
Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, l-limonene is not considered to have teratogenic potential in rabbit, the NOAEL for fetal toxicity is estimated to be greater than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity is estimated to be 250 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain.
Table 1: Effect of d-limonene on prenatal development of rabbit fetuses
Dose (mg/kg bw) |
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
No. of pregnant animals |
10 |
10 |
10 |
18 |
No. of dead clams |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
(%) |
|
|
|
33 |
No. of examined clams |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
No. of implantations |
96 |
94 |
85 |
91 |
(mean ± S.E.) |
9.50 ± 0.25 |
9.40 ± 0.21 |
8.50 ± 0.33 |
9.10 ± 0.25 |
No. of resorbed fetuses |
5 |
4 |
4 |
8 |
No. of dead fetuses |
3 |
5 |
0 |
3 |
No. of live fetuses |
88 |
85 |
81 |
80 |
Sex ratio (Male/Female) |
0.73 (37/51) |
1.13 (45/50) |
0.62 (31/50) |
1.11 (38/42) |
Fetus body weight (g) |
|
|
|
|
Male (mean ± S.E.) |
44.39 ± 1.33 |
48.09 ± 1.07 * |
44.76 ± 1.51 |
43.22 ± 0.96 |
Female (mean ± S.E.) |
45.64 ± 1.00 |
47.45 ± 1.08 |
46.14 ± 1.21 |
45.13 ± 1.10 |
Placental weight (g) |
|
|
|
|
Male (mean ± S.E.) |
5.76 ± 0.17 |
5.84 ± 0.17 |
5.95 ± 0.29 |
5.77 ± 0.19 |
Female (mean ± S.E.) |
5.87 ± 0.19 |
5.70 ± 0.15 |
6.16 ± 0.18 |
5.87 ± 0.23 |
* Significantly different from the control at 5% level
Table 2: Prenatal examinations of rabbit fetuses
Dose (mg/kg bw) |
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
External examination |
|
|
|
|
No. of examined fetuses |
91 |
90 |
81 |
83 |
No. of malforrned fetuses |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Visceral examination |
|
|
|
|
No. of examined fetuses |
88 |
85 |
81 |
80 |
No. of malformed fetuses |
|
|
|
|
Atrial septal defect (%) |
0 |
2 (2.4) |
0 |
0 |
No. of minor abnormality |
|
|
|
|
Incomplete lobulation of lungs (%) |
11 (12.5) |
16 (18.8) |
19 (23.5) |
19 (23.8) |
Enlargement of foramen ovale (%) |
2 (2.3) |
2 (2.4) |
5 (6.2) |
4 (5.0) |
Skeletal examination |
|
|
|
|
No. of examined fetuses |
86 |
87 |
81 |
80 |
No. of malformed fetuses |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of variation |
|
|
|
|
Left lumbar rib (%) |
18 (20.9) |
26 (29.9) |
14 (17.3) |
25 (31.3) |
Right lumbar rib (%) |
16 (18.6) |
22 (25.3) |
14 (17.3) |
22( 27.5) |
Ossification pattern |
|
|
|
|
Retarded ossification of 5th sternebrae (%) |
11 (12.8) |
14 (16.1) |
8 (9.9) |
18 (22.5) |
Retarded ossification of middle phalanx of fore limbs (%) |
2 (2.3) |
3 (3.4) |
0 |
6 (7.4) |
Table 3: Absolute organ weights of rabbit offsprings
|
Male |
Female |
||||||
|
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
No. of offsprings |
13 |
12 |
8 |
13 |
10 |
13 |
16 |
9 |
Final body weight (g) |
893.0 ± 45.3 |
1021.2 ± 45.4 ** |
931.9 ± 55.5 |
957.3 ± 52.4 |
1005.5 ± 53.7 |
1093.1 ± 46.6 |
860.0 ± 31.6 * |
1071.7 ± 58.1 |
Liver (g) |
36.49 ± 2.52 |
45.08 ± 1.52 * |
38.67 ± 3.10 |
34.91 ± 2.76 |
41.79 ± 3.39 |
13.95 ± 3.18 |
34.68 ± 1.90 |
48.30 ± 6.14 |
Lungs (g) |
5.53 ± 0.35 |
6.25 ± 0.26 |
5.98 ± 0.36 |
5.46 ± 0.18 |
5.91 ± 0.25 |
5.94 ± 0.28 |
5.72 ± 0.18 |
5.93 ± 0.45 |
Heart (g) |
2.63 ± 0.17 |
3.50 ± 0.16 ** |
2.86 ± 0.17 |
3.04 ± 0.19 |
3.19 ± 0.17 |
3.38 ± 0.21 |
2.72 ± 0.12 * |
3.34 ± 0.20 |
Spleen (g) |
0.71 ± 0.05 |
0.77 ± 0.04 |
0.71 ± 0.08 |
0.81 ± 0.04 |
0.64 ± 0.06 |
0.74 ± 0.05 |
0.74 ± 0.04 |
0.78 ± 0.07 |
Thymus (g) |
2.31 ± 0.20 |
2.51 ± 0.23 |
2.11 ± 0.38 |
1.96 ± 0.11 |
2.40 ± 0.30 |
2.77 ± 0.19 |
1.671.14 * |
2.36 ± 0.31 |
Kidneys (g) |
7.67 ± 0.42 |
9.80 ± 0.46 ** |
8.29 ± 0.29 |
8.58 ± 0.52 |
8.82 ± 0.46 |
8.40 ± 0.30 |
7.86 ± 0.37 |
9.56 ± 0.55 |
Thyroids (mg) |
75.89 ± 8.35 |
102.68 ± 4.18* |
86.74 ± 10.97 |
80.93 ± 7.41 |
82.78 ± 8.00 |
89.90 ± 4.11 |
75.75 ± 5.43 |
96.30 ± 9.67 |
Adrenals (mg) |
69.65 ± 6.02 |
9.1.93 ± 1.06 ** |
78.79 ± 5.89 |
71.36 ± 6.00 |
82.23 ± 4.37 |
94.24 ± 5.07 |
87.64 ± 4.18 |
105.39 ± 15.11 |
Testes or Ovaries (mg) |
180.42 ± 17.15 |
272.86 ± 16.46 ** |
185.62 ± 23.78 |
162.84 ± 20.59 |
46.31 ± 7.90 |
46.10 ± 2.80 |
43.53 ± 2.69 |
47.77 ± 3.59 |
* Significantly different from the control at 5% level
** Significantly different from the control at 1% level
Table 4: Relative organ weights per 100 g of rabbit offsprings
|
Male |
Female |
||||||
|
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
No. of offsprings |
13 |
12 |
8 |
13 |
10 |
13 |
16 |
9 |
Final body weight (g) |
893.0 ± 45.3 |
1021.2 ± 45.4 ** |
931.9 ± 55.5 |
957.3 ± 52.4 |
1005.5 ± 53.7 |
1093.1 ± 46.6 |
860.0 ± 31.6 * |
1071.7 ± 58.1 |
Liver (g/100 g) |
4.08 ± 0.25 |
3.99 ± 0.22 * |
4.16 ± 0.26 |
3.52 ± 0.10 |
4.25 ± 0.17 |
4.03 ± 0.21 |
4.02 ± 0.16 |
4.04 ± 0.32 |
Lungs (g/100 g) |
0.61 ± 0.03 |
0.55 ± 0.03 |
0.65 ± 0.04 |
0.58 ± 0.03 |
0.62 ± 0.02 |
0.55 ± 0.02 * |
0.67 ± 0.03 |
0.51 ± 0.02 ** |
Heart (g/100 g) |
0.29 ± 0.01 |
0.31 ± 0.01 |
0.31 ± 0.01 |
0.31 ± 0.02 |
0.33 ± 0.01 |
0.31 ± 0.01 |
0.32 ± 0.01 |
0.29 ± 0.01 * |
Spleen (g/100 g) |
0.08 ± 0.01 |
0.07 ± 0.01 |
0.08 ± 0.01 |
0.08 ± 0 |
0.07 ± 0.01 |
0.07 ± 0.01 |
0.09 ± 0 |
0.07 ± 0.01 |
Thymus (g/100 g) |
0.25 ± 0.02 |
0.22 ± 0.02 |
0.25 ± 0.03 |
0.20 ± 0.01 * |
0.24 ± 0.03 |
0.25 ± 0.01 |
0.195 ± 0.01 |
0.20 ± 0.02 |
Kidneys (g/100 g) |
0.85 ± 0.04 |
0.86 ± 0.04 |
0.90 ± 0.03 |
0.88 ± 0.02 |
0.91 ± 0.02 |
0.80 ± 0.01 |
0.91 ± 0.01 |
0.83 ± 0.03 * |
Thyroids (mg/100 g) |
8.21 ± 0.69 |
9.10 ± 0.51 |
9.21 ± 0.87 |
8.18 ± 0.42 |
8.40 ± 0.56 |
8.41 ± 0.45 |
8.81 ± 0.57 |
8.13 ± 0.41 |
Adrenals (mg/100 g) |
7.82 ± 0.60 |
8.37 ± 0.40 |
8.58 ± 0.77 |
7.18 ± 0.28 |
8.61 ± 0.51 |
8.79 ± 0.57 |
9.15 ± 0.42 |
9.04 ± 0.14 |
Testes or Ovaries (mg/100 g) |
23.68 ± 1.31 |
19.68 ± 0.94 * |
19.48 ± 1.69 |
16.35 ± 1.56 |
5.15 ± 1.19 |
4.33 ± 0.32 |
5.19 ± 0.43 |
3.84 ± 0.32 |
* Significantly different from the control at 5% level
** Significantly different from the control at 1% level
Table 5: Effects of d-limonene on gross differentiations of rabbit offsprings
|
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
No. of examined offsprings |
23 |
25 |
24 |
22 |
Days of gross differentiation after birth Opening of the ear-shell |
|
|
|
|
6th day (%) |
0 |
0 |
1 (4.2) |
0 |
7th day (%) |
23 (100) |
25 (100) |
23 (95.8) |
22 (100) |
Coating with the hair |
|
|||
2nd day (%) |
7 (30.4) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3rd day (%) |
16 (69.6) |
25 (100) |
24 (100) |
22 (100) |
Odontiasis |
|
|||
At birth (%) |
23 (100) |
25 (100) |
24 (100) |
22 (100) |
Opening of the eyelids |
|
|||
9th day (%) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 (13.6) |
10th day (%) |
11 (47.8) |
4 (16.0) |
13 (54.2) |
5 (22.7) |
11th day (%) |
4 (17.4) |
15 (60.0) |
10 (41.7) |
12 (54.5) |
12th day (%) |
3 (13.0) |
5 (20.0) |
1 (4.2) |
2 (9.1) |
13th day (%) |
5 (21.7) |
1 (4.0) |
0 |
0 |
Table 6: Effects of d-limonene on postnatal development of rabbit offsprings
|
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
No of dams |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
No. of still-birth (Male/Female) |
1 (1/0) |
0 |
0 |
1 (0/1) |
No. of offsprings (Male/Female) At birth |
28 (15/13) |
27 (14/13) |
26 (8/18) |
27 (15/12) |
1st week |
28 (15/13) |
27 (14/13) |
25 (8/17) |
26 (14/12) |
2nd week |
26 (14/12) |
27 (14/13) |
25 (8/17) |
26 (14/12) |
3rd week |
24 (14/10) |
27 (14/13) |
25 (8/17) |
25 (14/11) |
4th week |
23 (13/10) |
26 (13/13) |
25 (8/17) |
22 (13/ 9) |
5th week |
23 (13/10) |
25 (12/13) |
25 (8/17) |
22 (13/ 9) |
6th week |
23 (13/10) |
25 (12/13) |
25 (8/17) |
22 (13/ 9) |
7th week |
23 (13/10) |
25 (12/13) |
24 (8/16) |
22 (13/ 9) |
Weanling rate (%) |
79.3 (81.2/76.9) |
92.6 (85.7/100) |
92.3 (100/88.9) |
78.6 (86.7/69.2) |
Table 7: Postnatal examinations of rabbit offsprings
|
Control |
250 |
500 |
1000 |
No. of dams |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
No. of examined offsprings |
23 |
25 |
24 |
22 |
Sensory function |
Normal |
Normal |
Normal |
Normal |
External examination No. of malformed offsprings |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Visceral examination No. of malformed offsprings |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of minor abnormality Incomplete lobulation of lungs (%) |
2 (8.7) |
1 (4.0) |
0 |
0 |
Accessory spleen (%) |
2 (8.7) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Protrusion of gall bladder (%) |
1 (4.3) |
1 (4.0) |
0 |
0 |
Skeletal examination No. of malformed offsprings |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of variation Left lumbar rib (%) |
4 (17.4) |
4 (16.0) |
4 (16.7) |
4 (18.2) |
Right lumbar rib (%) |
2 (8.7) |
6 (24.0) |
6 (25.0) |
4 (18.2) |
Translocation of caudal vertebrae (%) |
1 (4.3) |
0 |
1 (4.2) |
0 |
Ossification pattern Retarded ossification of 5th sternebrae (%) |
0 |
2 (8.0) |
0 |
1 (4.5) |
Accessory ossification center of 5th sternebrae (%) |
1 (4.3) |
2 (8.0) |
0 |
3 (13.6) |
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1977
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available information (Klimish=4)
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the read-across from an analogue substance.
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 591 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Increased incidences of abnormal skeletal formation in fetuses and decreased bodyweight gain in male offsprings born to dams administered with 2363 mg/kg-bw/day
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene.
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- skeletal: rib
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Lumber rib and fused rib in the fetuses
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 2 363 mg/kg bw/day
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Relation to maternal toxicity:
- not specified
- Dose response relationship:
- no
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity of l-limonene was estimated to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain in dams and increased incidences of abnormal bone formation in fetuses.
- Executive summary:
Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity of l-limonene was estimated to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain in dams and increased incidences of abnormal bone formation in fetuses.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available information (Klimish=4)
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the read-across from an analogue substance.
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Prolongation of the ossification of metacarpals and proximal phalanges in fetuses, decreased bodyweight gain (male offsprings) and organ weights at 2869 mg/kg bw/day - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 591 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: prolongation of the ossification of metacarpals and proximal phalanges in fetuses, decreased bodyweight gain (male offsprings) and organ weights at 2869 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the read.across from an analogue substance.
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- other: prolongation of the ossification of metacarpals and proximal phalanges in fetuses, decreased bodyweight gain (male offsprings) and organ weights at 2869 mg/kg bw/day
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 2 869 mg/kg bw/day
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Relation to maternal toxicity:
- not specified
- Dose response relationship:
- no
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity of l-limonene was estimated to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the deaths and decreased bodyweight gain and the NOAEL for fetal toxicity was estimated to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the delayed skeletal formation and decreased bodyweight gain.
- Executive summary:
Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity of l-limonene was estimated to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the deaths and decreased bodyweight gain and the NOAEL for fetal toxicity was estimated to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the delayed skeletal formation and decreased bodyweight gain.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available data (Klimish =2).
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: male-rat specific nephrotoxicity at all dose levels (considered as not relevant for humans)
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: decrease of bodyweight gains at 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day;
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: mortality at 2400 mg/kg bw/day; occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity (rough hair coats, lethargy and excessive lacrimation) at 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- clinical signs
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, the NOAEL of l-limonene for male and female rats was estimated to be 600 mg/kg bw/day. The LOAEL for female and male rats were considered to be 1200 and 150 mg/kg bw/day, based on observation of clinical signs and nephropathy, respectively. As nephrotoxicity and accumulation of hyaline droplets were observed in male rats at all dose levels, no NOAEL for male rats could be identified in this study.
- Executive summary:
A 13-week subchronic toxicity study was performed similarly to OECD Guideline 408 and in compliance with GLP with the analogue substance d-limonene which was administered through gavage to groups of 10 F344/N rats/sex/dose mixed in corn oil at dose levels of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks (5 days/week).
Five of 10 males and 9/10 female rats that received 2400 mg/kg bw/day died during week 1. Final mean body weights of male rats in 600, 1200 or 2400 mg/kg bw/day groups were 6, 12 or 23% lower than that of the vehicle controls. Final body weight of the female rat that received 2400 mg/kg bw/day and lived to end of the study was 11% lower than the mean of the vehicle controls. Rough hair coats, lethargy and excessive lacrimation were observed at 1200 or 2400 mg/kg bw/day. No treatment-related histopathologic lesions were observed in female rats. Nephropathy was identified in all groups of male rats, and there was a dose-related increased severity of the lesion in dosed groups. Nephropathy was characterized by degeneration of epithelium in the convoluted tubules, granular casts within tubular lumens, primarily in the outer stripe of the outer medulla, and regeneration of the tubular epithelium. Hyaline droplets (protein reabsorption droplets) were observed in the epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules in all groups of male rats, including vehicle controls. This mechanism of nephrocarcinogenicity has been proven as being male-rat specific and not relevant for humans.
Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, the NOAEL of l-limonene for female rats was considered to be 600 mg/kg bw/day. When considering the non relevance of the nephrotoxic effects for humans, the NOAEL for male rats would be 600 mg/kg bw/day, based on decrease of bodyweight gains at 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day. The LOAEL for female and male rats were considered to be 1200 and 150 mg/kg bw/day, based on observation of clinical signs and nephropathy, respectively. As nephrotoxicity and accumulation of hyaline droplets were observed in male rats at all dose levels, no NOAEL for male rats was identified.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available data (Klimish =2).
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: mortality at 2000 mg/kg bw/day; decreased bodyweight gain and occurence of clinical signs of toxicity (rough hair coats and decreased activity) at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, the NOAEL of l-limonene was estimated to be 500 mg/kg bw/day. The LOAEL was estimated to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day for both female and male mice, based on observation of clinical signs in both sexes and decreased bodyweights in males.
- Executive summary:
A 13-week subchronic toxicity study was performed similarly to OECD Guideline 408 and in compliance with GLP with the analogue substance d-limonene which was administered through gavage to groups of 10 B6C3F1 mice/sex/dose mixed in corn oil at dose levels of 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks (5 days/week). Animals were observed twice daily for clinical signs of toxicity and bodyweights were recorded weekly. Necropsy performed on all animals and microscopic examination of specified tissues was performed for all control and high dose animals scheduled to be killed at the end of the treatment period.
One of 10 males and 2/10 females that received 2000 mg/kg bw/day and 1/10 females that received 500 mg/kg bw/day died before the end of the studies. Several animals in other groups died as a result of gavage error. Clinical signs of rough hair coats and decreased activity were observed at the two highest doses. Final mean bodyweights of mice that received 1000 or 2000 mg/kg bw/day were 10% lower than that of the vehicle controls for males and 2% lower for females. An alveolar cell adenoma was observed in the lung of 1/10 females that received 2000 mg/kg bw/day.
Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, the NOAEL of l-limonene was estimated to be 500 mg/kg bw/day. The LOAEL was estimated to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day for both female and male mice, based on observation of clinical signs in both sexes and decreased bodyweights in males.
Data source
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
