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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.2 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
30
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
LOAEC
Value:
17.6 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
no inhalation study available
AF for dose response relationship:
1
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
6
Justification:
subacute to chronic
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
rat to human, part of the corrected LOAEC calculation
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
worker
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
AF for remaining uncertainties:
3
Justification:
Use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.03 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
360
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
LOAEL
Value:
10 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
no dermal study available
AF for dose response relationship:
1
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
6
Justification:
subacute to chronic
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
rat to human
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
worker
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
AF for remaining uncertainties:
3
Justification:
Use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
low hazard (no threshold derived)

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
low hazard (no threshold derived)

Additional information - workers

Identification of relevant dose descriptor

For the derivation of the DNELs, the combined 28-day repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats by oral gavage was considered as the most relevant study. In this study, a LOAEL of 10 mg/kg was reported which was used as starting point for DNEL calculations.

Calculation of DNELs

Systemic, long-term, inhalative

According to ECHA guidelines, a route to route extrapolation is performed if no information by inhalation is available. The LOAEL (oral) is converted into a LOAEC (corrected) in accordance to guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, ECHA, May 2008. The LOAEL (oral) has to be divided by a factor of 0.38 m3/kg body weight and corrected for activity driven differences of respiratory volumes in workers compared to workers in rest (6.7 m3/10 m3). The corrected starting point is therefore:

LOAEC (corrected) = 10 mg/kg / 0.38 m3/kg x (6.7 m3/10m3) = 17.6 mg/m3

The DNEL is calculated as follows: LOAEC (corrected) / Sum of assessment factors applicable.

The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:

Intraspecies differences (worker): 5

Interspecies variations: 1

Exposure duration: 6

Dose-response factor: 1

Quality of whole database factor: 3 (use of a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)

The overall assessment factor employed for the inhalation route is therefore 90.

DNEL = 17.6 mg/m3/ 90 = 0.2 mg/m3

Systemic, long-term, dermal:

The dermal route is typically covered by oral route information in the absence of data for this administration route. No data on skin permeation is available. Therefore, following a worst case approach, an absorption of 100% is assumed. The DNEL is calculated as follows: LOAEL / Sum of assessment factors applicable. The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:

Intraspecies differences (worker): 5

Interspecies variations: 1

Allometric scaling (rat to human): 4

Exposure duration: 6

Dose-response factor: 1

Quality of whole database factor: 3 (for using a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)

Overall, an assessment factor of 360 was employed for the dermal route.

DNEL= 10 mg/kg body weight / 360 = 0.03 mg/kg body weight.

Rationale for omitting "Factor 2.5"

According to ECETOC’s “guidance on Assessment Factors to derive a DNEL, Technical Report No. 110”, the application of a factor of 2.5 for ‘remaining uncertainties’ is unjustified. There is evidence that multiplicative association between inter- and intraspecies assessment factors is overly conservative and that the inclusion of a factor for remaining differences is unnecessary. ECETOC further recommends using allometric scaling and the 5th percentile of the human distribution of intraspecies variability. Consequently, the ‘remaining uncertainty’ for interspecies variability is already accounted for by the intraspecies AF (Calabrese, 1985; Hattis et al 1987). This is further supported by results of the ongoing ERASM project which examines studies in rats and mice to determine interspecies differences based on a probabilistic approach. In their recent publication (Escher, 2013), the authors confirmed the ECETOC position regarding the factor of 2.5 for remaining uncertainties (i. e. the factor does not apply). Therefore, the factor of 2.5 for remaining uncertainties is omitted for this risk assessment.

Literature:

- Calabrese EJ, Uncertainty factors and interindividual variation, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1985 Jun;5(2):190-6.

- Hattis D et al, Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals-a preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetic data from normal volunteers, Risk Anal. 1987 Dec;7(4):415-26.

- Escher SE et al, Interspecies extrapolation based on the RepDose database—A probabilistic approach, Toxicology Letters 218 (2013) 159– 165

Systemic, short-term, dermal and inhalative

According to the ECHA document "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterization of dose[concentration]-response for human health", a DNEL for acute systemic toxicity should only be derived if an acute systemic toxicity hazard leading to classification is identified. Therefore, because the substance is not classified for acute toxicity according to Directive 67/548/EEC and Regulation 1272/2008/EC, no systemic DNELs for short-term exposures were calculated.

 

Local, long-term and short-term, dermal

The substance was found to be irritating to the skin. A reliable DNEL for skin irritation could not be derived. The risk characterization according to ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Part E categorizes this hazard as "low hazard". Safety is addressed by a qualitative risk assessment and personal protective equipment is recommended.

Local, long-term and short-term, inhalative

No DNELs for local effects after inhalation were calculated because the substance is irritating and no quantitative data suitable to derive a DNEL for that effect were available. However, due to the low vapor pressure exposure by inhalation is expected to be low. Safety is addressed by a qualitative risk assessment and personal protective equipment is recommended in case of potential exposure.

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.05 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
180
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
LOAEC
Value:
8.7 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
no inhalation study available
AF for dose response relationship:
1
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
6
Justification:
subacute to chronic
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
rat to human, part of the corrected LOAEC calculation
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
general population
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
AF for remaining uncertainties:
3
Justification:
use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.01 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
720
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
LOAEL
Value:
10 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
no dermal longterm study available
AF for dose response relationship:
1
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
6
Justification:
subacute to chronic
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
rat to human
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
general population
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
AF for remaining uncertainties:
3
Justification:
use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
low hazard (no threshold derived)

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.01 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
720
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
LOAEL
Value:
10 mg/kg bw/day
AF for dose response relationship:
1
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
6
Justification:
subacute to chronic
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
rat to human
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
general population
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
AF for remaining uncertainties:
3
Justification:
use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
low hazard (no threshold derived)

Additional information - General Population

Identification of relevant dose descriptor

The dose descriptor chosen is the same as for workers (see above). The LOAEL of 10 mg/kg observed in the combined 28-day repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats was used as starting point to derive the DNELs.

Calculation of DNELs

Systemic, long-term, inhalative

Because no inhalation study is available, a route to route extrapolation was performed. The LOAEL (oral) has to be modified into a LOAEC (corrected) in accordance to guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, ECHA, May 2008. Here, the LOAEL has to be divided by a factor of 1.15 m3/kg body weight. The corrected starting point is therefore:

LOAEC (corrected) = 10 mg/kg / 1.15 m3/kg = 8.7 mg/m3

The DNEL is calculated as follows: LOAEC (corrected) / Sum of assessment factors applicable.

The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:

Intraspecies differences (general population): 10

Interspecies variations: 1

Exposure duration: 6

Dose-response factor: 1

Quality of whole database factor: 3 (use of a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)

The overall assessment factor employed for the inhalation route is therefore 180.

DNEL = 8.7 mg/m3/ 180 = 0.05 mg/m3

Systemic, long-term, dermal:

The dermal route is typically covered by oral route information in the absence of data for this administration route. No data on skin permeation is available. Therefore, following a worst case approach, an absorption of 100% is assumed.The DNEL is calculated as follows: LOAEL / Sum of assessment factors applicable. The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:

Intraspecies differences (gegneral population): 10

Interspecies variations: 1

Allometric scaling (rat to human): 4

Exposure duration: 6

Dose-response factor: 1

Quality of whole database factor: 3 (for using a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)

Overall, an assessment factor of 720 was employed for the dermal route.

DNEL= 10 mg/kg body weight / 720 = 0.01 mg/kg body weight.

Systemic, long-term, oral:

The LOAEL of 10 mg/kg body weight observed in the combined 28-day repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats was used as starting point to derive the DNELs. The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:

Intraspecies differences (general population): 10

Interspecies variations: 1

Allometric scaling (rat to human): 4

Exposure duration: 6

Dose-response factor: 1

Quality of whole database factor: 3 (for using a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)

Overall, an assessment factor of 720 was employed for the dermal route.

DNEL= 10 mg/kg body weight / 720 = 0.01 mg/kg body weight.

Rationale for omitting "Factor 2.5"

According to ECETOC’s “guidance on Assessment Factors to derive a DNEL, Technical Report No. 110”, the application of a factor of 2.5 for ‘remaining uncertainties’ is unjustified. There is evidence that multiplicative association between inter- and intraspecies assessment factors is overly conservative and that the inclusion of a factor for remaining differences is unnecessary. ECETOC further recommends using allometric scaling and the 5th percentile of the human distribution of intraspecies variability. Consequently, the ‘remaining uncertainty’ for interspecies variability is already accounted for by the intraspecies AF (Calabrese, 1985; Hattis et al 1987). This is further supported by results of the ongoing ERASM project which examines studies in rats and mice to determine interspecies differences based on a probabilistic approach. In their recent publication (Escher, 2013), the authors confirmed the ECETOC position regarding the factor of 2.5 for remaining uncertainties (i. e. the factor does not apply). Therefore, the factor of 2.5 for remaining uncertainties is omitted for this risk assessment.

Literature:

- Calabrese EJ, Uncertainty factors and interindividual variation, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1985 Jun;5(2):190-6.

- Hattis D et al, Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals-a preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetic data from normal volunteers, Risk Anal. 1987 Dec;7(4):415-26.

- Escher SE et al, Interspecies extrapolation based on the RepDose database—A probabilistic approach, Toxicology Letters 218 (2013) 159– 165

Systemic, short-term, dermal and inhalative

According to the ECHA document "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterization of dose[concentration]-response for human health", a DNEL for acute systemic toxicity should only be derived if an acute systemic toxicity hazard leading to classification is identified. Therefore, because the substance is not classified for acute toxicity according to Directive 67/548/EEC and Regulation 1272/2008/EC, no systemic DNELs for short-term exposures were calculated.

 

Local, long-term and short-term, dermal

The substance was found to be irritating to the skin. A reliable DNEL for skin sensitization and for corrosion could not be derived. However, since the product content in end user articles is very low (up to 0.3%), the hazard for irritating effects is considered to be negligible.

Local, long-term and short-term, inhalative

No DNELs for local effects after inhalation were calculated because the substance is irritating and no quantitative data suitable to derive a DNEL for that effect were available. However, due to the low vapor pressure exposure by inhalation is expected to be low.In addition, end user products only contain small amounts of the test article (up to 0.3 %), therefore the risk of local effects is considered as negligible.