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Ecotoxicological information

Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

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Endpoint:
long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
Not reported
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for assessment
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Chronic exposures were conducted with ten replicates for each Al concentration and control. Single C. dubia neonates less than 16 hours old were added to a beaker via a fire-polished, wide-mouth pipette and observed for 7 days. Organisms were fed a mix fermented trout chow, green algae, and yeast daily during the exposures. Test waters were renewed every other day, and checked for deaths or reproduction.
GLP compliance:
not specified
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Aluminium chloride was tested at the pH range from 7.2 - 7.9.
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Details on sampling:
- Concentrations: all concentrations
- Sampling method: samples were collected at the initiation, prior to and after solution renewal, and at the termination of the tests
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: samples were immediately acidified with HNO3 to 0.1% (v/v, pH range 1.5 to 2.0), mixed, and allowed to stand (>1 hr) before aliquots were withdrawn and composited.
Vehicle:
not specified
Details on test solutions:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: aliquots of 5000 mg/L Al stock was added to filtered raw Lake Superior or dechlorinated tap water.
- All other template details: Not reported
Test organisms (species):
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: cladoceran
- Source: initially from USEPA Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN stock culture - then cultured at the University of Wisconsin-Superior culture facility for several generations before use in these tests
- Age at study initiation: less than 16 hours old
- Method of breeding: adult cladocerans were cultured individually in 30 mL containers and were transferred to new water every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. They were fed a 1:1:1 ratio of fermented trout chow solution, yeast solution, and green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum) one daily.
- Feeding during test
- Food type: 1:1:1 ratio of fermented trout chow solution, yeast solution, and green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Amount: 100 µL
- Frequency: daily
- All other template details: Not reported

ACCLIMATION: none

QUARANTINE: Not applicable
Test type:
semi-static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
7 d
Post exposure observation period:
Not reported
Hardness:
50-50.5 mg CaCO3/L
Test temperature:
25 ± 2 degrees C
pH:
Nominal: 7.2-7.4, 7.6-7.9
Measured: 7.15 ± 0.05, 7.61 ± 0.11
Dissolved oxygen:
Measured DO (mg/L): 7.1 ± 0.1, 7.3 ± 0.1
Salinity:
Not applicable
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Measured in pH 7.15 test (mg/L): control, 1.4, 2.6, 5.0, 10.0, 17.2
Measured in pH 7.86 test (mg/L): control, 1.1, 2.4, 5.7, 10.1, 17.8
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 30 mL beakers
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 30 mL containers with 16 mL of test solution
- Aeration: test solutions were aerated for at least 24 hours before test initiation, none during testing
- Renewal rate of test solution: every other day
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 10
- All other template details: Not reported

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: dilution water was either raw Lake Superior water for pH 7.15 and UW-Superior Laboratory water for pH 7.61
- Total solids (mg/L at 105 degrees C): 80, 70
- Particulate matter (suspended solids, mg/L): 2, <1
- Chloride (mg Cl/L): 2.8, 3.8
- Alkalinity (mg CaCO3/L): 46.0, 39.6
- All other measured characteristics presented in Table 1
- All other template details: Not reported

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: addition of reagent grade HCl or NaOH prior to test initiation
- Photoperiod: not reported
- Light intensity: not reported

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: mortality and reproduction (number of young produced per adult surviving 7 days) checked every other day

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2x
- All other template details: Not reported
Reference substance (positive control):
no
Duration:
7 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1.4 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
other: acid exchangeable; pH 7.15
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Remarks on result:
other: pH 7.15
Duration:
7 d
Dose descriptor:
LOEC
Effect conc.:
2.6 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
other: acid exchangeable; pH 7.15
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Remarks on result:
other: pH 7.15
Duration:
7 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1.1 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
other: acid exchangeable; pH 7.61
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Remarks on result:
other: pH 7.61
Duration:
7 d
Dose descriptor:
LOEC
Effect conc.:
2.4 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
other: acid exchangeable; pH 7.61
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Remarks on result:
other: pH 7.61
Details on results:
- Mortality of parent animals: see Table 2
- No. of offspring produced per day per female in the control exposures: 2.5 for pH 7.15 and 6.3 for pH 7.61
- There was a test performed at pH 8.1, but 100% of organisms died in the control and all exposure concentrations.
- All other template details: Not reported
Results with reference substance (positive control):
Not applicable
Reported statistics and error estimates:
Chronic exposure effects were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests at p ≤ 0.05 significance. Specific concentrations causing significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in reproduction were identified using the Dunnett's one-tailed procedure (Steele and Torrie 1980).

Table 2. Percent survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to a range of aluminium in water with 2 different pH levels for 7 days.

 

Aluminium Exposure (mg/L)

pH level

Control

1.4

2.6

5.0

10.0

17.2

7.15

90

80

60

20

40

80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Control

1.1

2.4

5.7

10.1

17.8

7.61

80

60

70

60

0

0

Validity criteria fulfilled:
not specified
Conclusions:
The NOEC for the mean cumulative number of young per starting adult Ceriodaphnia dubia in raw Lake Superior water at mean pH 7.15 for 7 days was 1.4 mg Al/L and at mean pH 7.61 1.1 mg Al/L, respectively.
Executive summary:

The NOEC and LOEC for the mean cumulative number of young per starting adult Ceriodaphnia dubia in raw Lake Superior water at mean pH 7.15 for 7 days was 1.4 and 2.6 mg Al/L, respectively. The NOEC and LOEC for the mean cumulative number of young per starting adult Ceriodaphnia dubia in raw Lake Superior water at mean pH 7.61 for 7 days was 1.1 and 2.4 mg Al/L, respectively.

Endpoint:
long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
1985
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Documentation incomplete for assessment but scientifical principles followed.
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
At the start of the experiments and after 16 days the lengths of daphnids exposed to the test compound were measured. The NOEC on growth is defined as the highest concentration which did not result in a significant reduction in growth at P<0.001 (student's t-test).
GLP compliance:
no
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
Aluminium tri-isopropylate reacts instantaneously with water to form 2-propanol and Al3+ species. The resulting pH being weakly alkaline indicates according to Langmuir et al. 2004 that Al3+ species formed are mainly Al(OH)4-, Al(OH)3 and Al(OH)2+ at pH 8.5.
Thus, aluminium tri-isopropylate is abiotically degradable and forms 2-propanol being readily biodegradable as shown in the registration dossier of 2-propanol submitted by the same lead registrant. Thus, 2-propanol is the ideal surrogate for testing toxicity effects on daphnia posed by the organic moiety of the reference substance.
Analytical monitoring:
no
Vehicle:
not specified
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Test type:
not specified
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
16 d
Reference substance (positive control):
not specified
Duration:
16 d
Dose descriptor:
other: log NOEC
Effect conc.:
3.37 other: unitless (NOEC in µmol/L)
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth
Validity criteria fulfilled:
not applicable
Remarks:
non-guideline study
Conclusions:
NOEC daphnia magna, 16 days: 141 mg/l
Executive summary:

The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) on growth of Daphnia magna is expressed as log NOEC (µmol/L) = 3.37 (or NOEC = 141 mg/L).

Endpoint:
long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
data from handbook or collection of data
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
168 hours static test in the Crustacean, Cancer anthonyi

GLP compliance:
not specified
Remarks:
data published
Specific details on test material used for the study:
no details provided
Analytical monitoring:
no
Test organisms (species):
other: Cancer anthonyi
Test type:
static
Water media type:
saltwater
Key result
Duration:
168 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1 000 µg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
element
Basis for effect:
mortality
Conclusions:
The 168h- NOEC in Cancer anthonyi (Crustacean) is 1000 ug/L

Description of key information

Aluminium tri-isopropanolate dissociates instantaneously when exposed to water forming isopropanol and aluminium(III) species. Therefore the effects of both hydrolysis products are considered most relevant to assess the toxicity of aluminium tri-isopropanolate.

The mean cumulative number of young per adult Ceriodaphnia dubia in raw Lake Superior water when exposed to aluminium chloride was assessed at mean pH values 7.15 and 7.61 during 7 days. NOEC and LOEC were was 1.4 and 2.6 mg Al/L at pH 7.15 and 1.1 and 2.4 mg Al/L a pH 7.61. The 168h- NOEC in the marine Cancer anthonyi (Crustacean) is 1000 ug/L (as Al)

The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of isopropanol on growth of Daphnia magna is expressed as log NOEC (µmol/L) = 3.37 (or NOEC = 141 mg/L) (QSAR Hermens 1985).

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates
Effect concentration:
1.1 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates
Effect concentration:
1 000 µg/L

Additional information

No valid long-term studies on isopropanol are available. Based on the very low toxicity of isopropanol and the much higher toxicity of aluminium species, the absence of these data will not affect the risk assessment, which will be based on aluminium toxicity.