Aluminium tri-sec-butanolate

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

no data

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study without detailed documentation

Remarks:

all information from the publication is included in the summary

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

standard OECD 202 test conditions

GLP compliance:

not specified

Remarks:

Information on GLP is not reported. Quality of the report implies that GLP conditions were met.

Specific details on test material used for the study:

purity 99.99% (Wako)

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

at 0 and 48 H

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

stock solution in distiiled water added directly to the test medium

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magna
- Source: National Institute for Environmental studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- Age of parental stock: maximum 2 weeks (fed chlorella vulgaris)
- Age of the daphnids in the test : <24 h
- Feeding during test: none

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: no data

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Hardness:

no data

Test temperature:

21 ± °C

pH:

measured at 0 and 48 hours 6.5-8.5 (not adjusted)

Dissolved oxygen:

measured at 0 and 48 hours (not reported)

Nominal and measured concentrations:

no data, five concentrations with a dilution factor 2

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM: according to OECD 202

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS: tap water filtered with activated charcoal

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: none
- Photoperiod: 16 h light/8 h dark

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: immobilisation

VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: no vehicle used, medium control included

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

3.9 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

930 µg/L

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

aluminium chloride

Basis for effect:

mobility

Reported statistics and error estimates:

EC50 values calculated by Probit analysis

Conclusions:

Te EC50 of aluminium in daphnia magna was 3.9 mg/L (as Al)

Executive summary:

In a test according to OECD 202, the EC50 of aluminium in daphnia magna was found to be 3.9 mg/L

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

review of acute toxicity data

GLP compliance:

not specified

Remarks:

Information on GLP is not reported. Quality of the report implies that GLP conditions were met.

Specific details on test material used for the study:

not further defined, expressed as mg Al/L

Analytical monitoring:

no

Key result

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

>= 240 - <= 3 100 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: see table

Species Taxa	Test type	Duration (h)	Endpoint	Toxicity Measure	Toxicity value* (µg/L)
Ctenodrilus serratus Annelid	Acute	96	Mortality	LC50	97
Balamus eburneus Crustacean	Acute	72	Mortality	LC50	240
Capitella capitata Annelid	Acute	96	Mortality	LC50	405
Cancer anthonyi Crustacean	Chronic	168	Mortality	NOEC	1000
Mytilus galloprovincialis Mollusc	Acute	72	Mortality	LC50	2550
Artemia salina Crustacean	Acute	72	Mortality	LC50	3100
Nitocra spinipesCrustacean	Acute	96	Mortality	LC50	10000

 

*Nominal total aluminium concentrations

Conclusions:

In a review article the LC50 of aluminium species to aquatic organisms was 97-10000 µg/L. The LC50 values for 72h were 240-3100 µg/L

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

1977

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

Not GLP, no guideline followed, although it is similar to the most recent OECD 202 with some deviations, which did not affect results. It contains all the information necessary for the evaluation. Peer-reviewed article, it reports the LC50(24h) of 173 substances.

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

10 animals per conc. Test period 24 h. Oxygen concentration not measured. No controls.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material:
Aluminium tri-sec-butylate reacts instantaneously with water to form 2-butanol and Al3+ species. The resulting pH being weakly alkaline indicates according to Langmuir et al. 2004 that Al3+ species formed are mainly Al(OH)4-, Al(OH)3 and Al(OH)2+ at pH 8.5.
Thus, aluminium tri-sec-butylate is abiotically degradable and forms 2-butanol being readily biodegradable as shown in the registration dossier of 2-butanol submitted by the same lead registrant. Thus, 2-butanol is the ideal surrogate for testing toxicity effects on fish posed by the organic moiety of the reference substance.

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

24 h

Hardness:

hardness 16° dH (German)

Test temperature:

20 - 22 °C

pH:

pH 7.6 - 7.7

Dissolved oxygen:

saturated

Salinity:

The test medium was tap water free from chlorine

Details on test conditions:

The test medium was tap water free from chlorine, saturated with oxygen, hardness 16° dH (German), pH 7.6 – 7.7, temperature 20 - 22°C.

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

3 750 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LC0

Effect conc.:

1 250 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LC100

Effect conc.:

10 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The LC50(24 h) of 2-butanol in the Daphnia sp. acute immobilisation test is: 3750 mg/L

Executive summary:

The 24 hour LC50 of 173 substances hazardous in water was determined by means of a standardized procedure using 24-h-old animals from a clone of Daphnia magna. At the same time, the LC0 (1250 mg/l for 2 -butanol) and LC100 (10000 mg/l for 2 -butanol) for each of these pollutants were determined. The test medium was tap water free from chlorine, saturated with oxygen, hardness 16° dH (German), pH 7.6 – 7.7, temperature 20 - 22°C.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

1981

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Not GLP, no guideline followed, although it is similar to the most recent OECD 202 with some deviations, which did not affect results. It contains all the information necessary for the evaluation.

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

10 animals per conc. Test period 24 h. Only 9 h light. No acclimation: culture medium different from test medium. Oxygen concentration: 2 mg/L at the end of the test.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material:
Aluminium tri-sec-butylate reacts instantaneously with water to form 2-butanol and Al3+ species. The resulting pH being weakly alkaline indicates according to Langmuir et al. 2004 that Al3+ species formed are mainly Al(OH)4-, Al(OH)3 and Al(OH)2+ at pH 8.5.
Thus, aluminium tri-sec-butylate is abiotically degradable and forms 2-butanol being readily biodegradable as shown in the registration dossier of 2-butanol submitted by the same lead registrant. Thus, 2-butanol is the ideal surrogate for testing toxicity effects on fish posed by the organic moiety of the reference substance and was investigate in this test at pH 8.

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: water flea
- Strain: IRCHA
- Age at study initiation: max 24 h
- Length at study initiation: after daily removal of the mothers, young animals were obtained by filtration through 0.316 mm filters
- Method of breeding: parthenogenesis. 20-30 animals in 2 L container filled with 1.6 L tap water (chlorine-free and oxygen saturated). Mothers were removed from the culture daily.
- Feeding during test: none

ACCLIMATION: none

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

24 h

Post exposure observation period:

none

Test temperature:

20 °C

pH:

8 ± 0.2

Dissolved oxygen:

2 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

665, 930, 1302, 1822, 2552, 3571, and 5000 mg/L (nominal)

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: beaker loosely covered with filter paper
- Material, size, fill volume: glass, 50 mL filled to 20 mL
- Aeration: none
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration: 2
- No. of vessels per control: 2
- No. of vessels per positive control: 2

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS [(according to: Normenausschuß Wasserwesen (NAW) beim DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Berlin, AA 1 IV/UA2/AK2 "Biotests": Testverfahren mit Wasserorganismen, Bestimmung der Wirkung von Wasserinhaltsstoffen auf Kleinkrebse (Daphnien-Kurzzeittest) L 11. Prüfvorschrift DIN 38412 Teil 11 (Norm-Entwurf)]
- Source/preparation of dilution water: deionized
- Ca + Mg: 2.5 mmol/L
- Na/K ratio: 10:1
- Culture medium different from test medium: yes

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: none
- Photoperiod: 9 h light
- Light intensity: 2.5 W/m2

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: motility, pH, and O2 concentration

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 1.4

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

potassium dichromate

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

2 300 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 1867-2833

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

EC0

Effect conc.:

665 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

EC100

Effect conc.:

5 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Results with reference substance (positive control):

- Results with reference substance valid? yes
- EC50: 1.3 mg/L

Reported statistics and error estimates:

The EC50 values were calculated according to Lichtfield and Wilcoxon, J. Pharm. Exper. Ther. (1949) 96:99-113. EC values were graphically determined on gausso-logarithmic probability paper (Schleicher and Schüll, Nr. 440 1/2 A4)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Remarks:

no guideline followed. Dilution series sufficient to determine a dose effect relationship

Conclusions:

The EC50(24 h) of 2-butanol in the Daphnia sp. acute immobilisation test is: 2300 mg/L

Executive summary:

2 -butanol is of very low toxicity to daphnia as seen in this test, having no effects at 665 mg/l and an EC50 of 2300 mg/l. Thus, the organic moiety of aluminium-tri-sec-butylate is not of concern to freshwater aquatic invertebartes.

Description of key information

Aluminium tri-sec-butanolate dissociates instantaneously when exposed to water forming butan-2-ol and aluminium(III) species. Therefore the effects of both hydrolysis products are considered most relevant to assess the toxicity of aluminium tri-sec-butanolate.

In a test according to OECD 202, the EC50 of aluminium chloride in daphnia magna was found to be 3.9 mg Al/L (Okamoto 2015). In a review of acute toxicity test on several marine species the LC50 varied between 97 and 10000 ug/L (Golding 2015)

For sec-butanol the 24 hour EC50 was determined by means of a standardized procedure using 24-h-old animals from a clone of Daphnia magna at 1855 mg/L.

Two studies for sec-butanol reported EC50-values for acute daphnia toxicity were 2300 mg/l and 3750 mg/l with EC0-values of 665 mg/l and above (24 hours exposure time). These values are indicative of the vary low toxicity of butan-2-ol.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

3.9 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

97 µg/L

Additional information

Aluminium tri-sec-butanolate reacts instantaneously with water to form butan-2-ol and Al3+ species. The resulting pH being weakly alkaline indicates according to Langmuir et al. 2004 that Al3+ species formed are mainly Al(OH)4-, Al(OH)3 and Al(OH)2+ at pH 8.5.

Thus, aluminium tri-sec-butanolate is abiotically degradable and forms sec-butanol being readily biodegradable as shown in a publication by Bridie (1979).

Hence, both sec-butanol and aluminium species will be present in aqueous media. Based on its toxicity, aluminium species seem to represent a worst case surrogate for assessing toxicity to aquatic species exposed to the substance, aluminium tri-sec-butanolate.