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EC number: 279-632-6 | CAS number: 80939-62-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.2 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 30
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- LOAEC
- Value:
- 17.6 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- no inhalation study available
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to human, part of the corrected LOAEC calculation
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- worker
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 3
- Justification:
- Use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.03 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 360
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- LOAEL
- Value:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- no dermal study available
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- worker
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 3
- Justification:
- Use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
Identification of relevant dose descriptor
For the derivation of the DNELs, the combined 28-day repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats by oral gavage was considered as the most relevant study. In this study, a LOAEL of 10 mg/kg was reported which was used as starting point for DNEL calculations.
Calculation of DNELs
Systemic, long-term, inhalative
According to ECHA guidelines, a route to route extrapolation is performed if no information by inhalation is available. The LOAEL (oral) is converted into a LOAEC (corrected) in accordance to guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, ECHA, May 2008. The LOAEL (oral) has to be divided by a factor of 0.38 m3/kg body weight and corrected for activity driven differences of respiratory volumes in workers compared to workers in rest (6.7 m3/10 m3). The corrected starting point is therefore:
LOAEC (corrected) = 10 mg/kg / 0.38 m3/kg x (6.7 m3/10m3) = 17.6 mg/m3
The DNEL is calculated as follows: LOAEC (corrected) / Sum of assessment factors applicable.
The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:
Intraspecies differences (worker): 5
Interspecies variations: 1
Exposure duration: 6
Dose-response factor: 1
Quality of whole database factor: 3 (use of a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)
The overall assessment factor employed for the inhalation route is therefore 90.
DNEL = 17.6 mg/m3/ 90 = 0.2 mg/m3
Systemic, long-term, dermal:
The dermal route is typically covered by oral route information in the absence of data for this administration route. No data on skin permeation is available. Therefore, following a worst case approach, an absorption of 100% is assumed. The DNEL is calculated as follows: LOAEL / Sum of assessment factors applicable. The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:
Intraspecies differences (worker): 5
Interspecies variations: 1
Allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Exposure duration: 6
Dose-response factor: 1
Quality of whole database factor: 3 (for using a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)
Overall, an assessment factor of 360 was employed for the dermal route.
DNEL= 10 mg/kg body weight / 360 = 0.03 mg/kg body weight.
Rationale for omitting "Factor 2.5"
According to ECETOC’s “guidance on Assessment Factors to derive a DNEL, Technical Report No. 110”, the application of a factor of 2.5 for ‘remaining uncertainties’ is unjustified. There is evidence that multiplicative association between inter- and intraspecies assessment factors is overly conservative and that the inclusion of a factor for remaining differences is unnecessary. ECETOC further recommends using allometric scaling and the 5th percentile of the human distribution of intraspecies variability. Consequently, the ‘remaining uncertainty’ for interspecies variability is already accounted for by the intraspecies AF (Calabrese, 1985; Hattis et al 1987). This is further supported by results of the ongoing ERASM project which examines studies in rats and mice to determine interspecies differences based on a probabilistic approach. In their recent publication (Escher, 2013), the authors confirmed the ECETOC position regarding the factor of 2.5 for remaining uncertainties (i. e. the factor does not apply). Therefore, the factor of 2.5 for remaining uncertainties is omitted for this risk assessment.
Literature:
- Calabrese EJ, Uncertainty factors and interindividual variation, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1985 Jun;5(2):190-6.
- Hattis D et al, Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals-a preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetic data from normal volunteers, Risk Anal. 1987 Dec;7(4):415-26.
- Escher SE et al, Interspecies extrapolation based on the RepDose database—A probabilistic approach, Toxicology Letters 218 (2013) 159– 165
Systemic, short-term, dermal and inhalative
According to the ECHA document "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterization of dose[concentration]-response for human health", a DNEL for acute systemic toxicity should only be derived if an acute systemic toxicity hazard leading to classification is identified. Therefore, because the substance is not classified for acute toxicity according to Directive 67/548/EEC and Regulation 1272/2008/EC, no systemic DNELs for short-term exposures were calculated.
Local, long-term and short-term, dermal
The substance was found to be irritating to the skin. A reliable DNEL for skin irritation could not be derived. The risk characterization according to ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Part E categorizes this hazard as "low hazard". Safety is addressed by a qualitative risk assessment and personal protective equipment is recommended.
Local, long-term and short-term, inhalative
No DNELs for local effects after inhalation were calculated because the substance is irritating and no quantitative data suitable to derive a DNEL for that effect were available. However, due to the low vapor pressure exposure by inhalation is expected to be low. Safety is addressed by a qualitative risk assessment and personal protective equipment is recommended in case of potential exposure.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.05 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 180
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- LOAEC
- Value:
- 8.7 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- no inhalation study available
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to human, part of the corrected LOAEC calculation
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 3
- Justification:
- use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.01 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 720
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- LOAEL
- Value:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- no dermal longterm study available
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 3
- Justification:
- use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.01 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 720
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- LOAEL
- Value:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- subacute to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 3
- Justification:
- use of a LOAEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Identification of relevant dose descriptor
The dose descriptor chosen is the same as for workers (see above). The LOAEL of 10 mg/kg observed in the combined 28-day repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats was used as starting point to derive the DNELs.
Calculation of DNELs
Systemic, long-term, inhalative
Because no inhalation study is available, a route to route extrapolation was performed. The LOAEL (oral) has to be modified into a LOAEC (corrected) in accordance to guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, ECHA, May 2008. Here, the LOAEL has to be divided by a factor of 1.15 m3/kg body weight. The corrected starting point is therefore:
LOAEC (corrected) = 10 mg/kg / 1.15 m3/kg = 8.7 mg/m3
The DNEL is calculated as follows: LOAEC (corrected) / Sum of assessment factors applicable.
The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:
Intraspecies differences (general population): 10
Interspecies variations: 1
Exposure duration: 6
Dose-response factor: 1
Quality of whole database factor: 3 (use of a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)
The overall assessment factor employed for the inhalation route is therefore 180.
DNEL = 8.7 mg/m3/ 180 = 0.05 mg/m3
Systemic, long-term, dermal:
The dermal route is typically covered by oral route information in the absence of data for this administration route. No data on skin permeation is available. Therefore, following a worst case approach, an absorption of 100% is assumed.The DNEL is calculated as follows: LOAEL / Sum of assessment factors applicable. The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:
Intraspecies differences (gegneral population): 10
Interspecies variations: 1
Allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Exposure duration: 6
Dose-response factor: 1
Quality of whole database factor: 3 (for using a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)
Overall, an assessment factor of 720 was employed for the dermal route.
DNEL= 10 mg/kg body weight / 720 = 0.01 mg/kg body weight.
Systemic, long-term, oral:
The LOAEL of 10 mg/kg body weight observed in the combined 28-day repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats was used as starting point to derive the DNELs. The following assessment factors according to "ECHA guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R8" were chosen:
Intraspecies differences (general population): 10
Interspecies variations: 1
Allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Exposure duration: 6
Dose-response factor: 1
Quality of whole database factor: 3 (for using a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL)
Overall, an assessment factor of 720 was employed for the dermal route.
DNEL= 10 mg/kg body weight / 720 = 0.01 mg/kg body weight.
Rationale for omitting "Factor 2.5"
According to ECETOC’s “guidance on Assessment Factors to derive a DNEL, Technical Report No. 110”, the application of a factor of 2.5 for ‘remaining uncertainties’ is unjustified. There is evidence that multiplicative association between inter- and intraspecies assessment factors is overly conservative and that the inclusion of a factor for remaining differences is unnecessary. ECETOC further recommends using allometric scaling and the 5th percentile of the human distribution of intraspecies variability. Consequently, the ‘remaining uncertainty’ for interspecies variability is already accounted for by the intraspecies AF (Calabrese, 1985; Hattis et al 1987). This is further supported by results of the ongoing ERASM project which examines studies in rats and mice to determine interspecies differences based on a probabilistic approach. In their recent publication (Escher, 2013), the authors confirmed the ECETOC position regarding the factor of 2.5 for remaining uncertainties (i. e. the factor does not apply). Therefore, the factor of 2.5 for remaining uncertainties is omitted for this risk assessment.
Literature:
- Calabrese EJ, Uncertainty factors and interindividual variation, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1985 Jun;5(2):190-6.
- Hattis D et al, Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals-a preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetic data from normal volunteers, Risk Anal. 1987 Dec;7(4):415-26.
- Escher SE et al, Interspecies extrapolation based on the RepDose database—A probabilistic approach, Toxicology Letters 218 (2013) 159– 165
Systemic, short-term, dermal and inhalative
According to the ECHA document "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterization of dose[concentration]-response for human health", a DNEL for acute systemic toxicity should only be derived if an acute systemic toxicity hazard leading to classification is identified. Therefore, because the substance is not classified for acute toxicity according to Directive 67/548/EEC and Regulation 1272/2008/EC, no systemic DNELs for short-term exposures were calculated.
Local, long-term and short-term, dermal
The substance was found to be irritating to the skin. A reliable DNEL for skin sensitization and for corrosion could not be derived. However, since the product content in end user articles is very low (up to 0.3%), the hazard for irritating effects is considered to be negligible.
Local, long-term and short-term, inhalative
No DNELs for local effects after inhalation were calculated because the substance is irritating and no quantitative data suitable to derive a DNEL for that effect were available. However, due to the low vapor pressure exposure by inhalation is expected to be low.In addition, end user products only contain small amounts of the test article (up to 0.3 %), therefore the risk of local effects is considered as negligible.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.

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