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EC number: 242-894-7 | CAS number: 19224-26-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 21 November 2014 to 26 January 2015
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study conducted to GLP and to current guidelines
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Certificate from UK GLP Monitoring Authority
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- At the start of the definitive test, two samples (20 mL) were taken from the freshly-prepared control and test media. After 72 hours, the contents of the replicate flasks for each group were pooled and further samples taken for analysis. Additional samples were also taken from a flask containing K-Flex PG® at 0.0298 and 10.0 mg/L but with no algal cells, in order to obtain information on the extent of adsorption/absorption of the test substance by the algal cells.
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name:
- Strain: CCAP 278/4
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): SAMS Research Services Ltd Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Dunbg, Oban, Scotland
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation):
- Method of cultivation:
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: approximately 3 weeks
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not):
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- 24,48 and 72 hours
- Test temperature:
- 22.9 to 23.5 deg. C
- pH:
- 7.97 to 8.99
- Dissolved oxygen:
- N/A
- Salinity:
- N/A
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal = 0, 0.0298, 0.954, 0.305, 0.977, 3.13, 10.0 mg/L
Measured = 0, 0.0169, 0.0320, 0.107, 0.298, 1.85, 6.59 mg/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: conical flask
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed with foam bungs and aluminium foil
- Aeration: shaking on orbital shaker at 130 cycles/minute
- Initial cells density: 9.4 x 10 -5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 1 per concentration
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes as in OECD 201
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes/no
- Photoperiod: 72 h continuous light
- Light intensity and quality: 4440 to 8880 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: Coulter Z Series Particle Count and Size Analyser
- Chlorophyll measurement:
- Other:
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations:
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline:
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: nominal, 0.0298, 0.0954, 0.305, 0.977, 3.13, 10.0 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: - Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.59 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.45 - 1.13
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.53 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 1.44-1.71
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.298 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.85 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.28 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks:
- yield after 72 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.20- 0.48
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.59 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks:
- yield after 72 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.33-0.89
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Observation of abnormalities (for algal test): No microscopic abnormalities detected - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The effect of K-Flex PG® on the growth of the unicellular green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata has been assessed over a 72 hour period.
After 72 hours of exposure to K-Flex PG®, the ErC50 (growth rate) and EyC50 (yield) were 1.53 and 0.590 mg/L (measured), respectively.
The “no observed effect concentration” (NOEC) for growth rate and yield was 0.298 mg/L (measured). - Executive summary:
The effect of K-Flex PG® on the growth of the unicellular green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata has been assessed over a 72 hour period.
After 72 hours of exposure to K-Flex PG®, the ErC50 (growth rate) was 1.53 mg/l.
The “no observed effect concentration” (NOEC) for growth rate and yield was 0.298 mg/L (measured).
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 2013
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- This study is classified as reliable with restrictions because it is an acceptable and reliable study carried out by USEPA (Q)SAR ECOSAR (v1.11). The result is calculated data as modelled by EPISUITE. Meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment.
- Justification for type of information:
- QSAR prediction
- Guideline:
- other: REACH guidance on QSARs R.6, May/July 2008
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The structure-activity relationships (SARs) presented in ECOSAR are used to predict the aquatic toxicity of chemicals based on their similarity of structure to chemicals for which the aquatic toxicity has been previously measured. Most SAR calculations in the ECOSAR Class Program are based upon the octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow). SARs are developed for chemical classes based on measured test data that have been submitted by industry or they are developed by other sources for chemicals with similar structures, e.g., phenols. Using the measured aquatic toxicity values and estimated Kow values, regression equations can be developed for a class of chemicals. Toxicity values for new chemicals may then be calculated by inserting the estimated Kow into the regression equation and correcting the resultant value for the molecular weight of the compound.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- QSAR
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Green Algae
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 2.066 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: This value is predicted for the ester class
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 6.243 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: This value is predicted for the baseline toxicity
- Conclusions:
- Based on the prediction results described, propylene glycol dibenzoate was predicted to have a green alga EC50 of 6.243 mg/L and 2.066 mg/L after 96 hours exposure for the baseline toxicity and the Ester class respectively .
- Executive summary:
Based on the prediction results described, propylene glycol dibenzoate was predicted to have a green alga EC50 of 6.243 mg/L and 2.066 mg/L after 96 hours exposure for the baseline toxicity and the Ester class respectively .
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 7 November 1997 - 11 November 1997
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study undertaken at GLP accredited laboratory.
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is presented as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OTS 797.1050 (Algal Toxicity, Tiers I and II)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations Nominal loadings: 0 (control), 0.10, 0.22, 0.46, 1.0, 2.2, 4.6 and 10 mg/L
- Sampling method: Duplicate samples (200 mL) were taken from control and test cultures at 0 hours and at 96 hours (replicates pooled) for analysis. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: The method ofpreparation was selected following advice given in ECETOC 1996 Monograph No 26 as the test material has poor water solubility.
A stock solution of test material in chloroform (100 mg/mL) was prepared , then further stock solutions diluted using chloroform as required to give stock solutions at 46, 22, 10, 4.6, 2.2 and 1.0 mg/mL. 150 µL aliquots of each stock solution were added to autoclaved 2L vessels and the solvent was allowed to evaporate. 1.5 litres of algal medium were added to each vessel, then stirred for at least 18 hours using a magnetic stirrer with a 10 cm magnetic follower stirring at approximately 250 revolutions/minute. After stirring, the solutions were allowed to settle for approximately 1 hour, then a 500 mL (or 1 L for 1.0 mg/L level) aliquot of the water accomodated fraction was removed via a side tap from a mid water position.
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): None reported - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Unicellular green algae
- Strain: No. CCAP 278/4
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Culture Collection of Algae & Protozoa, Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Cumbria, UK
- Method of cultivation: Sterile nutrient medium was inoculated from a master culture and cultured under continuous illumination (c. 7000 lux) in an orbital incubator at 22°C to give an algal suspension in log phase growth, characterised by a cell density of 1.4E+07 cells / mL
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not): Lighting conditions used were equivalent to main test; temperature specification was slightly
different (22°C, c.f. 24±1°C in main test).
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: None reported - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- 24 ± 1°C
- pH:
- 7.3 to 7.4
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Not quantified - gaseous exchange was ensured by the action of the orbital shaker, oscillating at 120 cycles per minute.
- Salinity:
- Not applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal loadings: 0 (control), 0.10, 0.22, 0.46. 1.0, 2.2, 4.6, 10 mg/L
Measured concentrations for dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (expressed as % of loading rate)
0.10 mg/L : 99 (Fresh prepared), 50 (expired / 96 hours)
0.22 mg/L : 97, 52
0.46 mg/L: 82, 41
1.0 mg/L: 88, 53
2.2 mg/L: 88, 60
4.6 mg/L: 73, 66
10 mg/L: 69. 51
An additional level at 1.0 mg/L DPGDB with no algae was prepared and found to contain 86% of loading at 96 hours.
Measured concentrations for dipropylene glycol monobenzoate (expressed as % of loading rate dipropylene glycol dibenzoate)
0.10 mg/L : 6 (Fresh prepared), 24 (expired / 96 hours)
0.22 mg/L : 6, 23
0.46 mg/L: 5, 20
1.0 mg/L: 6, 20
2.2 mg/L: 6, 14
4.6 mg/L: 5, 11
10 mg/L: 6, 8
An additional level at 1.0 mg/L DPGDB with no algae was prepared and found to contain 6% of loading at 96 hours. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed (loosely stoppered flasks)
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 250 mL flasks containing 100 mL medium.
- Aeration: Gaseous exchange and suspension of the algal cells were ensured by the action of the orbital shaker, oscillating at 120 cycles per minute.
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): None (static test)
- Initial cells density: 1 x 10^4 cells/mL nominal, control cell density at 0h was 1.48 x 10^4 cells/mL.
- Control end cells density: 1.77 x 10^6 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates):3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates):3
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes (Sterile nutrient medium as recommended in Official Journal No. L383A Part C3).
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Prepared in-house using deionised / reverse osmosis water.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Adjustment of pH: Not specified
- Photoperiod: Continuous illumination
- Light intensity and quality: 7000 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: electronic particle counter. Measurements taken at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: Approximately 2.2
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: range finding studies conducted with initial loading rates of test substance ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/L.
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: Yes - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.15 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- cell number
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.89 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.19 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- cell number
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.87 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- cell number
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 4.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.95 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- cell number
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 3.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 0.22 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- cell number
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 0.46 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Observation of abnormalities (for algal test):
No abnormalities were detected in any of the cultures examined.
Bacterial contamination, observed in some of the test cultures at low levels, was not considered significant. The presence of bacteria during the study is thought to be due to the test substance being a biodegradable substrate for bacteria.
- Any stimulation of growth found in any treatment: A slight increase in growth rate was seen in the 0.10, 0.22 and 0.46 mg/L cultures at 72 hours, and
in the 0.22 and 0.46 mg/L cultures at 96 hours.
The analytical method used to confirm the concentration of test material in solution determined concentrations of dipropylene glycol monobenzoate DPGMB) as well as dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (DPGDB); the concentration of DPGDB was found to be lower after 96 hours than at the start of the test in all cases, whereas the concentration of DPGMB had increased in all samples. This observation suggests that the monobenzoate was a degradation product of the dibenzoate. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The EL50 (Area under the curve 72 h) was 1.1 mg/L and the EL50 (Growth rate 0-72 h was 4.9 mg/L while the EL50 (Area under the curve 96 h) was 0.95 mg/L and the EL50 (Growth rate 0-96 h) was 3.6 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
Key data is available for propylene glycol dibenzoate (PGDB). This data is supported by relevant information available from a structural analogue Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (DPGDB). The justification for read across is presented as an attachment included in Section 13 of the IUCLID dossier.
An algal growth inhibition test was conducted to determine the effect on the growth of algae of the test material dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (DPGDB). The study was conducted according to EC, OECD, and US EPA test guidelines, and in compliance with GLP.
The EL50 (Area under the curve 72 h) was 1.1 mg/L and the EL50 (Growth rate 0 - 72 h) was 4.9 mg/L. The corresponding "no-observed effect loading rates" (NOELR) were 0.22 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. The EL50 (Area under the curve 96 h) was 0.95 mg/L and the EL50 (Growth rate 0 - 96 h) was 3.6 mg/L. A NOELR could not be obtained for Area under the curve 96 h, the NOELR for growth rate was 0.46 mg/L.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
Key data is available for propylene glycol dibenzoate (PGDB). This data is supported by relevant information available from a structural analogue Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (DPGDB). The justification for read across is presented as an attachment included in Section 13 of the IUCLID dossier.
In a GLP, OECD Guideline 201 study in unicellular green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the 72-hr NOEC (growth rate) and EC50(gowth rate) rate for propylene glycol dibenzoate was determined to be 0.298 and 1.53 mg/L, respectively (Huntingdon Life Sciences, 2015a; Klimisch score = 1).
Propylene glycol dibenzoate was predicted to have LC50s of 6.243 mg/L (baseline toxicity) and 2.066 mg/L (Ester class) after 96 hours exposure to green algae (US EPA, 2012; Klimisch score = 2).
In a GLP algal growth inhibition conducted according to EC, OECD 201, and US EPA test guidelines, the EL50 (Area under the curve 72 h) for dipropylene glycol dibenzoate was 1.1 mg/L and the EL50 (Growth rate 0 - 72 h) was 4.9 mg/L. The corresponding "no-observed effect loading rates" (NOELR) were 0.22 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. The EL50 (Area under the curve 96 h) was 0.95 mg/L and the EL50 (Growth rate 0 - 96 h) was 3.6 mg/L. A NOELR could not be obtained for Area under the curve 96 h, the NOELR for growth rate was 0.46 mg/L (Huntingdon Life Sciences, 2001b; Klimisch score = 1).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 1.53 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 0.298 mg/L
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.

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