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EC number: 202-969-7 | CAS number: 101-72-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- GLP and guideline study (OECD TG 421), study design with limitations (e.g. low dose group with 7 pregnant females was below the minimum acceptable number of pregnant females (8 females per group) according to TG 421; because of the limited number of pregnant females used in this study (number of pregnant females: control: 8, low dose: 7, mid dose: 8, high dose group: 10) a meaningful evaluation of the potential of the substance to affect fertility, pregnancy, maternal and suckling behavior, and growth and development of F1 offspring from conception to day 4 post-partum is limited. The study should be used only for supporting reasons.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 009
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 421 (Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Number of pregnant females used in this study is under the minimum acceptable number of pregnant females required to assure a meaningful evaluation of the potential of the substance to affect fertility, pregnancy, maternal and suckling behavior, and growt
- GLP compliance:
- yes
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
- EC Number:
- 202-969-7
- EC Name:
- N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
- Cas Number:
- 101-72-4
- Molecular formula:
- C15H18N2
- IUPAC Name:
- N1-phenyl-N4-(propan-2-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine
- Details on test material:
- Dusantox IPPD, purity: 97.73%
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- olive oil
- Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- males: 14 days pre-mating, mating, 14 days postmating; females: 14-pre-mating, mating, during pregancy to day 3 of lactation
- Frequency of treatment:
- once daily
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 20, 50, 125 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 per sex and dose
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
Results and discussion
Results: P0 (first parental generation)
Effect levels (P0)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: sporadic clinical signs
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 125 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: clinical signs, males: body weight reduction, females: 2 aborted females
Results: F1 generation
Effect levels (F1)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: sporadic pathological findings
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 125 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: postnatal decreased viability index, pathological findings (haematoma 3 pups, stomach full of pellucid liquid one pup)
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Mortality:
Males: no death occured during the study.
Body weight and body weight gain: body weights of low dose males (20 mg/kg bw) were comparabe or even slightly decreased compared to control, mid dose and high dose males showed a decrease in body weights compared to control, at study termination the body weights of high dose males were significant reduced compared to control (p<0.05)
Body weight gain: a negative body weight gain was noted in mid dose males (50 mg/kg) in week 3 of application.
Table: males terminal body weights
Average body weight (grams/animal/week) | ||||
Dose level | ||||
Application period | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 |
study termination | 376.9± 23 -09 | 368.2±30.88 | 350.3±26.13 | 327.7±23.40* |
*statistically significant (p<0.05)
Food consumption:
Males: food consumption was slightly reduced in all treated males compared to the concurrent vehicle control.
Table: food consumption, males
Average food consumption per dose group | ||||
Dose level | ||||
Application period | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 |
week1 | 21.8 | 17.37 | 18.03 | 16.89 |
week 2 | 22.32 | 20.78 | 17.65 | 17.23 |
week 3 + week 4: | mating period | |||
week 5 | 18.94 | 16.26 | 16.65 | 17.39 |
week 6 | 17.97 | 14.86 | 12.86 | 16.18 |
Clinical signs:
2/10 low dose males showed red/brown secretion around nostrils, no other findings observed. 1/10 male of mid dose group showed sporadic salivation and 3/10 piloerection at week 6. The authors concluded that these findings were incidental and did not effect all males from this treatment group. Clinical signs related to test substance application were observed in high dose group males (125 mg/kg). The clinical signs observed were diarrhoea (sporadic 1/10), red or pink secretion around nose or eyes (sporadic 1 to 2/10), piloerection (sporadic 3 to 10 animals) and salivation (2 to 3 animals).
Macroscopic examination:
No changes in external surface of the body were noted in any of the evaluated males. No changes were revelaed in thoracic cavity. Local change in lungs (punctiform stratum) was noted in one male of the mid dose group. Sporadic pathological changes in abdominal cavity were observed in control males and treated males (sporadic findings: reduced testes, epididymis or seminal vesicle, changed colour of testes, marked structure of liver, changes of stomach mucosa) A higher incidence of whitish strata was noted in high dose males. The authors suggested that these findings were not treatment-related.
Table: macroscopic findings, males
Macroscopic findings | ||||
Dose level | ||||
Pathological findings | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 |
Number of examined animals | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
epididymis reduced | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
testes reduced | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
testes prominated# whitish strata | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
testes violescent# colour | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
seminal vesicle reduced | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
stomach haemorrhage | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
lungs local changes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
liver market structure | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
without changes | 9 | 7 | 7 | 5 |
Organ weights: organ weights of testes,epididymis, prostate glands and pituitary glands were comparable to control. Table: organ weights, males
# wording study report
Organ weights: organ weights of testes,epididymis, prostate glands and pituitary glands were comparable to control.
Table: organ weights, males
Average organ weights | ||||||||
Dose level | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 | ||||
Absolute weight (g) | Relative weight | Absolute weight (g) | Relative weight | Absolute weight (g) | Relative weight | Absolute weight (g) | Relative weight | |
Testes | 3.5030 | 0.9285 | 3.3960 | 0.9204 | 3.3360 | 0.9546 | 3.4530 | 1.0554 |
Epididymis | 0.6450 | 0.1771 | 0.6910 | 0.1878 | 0.6564 | 0.1877 | 0.5930 | 0.1797 |
Pituitary glands | 0.0090 | 0.0024 | 0.0091 | 0.0025 | 0.0084 | 0.0024 | 0.0082 | 0.0025 |
no standard deviation documented, no raw data availabe
Sperm evaluation: No treatment related effect on sperm motility and sperm vitality were observed. Changes in sperm morphology was observed in the low dose group (increased incidence of flattened head and bent neck); whereas in the mid and high dose groups morphology of sperm was comparable with control. The biological relevance of the findings in the low dose group are questionable, because of the absence of a dose-response relationship.
Table: evaluation of sperm
observations | ||||
Dose level | ||||
Parameters | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 |
Sperm motility (?) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
Sperm vitality (% live sperms) | 88 | 84 | 82.2 | 84.4 |
Sperm morphology (% affected sperms) | 9.9 | 15.7 | 6.7 | 7.3 |
- Flattened head | 3.5 | 5.7 | 3.1 | 4.0 |
- Flattened head + bent neck | 0 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 |
- Bent neck | 6.1 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 2.4 |
- Bent tail | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.9 |
no standard deviation given, no raw data given histopathology:
no standard deviation given, no raw data given
Histopathology:
Incidences of histopathological changes of male reproduction organs were sporadic in control and low dose group, higher incidences of changes were observed in mid and high dose males. Inflammation of prostate gland was observed in control and treated animals, however, the incidences were increased in mid and high dose males (control: 1/10, low: 1/10, mid: 5/10, high 3/10). Insignificant damage of spermiogenesis was noted in control and treated males. The incidence was increased in high dose males
Atropic changes of germinative epithelium was observed in control and treated animals, however the incidences were slightly increased in high dose males (control: 1/10, low: 2/10, mid: 1/10, high: 3/10); whereas the severity of findings showed no dose dependency
control: testes: 1/10 atrophy of germinative epithelium with only Seratoli cells
low dose: testes: 1/10: dystrophy of germinative epithelium (75%), 1/10 dystrophy of germinative epithelium (5% ) (+: insignificant damage)
mid dose: testes: 1/10 sporadic dystrophy of germinative epithelium (+: insignifcant damage)
high dose: testes: 2/10 atrophy of germinative epithelium in some tubes (within 5%) (+: insignifcant damage), 1/10 degeneration of germinative epithelium (+: insignificant damage)
No atrophy of germinal epithelium was observed in a very well documented subchronic feeding study with rats (Monsanto Co.1990) after treatment with IPPD. Moreover, in a 90 day gavage study (Duslo 2009) done in the same laboratory as the screening test, atropy of the testes were seen in low incidences in control (1/10), low (1/10) and mid dose (1/10) males treated with IPPD, no atrophy of testis was observed in high dose males (0/10).
Table: histopathologic findings, males
Findings | ||||
Dose level | ||||
Histopathological findings | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 |
number of animals examined | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
without pathologic changes | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
prostate gland inflammation | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 |
prostate gland oedema of interstitium | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
epididymis aspermia or hypospermia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
testes focal dilation of vasa | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
testes atrophic changes of germinative epithelium | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
testes oedema of interstitium | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
pituitary gland dystrophy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
insignificant damage of spermiogenesis | 2 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
slight damage of spermiogenesis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
moderate damage of spermiogenesis | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
important damage of spermiogenesis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Females
Females: no death occured during the study.
Body weight:
Pre-mating: No significant changes in body weights were noted in treated females compared to control
Pregnancy: A slight decrease in body weight gain was noted in mid and high dose females at the end of week 1 of pregancy.At the end of week 2 a slight increase in body weight gain was noted in mid dose females.
Lactation: a slight decrease in body weight and body weight gain was noted in low, mid and high dose females compared to control.
Table: average body weights, females
Average body weight (grams/animal/time period) | ||||
Dose level | ||||
Application period | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 |
Pre-mating:Before application | 178.3± 11.79 | 176.2±11.00 | 173.6±12.98 | 174.9±9.43 |
Premating: 1st week | 189.3±12.09 | 180.9±11.35 | 184.2±12.96 | 187.3±12.66 |
Pre-mating: 2nd week | 197.8±11.27 | 194.9±9.25 | 192.7±11.97 | 196.9±13.30 |
Pregnancy day 0 | 209.8±8.87 | 199.2±10.48 | 199.9±17.01 | 206.7±12.29 |
Pregnancy day 7 | 227.6±9.89 | 215.3±13.49 | 210.4±16.36 | 220.7± 10.00 |
Pregnancy day 14 | 249.6±9.78 | 236.8±13.17 | 237.0±18.55 | 241.9±11.00 |
Pregnancy day 20 | 298.3±13.47 | 282.0±11.00 | 288.8±23.01 | 293.0±20.60 |
Day 0 of lactation | 238.5±14.85 | 224.0±16.40 | 226.7±27.10 | 224.6±20.19 |
Day 4 of lactation | 257.9±11.19 | 238.6±15.17 | 241.7±27.72 | 242.1±21.15 |
Food consumption:
Pre-mating period: the food consumption of treated females were slightly lower compared to control.
Pregancy: food consumption of treated females was slightly lower compared to control
Lactation: food consumption of treated females was lower ( low: -22%, mid: -32%, high dose: -21%) compared to control
Table: average food consumption, females
Average food consumption per dose group (gram/animal/day) | ||||
Dose level | ||||
Application period | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 |
pre-mating: 1st week | 15.06 | 12.12 | 12.61 | 12.72 |
pre-mating: 2nd week | 15.70 | 14.32 | 11.87 | 13.73 |
pregnancy day 7 | 15.69 | 14.04 | 12.47 | 14.92 |
pregancy day 14 | 20.98 | 18.29 | 15.47 | 17.39 |
pregancy day 20 | 21.13 | 16.33 | 19.01 | 18.23 |
day 4 of lactation | 32.95 | 25.85 | 22.42 | 26.01 |
Clinical signs:
No clinical signs were noted in females of the low dose group throughout the study. In females of the mid dose group sporadic occurrence of piloerection, secretion around nostrils or closed eyes were observed from week 4 of application. Clinical signs were noted in high dose females from week 2 of application. The clinical signs observed were piloerection (10/10), red or sorrel secretion (3/10) around nostrils, hunch posture2/10, flabby body (2/10) or apathy (1/10).
Macroscopic examination:
Examination of the external surface of the body revealed no changes. In thoracic cavity no changes were observed. No changes of abdominal cavity were noted in control animals and animals of the low and mid dose group. Sporadic changes were observed at 125 mg/kg. One female of the high dose group had a cyst around ovary. Dilatation of uterus was observed in one female of the control group and in two females of the low dose group.
Table: macroscopic findings, females
Macroscopic findings | ||||
Dose level | ||||
Pathological findings | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 |
Number of animals | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Uterus dilatation | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
ovary cyst | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Organ weights (females)
Nonpregnant females and females with abortion were used for calculation of means and evaluation of organ weights.
No treatment related effects were noted in organ weights.
Table: organ weights, females
Average organ weights | ||||||||
Dose level | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 | ||||
Absolute weight (g) | Relative weight | Absolute weight (g) | Relative weight | Absolute weight (g) | Relative weight | Absolute weight (g) | Relative weight | |
Ovaries | 0.1000 | 0.0388 | 0.0964 | 0.0405 | 0.1105 | 0.0454 | 0.0988 | 0.0417 |
Uterus | 0.6913 | 0.2682 | 0.5700 | 0.2392 | 0.6350 | 0.2614 | 0.5875 | 0.2508 |
pituitary gland | 0.0125 | 0.0049 | 0.0125 | 0.0052 | 0.0116 | 0.0047 | 0.0124 | 0.0052 |
Histopathology:
In reproductive system in ovaries and uterus sporadic changes were noted. Folicular cysts of ovaries were observed in low incidences in treated animals (low: 2/10, mid: 1/10, high: 1/10). Luteal cysts were observed in one low and one mid dose group female. Hyperplasia of interstitial glands were noted in 1 control female and two high dose females; degeneration of follicles were seen in one mid dose female. In uterus dystrophy of ateries attended by infiltration of histiocytes were observed in two high dose females.Hydrometra of uterus were noted in one control and one low dose female.
Offspring:
Number of pups and sex ratio:
the total number of pups and average number of pups per litter in all treatment groups were comparable to control at parturition. Four day after parturition a signifcant decrease in number of pups and average number of pups per litter were noted in the high dose group (death of two litters). No treatment related effects were observed in sex ratio, however a slight decrease in females were observed at 50 mg/kg bw/d.
Table: number and sex ratio of pups
Number of live pups and sex (average per litter) | ||||||||
Dose level | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 | ||||
Day of study | total number(average) | number of males and females | total number (average) | number of males and females | total number (average) | number of males and females | total number (average) | number of males and females |
0 parturition (first check of litter) | 81 (10.13 | 4.75M/5.38F | 69 (9.86) | 4.86M/5.00F | 66 (8.25) | 5.25M/3.00F | 89 (11.13) | 5.00M/6.25F |
day 4 of lactation | 81 (10.13) | 4.75M/5.38F | 69 (9.68) | 4.86M/5.00F | 65(8.13) | 5.13M/3.00F | 53(8.83) | 4.17M/4.67F |
F: females, M: males
Body weight
The average body weight of pups at 20 and 50 mg/kg bw/d was comparable to control. A slight decrease of average body weight was observed at 125 mg/kg bw at study termination.
Table: average body weights pups
Average body weight (grams) | ||||||||
Dose level | 0 | 20 | 50 | 125 | ||||
Day of study | Litter | Pup | Litter | Pup | Litter | Pup | Litter | Pup |
0 parturition (first check of litter) | 60.94 | 6.03 | 59.53 | 5.80 | 55.63 | 6.00 | 63.09 | 5.44 |
Day 4 of lactation | 105.71 | 10.58 | 102.43 | 10.57 | 86.36 | 10.72 | 80.57 | 9.11 |
Mortality:
No death occured in control. Four still born pups occurred in 1 low dose dam. 9 dead pups 82 from dam #122, 7 from dam #130) were observed at parturition in the mid dose group (50 mg/kg bw/d); 5 of the 9 were still born pups. One pup died within lactation period. In the high dose group two aborted females were noted, two dams had still born pups (2 per dam), one pup from another dam died after birth. Two litters from the high dose group died during lactation period; in addition 10 pups from another dam of the high dose group died.
No differences in development were observed in pups from control and treated animals.
Macroscopic examination
Gross pathological examinations were performed for all pups. All died new-born pups were examined for presence of air in lungs and divided in stillborn and live birth pups. No pathological findings were recorded in control and low dose pups. Sporadic pathological findings were made in mid dose group pups (stomach without milk 4 pups). Changes were observed in pups of the highest dose group (haematoma 3 pups, stomach full of pellucid liquid one pup).
Reproduction parameters:
All females from control and treamtent groups showed evidence of copulation. The number of pregant females in control and low and high dose females were comparable. The number of pregant females in the high dose group was slightly higher as compared to control. Duration of mating was comparable in control and treated females. The duration of pregancy in the low and mid dose group was comparable to control.
high dose group: An increase in pregnancy period in high dose group females was discussed by the authors (control: 22.25 days, low: 22.67 days, 22.71 days, high dose: 22.75 days). The relevance of the finding is questionable, because the number of pregnant rats evaluated was very low (6 to 8 females per group, for single females the duration of pregnancy could not be determinate). In addition, no historical control data are given.
Pre- implantation loss and post-implantation loss were comparable in control and treated animals. A significant decrease in viability index was observed in pups of the high dose group resulted from high post partum mortality in high dose pups.
Table: reproduction data
Reproduction data | ||||
Evaluated parameters | Dose level | |||
0 | 20 | 50 | 125 | |
Pairs started (N) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Females showing evidence of copulation (N) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Females archieving pregnancy (N) | 8 | 7 | 8 | 10 |
Pregnancy < 21 days (N) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pregnancy 22 days (N) | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Pregnancy > 23 says (N) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
Duration of pregnancy not determined (remark:difficulties in test performance?) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Average duration of pregnancy (days) | 22.25 | 22.67 | 22.71 | 22.75 |
Females with live pups born (N) | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
Females with live pups at day 4 after parturition (N) | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 |
Corpora lutea/pregnant females (average) | 22.25 | 19.57 | 15.75 | 18.10# |
Implants/pregnant females (average) | 11.25 | 10.86 | 10.5 | 11.30 |
Live pups/mother at birth (average) | 10.13 | 9.86 | 8.25 | 11.13 |
Live pups/mother at day 4 after parturition (average) | 10.13 | 9.86 | 8.13 | 8.83 |
Abnormal pups | ||||
Mother with 0 (N) | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 |
Mother with 1 (N) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mother with > 2 (N) | ||||
Fertility parameters | ||||
Percentage of mating (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Fertility index | 80 | 70 | 80 | 100 |
Conception index | 80 | 70 | 80 | 100 |
Gestation index | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 |
Percentage of postnatal loss | 0 | 0 | 7.6 | 41.6 |
Viability index | 100 | 100 | 92.9 | 58.9 |
Loss of offspring | ||||
Pre-implantation (corpora lutea minus implants) | ||||
Pregant females with 0 -5 (N) | 0 | 2 | 5 | 3 |
Pregnant females with 6 - 10 (N) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
Prenant females with 11 - 15 (N) | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Pregnant females with >16 (N) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pre-natal/post-impantations (impants minus live births) | ||||
Pregnant females with 0 (N) | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
Pregnant females with 1 (N) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Pregnant females with 2 (N) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
Pregnant females with > 3 (N) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Post-natal (live births minus alive at post-natal day 4) | ||||
Pregnant females with 0 (N) | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 |
Pregnant females with 1 (N) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Pregnant females with 2 (N) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pregnant females with > 3 (N) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
# (value calculated from raw data)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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