Residues (petroleum), distn. residue hydrogenation

Other distribution data

Administrative data

Endpoint:

other distribution data

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

2001-04-23

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: This study is classified as reliable with restrictions because it is an acceptable, well-documented study report that follows sound scientific principles.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Unnamed

Report date:

2001

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

other: Dutch Normalisation Institute and European Centre for Normalisation

Deviations:

not specified

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The static leach test chosen follows a Dutch standardised test for building materials, Dutch Normalisation Institute (1995) as far as possible.

The dynamic leach test was performed following a draft European test subsequently issued as 185CEN/TC292 (European Centre for Normalisation, 1999) using the ‘‘Zero Head Space Extractor’’ from Millipore, Bedford USA. The CEN test conditions are: size reduction of the sample to r4 mm, leaching with water acidified to pH 4, with a liquid solids ratio of 10 : 1, agitating for 30 h at 30 rpm.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of study:

soil leaching

Media:

other: bitumen in water

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Conventional Middle East penetration bitumen

IUPAC Name:

Conventional Middle East penetration bitumen

Constituent 2

Reference substance name:

Conventional Heavy Venezuelan penetration bitumen

IUPAC Name:

Conventional Heavy Venezuelan penetration bitumen

Constituent 3

Reference substance name:

Straight run vacuum residue of Middle East origin

IUPAC Name:

Straight run vacuum residue of Middle East origin

Constituent 4

Reference substance name:

Deeply vacuum flashed conversion residue from a thermal cracker ex D

IUPAC Name:

Deeply vacuum flashed conversion residue from a thermal cracker ex D

Constituent 5

Reference substance name:

Conventionally blown roofing bitumen ex D

IUPAC Name:

Conventionally blown roofing bitumen ex D

Constituent 6

Reference substance name:

Conventionally blown roofing bitumen of Middle East origin

IUPAC Name:

Conventionally blown roofing bitumen of Middle East origin

Constituent 7

Reference substance name:

Blown roofing bitumen of middle east origin

IUPAC Name:

Blown roofing bitumen of middle east origin

Constituent 8

Reference substance name:

Multiphalte bitumen

IUPAC Name:

Multiphalte bitumen

Details on test material:

Nine bitumen samples have been selected, comprising a representative range of commercially available products. In addition to the bitumens, one asphalt, made from one of the bitumens was tested.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Bitumen is highly insoluble in water and when used in asphalt creates a matrix that locks in any potentially toxic components such as PAHs based on this static and dynamic leaching study. PAH levels were below 5 ng/L.

Executive summary:

Since the main applications of bitumen/asphalt is in the coating of surfaces, e.g. of roads, roofs, linings of water basins and pipes there are concerns that frequent contact with water will lead to the leaching of constituents from the bitumen/asphalt into the environment. To assess whether this was a significant concern Brandt and De Groot undertook a series of static and dynamic leaching tests to study the leaching behaviour of PAHs present in a number of bitumens as shown in Table below. 

 

Description of samples assessed in PAH leaching studies by Brandt and De Groot

 

Code	Description of bitumen/asphalt
A	Conventionalpenetration bitumen
B	Conventional Heavy Venezuelan penetration bitumen
C	Conventional Heavy Venezuelan penetration bitumen
D	Straight run vacuum residue oforigin
E	Deeply vacuum flashed conversion residue from a thermal cracker ex D
F	Conventionally blown roofing bitumen ex D
G	Conventionally blown roofing bitumen oforigin
H	Blown roofing bitumen of middle east origin
I	Multiphalte bitumen

 

The concentrations of PAHs in the bitumens and the leachates in the study by Brandt and De Groot have been summarised in the Table below. These data (normalised to µg/kg and µg/L) show that even though some individual PAHs are present in. mg/kg amounts in the bitumen, the plateau concentrations in the leachate are several orders of magnitude lower than would be anticipated on the basis of their water solubility alone. Furthermore, Brandt and De Groot determined that the equilibrium PAH concentrations in the leach water from bitumens see Table below were significantly below the surface water limits that exist in several European countries and were also more than an order of magnitude lower than the existing EU limits for potable water. For example, The benzo(a)pyrene concentrations determined in the leach water ranged from <0.015 to 0.3 ng/L compared to the limit of 10 ng/L stipulated by the EU drinking water Directive. As such their results indicate that leaching of PAHs from bitumens does not pose any significant risks to health or the environment.

 

PAH concentrations in bitumen vs plateau concentrations obtained in Brandt and De Groot leaching tests

 

PAH	Solubility µg/L	Log Kow	Bitumen A		Bitumen E		Bitumen G
			Bitumen µg/kg	Leachate µg/L	Bitumen µg/kg	Leachate µg/L	Bitumen µg/kg	Leachate µg/L
Naphthalene	31000	3.3	2700	0.035	3000	30	2500	0.120
Acenaphthene	3900	3.92	200	0.0013	700	0.6	n.d.	0
Fluorene	1890	4.02	300	0.0021	400	0.8	400	0.011
Phenanthrene	1150	4.46	1800	0.0041	2000	3.3	1100	0.005
Anthracene	2.13	5.00	200	0.0001	200	0.5	100	0.0003
Fluoranthene	260	5.16	900	0.0004	800	0.1	300	0.0001
Pyrene	135	4.88	900	0.0004	1000	<0.00004	300	0.0003
Benz(a)anthracene	9.4	5.76	700	0.0001	200	<0.00005	n.d.	0.0001
Chrysene	2	5.81	2400	0.0003	1000	<0.00006	500	0.0001
Benzo(b)fluoranthene	1.5	5.78	1000	<0.00001	700	<0.00001	400	<0.00001
Benzo(k)fluoranthene	0.8	6.11	400	<0.00002	300	<0.00002	n.d.	<0.00002
Benzo(a)pyrene	1.62	6.13	700	<0.00002	500	<0.00002	n.d.	<0.00002
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene	1.03	6.54	500	<0.00004	300	<0.00004	n.d.	<0.00004
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene	2.491	6.7	2000	<0.00002	2000	<0.00002	800	<0.00002
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene	0.36	7.57	500	<0.0001	200	<0.0001	n.d.	<0.0001

 

 

 Average plateau concentrations reached in static leach test, calculated from the concentrations in the samples taken after 9, 16, 36 and 64 days. Data from Brandt and De Groot - See Table above for description of samples assessed in their study

 

PAH determined	Plateau concentrations (ng/L) obtained in static leaching test for bitumens									Detection limit (ng/L)
	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I
Naphthalene	35	371	51	175	30	Invalid	120	0.9	168	0.3
Acenaphthene	1.3	17	5	2.4	0.6	2.7	0	0.3	11	0.04
Fluorene	2.1	42	7	3.6	0.8	19.4	11	3.8	44	0.02
Phenanthrene	4.1	180	47	2.9	3.3	15.9	5	1.0	82	0.06
Anthracene	0.1	12	5	0.5	0.5	6.1	0.3	0.1	28	0.07
Fluoranthene	0.4	1.7	0.8	0.16	0.1	1.7	0.1	0.1	1	0.05
Pyrene	0.4	3.9	1.4	0.47	+	4.3	0.3	0.1	4	0.04
Benz(a)anthracene	0.1	1.4	0.45	0.04	+	0.5	0.1	+	+	0.05
Chrysene	0.3	5.3	0.83	0.13	+	0.5	0.1	+	+	0.06
Benzo(b)fluoranthene	+	0.4	0.14	0.01	+	+	+	+	+	0.01
Benzo(k)fluoranthene	+	0.2	0.14	+	+	+	+	+	+	0.02
Benzo(a)pyrene	+	0.1	0.3	+	+	+	+	+	+	0.02
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	0.04
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	0.02
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	0.1
Coronene	0.03	0.05	0.09	0.04	0.01	+	+	+	0.03	0.03
Σ^2+ring PAHs	8.8	263	68	10	5.9	51	17	5.4	172	-
Σ^6WHO PAHs	0.43	2.33	1.38	0.17	0.08	1.7	0.07	0.07	1.47	-

Notes + = below the limit of detection.