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EC number: 265-191-7 | CAS number: 64742-88-7 A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of crude oil or natural gasoline. It consists predominantly of saturated hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C12 and boiling in the range of approximately 140°C to 220°C (284°F to 428°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Description of key information
This endpoint is not a REACH requirement.
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 3 000 mg/kg bw/day
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- 1 000 mg/m³
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 494 mg/kg bw/day
Additional information
The animal data indicate that long-term oral or inhalation exposure to jet fuels and kerosines has no effect on the fertility of male rats up to a dose of 3000 mg/kg/day or a concentration of 1000 mg/m3 (highest concentration tested) and no effect on the fertility of female rats up to a dose of 1500 mg/kg/day (highest concentration tested). Although one study showed an altered expression of some testis proteins, this cannot directly be related to reproductive malfunctioning.
In a key reproductive/developmental toxicity screening study (Klimisch score=1; Schreiner et al., 1997), 10 Sprague Dawley rats/sex/group were treated dermally with hydrodesulfurised kerosine at concentrations of 0 (sham-treated and vehicle control groups), 165, 330 or 494 mg/kg/day (0, 20, 40 or 60% (v/v) respectively) in mineral oil in a dosing volume of 1 mL/kg for a minimum of 6 hours, 7 days/week beginning 14 days premating, during the 14-day mating period and through 20 days of gestation. Rats were mated overnight on a 1:1 ratio and were separated the following morning. Pregnancy was determined by the presence of a vaginal plug or sperm in a vaginal lavage sample. If observed, the female was considered to be at day 0 of gestation. Any female that did not show evidence of mating was placed with the same male the following evening. Any female that did not show evidence of mating at the end of a 2-week mating period was presumed pregnant (gestation day 0 = last day of cohabitation). Skin irritation occurred in both males (all doses) and females (high dose only). At terminal sacrifice, no findings were reported except for those on the skin. Body weights were unaffected by treatment. However over the course of the 8 weeks, high-dose males gained less weight than the controls. Food consumption was unaffected by treatment. High-dose males had a higher mean relative kidney weight than controls (0.76 vs. 0.66). This was attributed to the lower mean final body weights of the high-dose group. No other organ or organ/body weight changes were recorded. No test-material-related microscopic changes were observed in the testes or epididymides of adult male rats or in the ovaries of adult female rats. There is no parental systemic LOAEL, based on the lack of any significant treatment-related findings except dermal irritation. The parental systemic NOAEL is greater than or equal to 494 mg/kg/day. There is no offspring LOAEL, based on the lack of any effects noted in the offspring. The offspring NOAEL is greater than or equal to 494 mg/kg/day.
In a key sub-chronic oral test, reproductive toxicity screening was performed (Mattie et al., 2000). Males were treated for 70 to 90 days with 0 (1mL of distilled water), 750, 1500, or 3000 mg/kg/day of undiluted JP-8 jet fuel, then mated to untreated females (one female at a time). In the second part of the study, female rats were administered the test compound at doses of 0 (1 mL of distilled water), 375, 750, or 1500 mg/kg/day undiluted JP-8 jet fuel for 90 -day prior to mating, through mating, gestation, delivery, and lactation for a total of 21 week. During mating, they were housed with untreated males. There were no systemic signs of toxicity. There were no treatment-related effects on reproduction or sperm parameters in males. There were no treatment-related effects on reproduction, gestation, or litter size in females. There was a dose-related decrease in pup weight that was significant in the 750 mg/kg/day group on postnatal day 4 only and in the 1500 mg/kg/day group from postnatal day 4 through postnatal day 21 but had recovered by postnatal day 90. The reproduction NOAEL was greater than or equal to 3000 and greater than or equal to 1500 mg/kg/day in males and females, respectively.
In a supporting inhalation study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 6 hours/day for 91 consecutive days to JP-8 Jet Fuel vapour at concentrations of 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/m3 (Witzmannet al., 2003). After exposure the rats were sacrificed and testis were dissected, solubilised, separated and analyzed for expression of testis proteins. During exposure the rats did not exert any overt signs of clinical toxicity. The results of the protein analysis show that in exposed rats several testis proteins were increased and several testis proteins were decreased significantly as compared to the controls. The expression levels of the following proteins showed a dose-related increase: HsP86, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit, serum albumin and T-complex protein 1. However, the increased expression of these proteins cannot directly be related to reproductive malfunctioning. The NOAEC based on these effects is greater than or equal to 1000 mg/m3.
An additional inhalation supporting study was conducted in a similar fashion, which supports these conclusions (Price et al., 2001).
Additional data support that kerosines are not reproductive toxicants (API, 1979c; PPSC, 1995; Schreiner et al., 1997). This information is presented in the dossier.
Short description of key information:
Kerosine does not cause fertility effects (OECD 421).
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
All animal studies show that kerosine and jet fuel have no effects on development (OECD 414). The most important effect in animals following high doses was a decreased body weight of the females and of the pups at 1500 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL for decreased pup weight was 1000 mg/kg/day.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- 364 mg/m³
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 494 mg/kg bw/day
Additional information
All animal studies show that kerosine and jet fuel have no effects on development. The most important effect in animals following high doses was a decreased body weight of the females and of the pups at 1500 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL for decreased pup weight was 1000 mg/kg/day.
In a key reproductive/developmental toxicity screening study (Klimisch score=1; Schreiner, et al., 1997), 10 Sprague Dawley rats/sex/group were treated dermally with hydrodesulfurised kerosine at concentrations of 0 (sham-treated and vehicle control groups), 165, 330 or 494 mg/kg/day (0, 20, 40 or 60% (v/v), respectively) in mineral oil in a dosing volume of 1 ml/kg for a minimum of 6 hours,7 days/week beginning 14 days premating, during the 14-day mating period and through 20 days of gestation. Dosage equivalents were 0, 165, 330 and 494 mg/kg/day. There is no offspring LOAEL, based on the lack of any effects noted in the offspring. The offspring NOAEL is greater than or equal to 494 mg/kg/day. This was the highest dose tested in the study.
In the key developmental toxicity study (Klimisch score=1; Cooper and Mattie, 1996), undiluted JP-8 jet fuel was administered to 30 Sprague-Dawley (Crl:CD) rats/dose by gavage at various volumes to achieve dose levels of 0 (sterile water), 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000 mg/kg bw/day from days 6 through 15 of gestation. There was a significant decrease in foetal weight in both male and female foetuses with 1500 and 2000 mg/kg/day. The test compound did not significantly increase the incidence of malformations or variations compared to the control nor was the sex ratio altered. The developmental LOAEL is 1500 mg/kg/day, based on reduced foetal weight. The developmental NOAEL is 1000 mg/kg/day.
In a key pre-natal developmental study (Klimisch score=1; API, 1979b), 20 female presumed-pregnant rats per group were exposed to 106 or 364 ppm kerosine vapour for 6 hours each day on days 6 through 15 of gestation. A control group of 20 presumed-pregnant rats of the same age served as controls and were placed in chambers and exposed to room air only. The animals were sacrificed on day 20 of gestation. There were no effects noted on either the dams or the foetuses. The NOAEC is greater than or equal to 364 ppm, based on the lack of effects and no LOAEC can be determined.
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, a decision on testing in a second species is deferred on the basis of animal welfare grounds [Article 13(4) of REACH recognising EC Directive 86/609/EEC] until the ongoing Concawe testing programmes on reprotoxicity are completed, which are expected to integrate the existing data with newly developed in-vitro high throughput toxicology data leading into a valid test system to assess the PNDT endpoint.
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Additional information
This endpoint is not a REACH requirement.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Available data indicate that long-term oral or inhalation exposure to jet fuels and kerosines has no effect on the fertility of male rats up to a dose of 3000 mg/kg/day or a concentration of 1000 mg/m3(highest concentration tested) and no effect on the fertility of female rats up to a dose of 1500 mg/kg/day (highest concentration tested). Therefore, there is insufficient data to classify kerosines as toxic for reproduction under the EU CLP Regulation (EC No. 1272/2008).
Developmental studies did not provide sufficient evidence to cause a strong suspicion of developmental toxicity in the absence of signs of marked maternal toxicity, therefore kerosines are not classified as a developmental toxicant according to EU CLP Regulation (EC No. 1272/2008).
Additional information
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