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EC number: 270-093-2 | CAS number: 68410-97-9 A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by the distillation of products from the light distillate hydrotreating process. It consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C6 through C9 and boiling in the range of approximately 3°C to 194°C (37°F to 382°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics
- Data waiving:
- other justification
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Toxicological profile for n-hexane.
- Author:
- ATSDR
- Year:
- 1 999
- Bibliographic source:
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- A review of the bioavailability of petroleum constituents.
- Author:
- Brainard J, Beck B
- Year:
- 1 993
- Bibliographic source:
- Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils and Ground Water, Lewis Publishers 481-517.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Uptake of 19 hydrocarbon vapors inhaled by F344 rats.
- Author:
- Dahl A, Damon E, Mauderly J, Rothenberg S, Seiler F, McClellan R
- Year:
- 1 988
- Bibliographic source:
- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 10:262-269.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for volatile fractions of gasoline using a chemical lumping analysis.
- Author:
- Dennison, J., Andersen, M., Clewell, H., and Yang, R
- Year:
- 2 004
- Bibliographic source:
- Environmental Science and Technology 38:5674-5681.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of gasoline using PBPK modeling with a complex chemicals modeling approach.
- Author:
- Dennison, J., Andersen, M., and Yang, R.
- Year:
- 2 003
- Bibliographic source:
- Inhalation Toxicology 15:961-986.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- The toxicology of n-pentane
- Author:
- McKee R, Frank E, Heath J, Owen D, Przygoda R, Trimmer G, Whitman F
- Year:
- 1 998
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of Applied Toxicology 18:431-442.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Adjustment of occupational exposure levels for unusual work schedules
- Author:
- Verma D
- Year:
- 2 000
- Bibliographic source:
- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 61:367-374.
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
Absorption
Inhalation: Absorption of the constituents of gasoline tends to increase with increasing molecular weight with straight chain molecules being more highly absorbed than branched isomers and aromatic molecules being more highly absorbed than paraffins (Dahl et al., 1988). Thus, butane and most of the pentane isomers are very poorly absorbed and if absorbed are rapidly exhaled. Absorption of isobutene was estimated as 14% in humans and 5.4% in rats (Galvin and Bond, 1999a). Rodent data indicate that approximately 5% of neopentane, 9% of isopentane and 19% of n-pentane are absorbed (Galvin and Panson, 1999a; Galvin and Maraschi, 1999a; Galvin and Marashi, 1999b). Approximately 35% of inhaled cyclopentane is absorbed. Approximately 20% of inhaled n-hexane is absorbed (ATSDR, 1999). Absorption is estimated as 23-78% for cyclohexane, 50% for benzene, 50% and for toluene. As an overall approximation it would be reasonable to assume that in both humans and animals, approximately 15% of the C3 to C5 constituents, 25% of the hexanes and approximately 50% of the remainder would be absorbed. Higher molecular weight constituents are not expected to contribute substantially to inhalation exposure (Mckee et al., 2000).
Oral: It would be reasonable to assume that approximately 100% of ingested gasoline and naphtha constituents would be absorbed.
Dermal: The percutaneous absorption of gasoline and naphtha constituents is difficult to assess because of the volatile nature of these substances. Material applied to the skin typically vaporizes quickly with limited absorption. Conversely when material is applied to the skin under conditions that prevent evaporation, such as the use of occluded patches, substantially higher levels of absorption have been measured. Using benzene as an example, as summarized by Brainard and Beck (1993), in dermal penetration studies that utilized occlusive patches, benzene absorption approached 100%, but if the benzene was simply allowed to evaporate from the skin, the fraction absorbed was closer to 1%.
Metabolism
Regardless of the route by which they were absorbed, gasoline and naphtha constituents are rapidly metabolized and eliminated. The alphatic constituents are generally metabolized to the corresponding alcohols (Galvin and Marashi, 1999a; 1999b; 1999c; Galvin and Panson, 1999a; 1999b; 1999c; Galvin and Bond, 1999b). The metabolism of benzene is more complex, beginning with the formation of benzene oxide. There are several possible succeeding pathways leading to phenyl mercapturic acid, phenol, catechol or muconaldehyde. Higher aromatics are primarily metabolized by side chain oxidation to benzyl alcohols and ultimately hippuric acids.
Distribution
All of the gasoline and naphtha constituents are hydrophobic, indicating a higher affinity for adipose than other tissues, although there are differences in distribution of the individual constituents depending on their specific physical and chemical properties. None of the constituents is considered to be an accumulative substance.
Excretion
The lower molecular weight gasoline and naphtha constituents are primarily excreted by exhalation, either in their metabolized or un-metabolized forms (Galvin and Bond, 1999a). Overall biological half times for these constituents are typically measured in minutes (McKee et al., 1998). Cyclohexane is also primarily eliminated, unchanged in the exhaled air. Metabolites of other constituents are primarily excreted as urinary metabolites with biological half times on the order of 3-5 hours based on blood measurements and up to 12 hours based on urinary excretion data (Verma, 2000).
Additional references on gasoline constituents:
Galvin J, Bond G (1999a). Isobutane, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58:3-22.
Galvin J, Bond G (1999b). 2-Methylpentane, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58:81-92.
Galvin J, Bond G (1999c). 3-Methylpentane, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58:93-102.
Galvin J, Marashi F (1999a). 2-Methylbutane (isopentane). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58:23-34.
Galvin J, Marashi F (1999b). n-Pentane, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58:35-56.
Galvin J, Marashi F (1999c). Cyclopentane, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58:57-74
Galvin J, Panson R (1999a). Neopentane, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58:75-80.
Galvin J, Panson R (1999b). 2,2-Dimethylbutane, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58:103-110.
Galvin J, Panson R (1999c). 2,3-Dimethylbutane, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 58: 111-118.
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