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EC number: 241-460-4 | CAS number: 17439-11-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
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- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
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- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
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- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
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- Nanomaterial pour density
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- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Sediment toxicity
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Recent, non-GLP published study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Bedard D, Hayton A, Persaud D. 1992. Ontario Ministry of the Environment laboratory sediment biological testing protocol. Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Test protocols of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment were followed [Bedard D, Hayton A, Persaud D. 1992. Ontario Ministry of the Environment laboratory sediment biological testing protocol. Toronto, ON, Canada.].
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- A 100 g (wet wt) sample of the Long Point control sediment was analyzed for fluoride. The sediment was placed in a plastic jar and frozen, then freeze-dried using a Labconco Lyph-Lock 6t freeze dryer fitted with a Model 77560 Lyph-Lock Stoppering Tray Dryert (Kansas City, MO, USA) for precise temperature control. After drying, the sample was homogenized using a mortar and pestle. Samples of overlying water (250 ml) from one replicate of each of the 110 and 1100 µg F-/g preliminary spiked sediment tests with P. promelas were collected at the beginning and end of the tests and analyzed for fluoride. Similarly, samples of overlying water were taken on days 0, 12, and 21 from one replicate of each treatment of the spiked sediment tests with mayfly larvae. Laboratory dilution water was also analyzed for fluoride.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: with Pimephales promelas, Hexagenia limbata, Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca.
- Details on test organisms:
- Pimephales promelas: three replicates of 10 fish (80–110 mg). Fish were fed 1 % of mean body weight per day.
Hexagenia limbata: three replicates of 10 mayfly larvae, three to four months old (5–25 mg), were fed 1 ml Hexagenia diet weekly
Chironomus tentans: three replicates of 15 midge larvae, 10 to 12 d old, were fed 1 ml Hexagenia diet per chamber
Hyalella azteca: three replicates of 10 amphipods (1–7 d-old), fed weekly - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Hardness:
- 160 mg/L
- Test temperature:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- no data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- no data
- Salinity:
- no data
- Ammonia:
- no data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Concentrations varied with the test species and ranged from 175 to 5,600 mg F2/g dry
weight. - Details on test conditions:
- no data
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC25
- Effect conc.:
- 290.2 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: H. azteca
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC25
- Effect conc.:
- 661.4 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. tentans
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC25
- Effect conc.:
- 1 221.3 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: H. limbata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC25
- Effect conc.:
- > 5 600 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: P. promelas
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 114.6 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: H. azteca
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 652.2 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: H. limbata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 5 600 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: P.promelas
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 5 600 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. tentans
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Relative toxicity of fluoride was tested in long-term (10–28 d) growth and survival tests in spiked sediment. Hyalella azteca was the most sensitive species for growth (25 % inhibitory concentration [IC25] = 290.2 µg F/g), followed by C. tentans (IC25 = 661.4 µg F/g), H. limbata ( IC25 = 1221.3 µg F/g), and P. promelas (IC25 = >5600 µg F/g). H. azteca was also the most sensitive species for survival (LC50 = 1114.6 µg F/g), followed by H. limbata (LC50 = 1652.2 µg F/g and P. promelas and C. tentans (LC50 = >5600 µg F/g).
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
Dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate is an inorganic substance which will rapidly dissociate into fluoride, hydrogen and titanium ions upon dissolution in the environment. However, hydrogen and titanium ions do not remain as such in solution, only fluoride ions do. The approach follows scenario 1 of the RAAF (ECHA 2017).
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
Source
sodium fluoride (CAS 7681-49-4)
Target
Dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate (CAS 17439-11-1)
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
Since dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate rapidly dissociates into fluoride, hydrogen and titanium ions upon dissolution in the environment, and only fluoride but not hydrogen and titanium ions will remain as such in solution, it can be assumed that toxicity (if any) will be driven by the fluoride anion. Therefore, full read-across of sediment toxicity data of fluoride based upon a molecular weight conversion is justified. Due to the electronegativity of the fluoride ion, little partition to the sediment can be assumed. It follows that sediment is unlikely to become contaminated and, in turn, this means that the contamination of sediment systems is unlikely. Regarding the toxicity of fluoride in respective long-term (10 – 28 d) growth and survival tests in sediment spiked with sodium fluoride, Hyalella azteca was the most sensitive species for growth (EC25 = 290.2 mg F/kg), followed by Chironomus tentans (EC25 = 661.4 mg F/kg), Hexagenia limbata (EC25 = 1221.3 mg F/kg), and Pimephales promelas (EC25 = >5600 mg F/kg). Hyalella azteca was also the most sensitive species for survival (LC50 = 1114.6 mg F/kg), followed by Hexagenia limbata (LC50 = 1652.2 mg F/kg) and Pimephales promelas and Chironomus tentans (LC50 > 5600 mg F/kg for both). Thus, long-term toxicity data are available for 4 species, including a mayfly, a midge, and an amphipod. The lowest EC25 of 290.2 mg F/kg derived for the 28-d growth of Hyalella azteca is read-across to dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate resulting in an EC25 of 417.3 mg/kg dw and is taken forward to the chemical safety assessment.
4. DATA MATRIX
see attached read-across statement in section 13.2 - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC25
- Effect conc.:
- 290.2 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: H. azteca
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC25
- Effect conc.:
- 661.4 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. tentans
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC25
- Effect conc.:
- 1 221.3 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: H. limbata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: IC25
- Effect conc.:
- > 5 600 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: P. promelas
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 114.6 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: H. azteca
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 652.2 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: H. limbata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 5 600 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: P.promelas
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 5 600 other: µg F-/g
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. tentans
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Relative toxicity of fluoride was tested in long-term (10–28 d) growth and survival tests in spiked sediment. Hyalella azteca was the most sensitive species for growth (25 % inhibitory concentration [IC25] = 290.2 µg F/g), followed by C. tentans (IC25 = 661.4 µg F/g), H. limbata ( IC25 = 1221.3 µg F/g), and P. promelas (IC25 = >5600 µg F/g). H. azteca was also the most sensitive species for survival (LC50 = 1114.6 µg F/g), followed by H. limbata (LC50 = 1652.2 µg F/g and P. promelas and C. tentans (LC50 = >5600 µg F/g).
Referenceopen allclose all
Toxicity of sediment-associated fluoride
No significant difference was observed in survival or growth of juvenile P. promelas exposed for 21 d to nominal concentrations of 1100, 500, and 110 mg F/g dry weight in sediment relative to the Long Point, Lake Erie, control sediment.
Toxicity of sediment-associated fluoride to juvenile Pimephales promelas (250–400 mg wet wt) in 21-d growth and survival tests at 20 °C
Nominal concentration in sediment (µg F/g dry wt) | Endpoint and response | |
Survival | Weight change | |
1,100 | 100 % | + 0.5 % (+ 1.63 mg) |
500 | 98 % | + 0.7 % (+ 1.85 mg) |
110 | 100 % | - 1.3 % (- 4.15 mg) |
5* | 95 % | + 1.4 % (+ 3.75 mg) |
*Measured concentration was 4.62 µg F/g dry weight.
Only two of the 40 control minnows and one minnow in the 500 µg F/g exposure died during the test.
No significant difference was observed in survival or growth of juvenile P. promelas exposed for 21 d to nominal concentrations ranging from 700 to 5600 µg F/g relative to the control sediment.
Only one of the 30 control minnows and three minnows in the 700 µg F/g exposure died during the tests.
The concentration of fluoride in laboratory dilution water was 0.16 mg F/L, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.10.
Concentrations measured in overlying water from the spiked sediment tests with P. promelas in 1993 and H. limbata in 1994 increased over the duration of the tests.
Concentrations of fluoride (as NaF) in overlying water during 21-d growth and survival tests on spiked sediment with Pimephales promelas and Hexagenia limbata
Nominal concentration in sediment (µg F-/g dry wt or ppm) |
Concentration measured in overlying water (mg/L or ppm) |
Conversion factor (water to sediment)* |
||
Day 0 |
Day 12 |
Day 21 |
||
Control (4.62;H. limbata) |
0.169** |
0.247 |
< 0.03 |
19X |
110 (P. promelas) |
0.55 |
— |
3.18 |
35X |
700 (H. limbata) |
3.10 |
11.3 |
10.4 |
67X |
1100 (P. promelas) |
1.87 |
— |
10.1 |
109X |
1400 (H. limbata) |
3.26 |
13.7 |
14.0 |
100X |
2800 (H. limbata) |
7.89 |
24.9 |
26.8 |
104X |
5600 (H. limbata) |
17.7 |
56.8 |
60.9 |
92X |
*Concentration in water on day 21 used for all exposures except the control, where data from day 12 were used.
**Concentration in laboratory dilution water = 0.16 mg/L (standard deviation = 0.1).
In all tests at nominal exposures of 1100 µg F/g or greater, the concentration of fluoride in overlying water on day 21 was almost exactly one one-hundredth of the original concentration spiked into the sediment.
Toxicity of sediment-associated fluoride
No significant difference was observed in survival or growth of juvenile P. promelas exposed for 21 d to nominal concentrations of 1100, 500, and 110 mg F/g dry weight in sediment relative to the Long Point, Lake Erie, control sediment.
Toxicity of sediment-associated fluoride to juvenile Pimephales promelas (250–400 mg wet wt) in 21-d growth and survival tests at 20 °C
Nominal concentration in sediment (µg F/g dry wt) | Endpoint and response | |
Survival | Weight change | |
1,100 | 100 % | + 0.5 % (+ 1.63 mg) |
500 | 98 % | + 0.7 % (+ 1.85 mg) |
110 | 100 % | - 1.3 % (- 4.15 mg) |
5* | 95 % | + 1.4 % (+ 3.75 mg) |
*Measured concentration was 4.62 µg F/g dry weight.
Only two of the 40 control minnows and one minnow in the 500 µg F/g exposure died during the test.
No significant difference was observed in survival or growth of juvenile P. promelas exposed for 21 d to nominal concentrations ranging from 700 to 5600 µg F/g relative to the control sediment.
Only one of the 30 control minnows and three minnows in the 700 µg F/g exposure died during the tests.
The concentration of fluoride in laboratory dilution water was 0.16 mg F/L, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.10.
Concentrations measured in overlying water from the spiked sediment tests with P. promelas in 1993 and H. limbata in 1994 increased over the duration of the tests.
Concentrations of fluoride (as NaF) in overlying water during 21-d growth and survival tests on spiked sediment with Pimephales promelas and Hexagenia limbata
Nominal concentration in sediment (µg F-/g dry wt or ppm) |
Concentration measured in overlying water (mg/L or ppm) |
Conversion factor (water to sediment)* |
||
Day 0 |
Day 12 |
Day 21 |
||
Control (4.62;H. limbata) |
0.169** |
0.247 |
< 0.03 |
19X |
110 (P. promelas) |
0.55 |
— |
3.18 |
35X |
700 (H. limbata) |
3.10 |
11.3 |
10.4 |
67X |
1100 (P. promelas) |
1.87 |
— |
10.1 |
109X |
1400 (H. limbata) |
3.26 |
13.7 |
14.0 |
100X |
2800 (H. limbata) |
7.89 |
24.9 |
26.8 |
104X |
5600 (H. limbata) |
17.7 |
56.8 |
60.9 |
92X |
*Concentration in water on day 21 used for all exposures except the control, where data from day 12 were used.
**Concentration in laboratory dilution water = 0.16 mg/L (standard deviation = 0.1).
In all tests at nominal exposures of 1100 µg F/g or greater, the concentration of fluoride in overlying water on day 21 was almost exactly one one-hundredth of the original concentration spiked into the sediment.
Description of key information
Since dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate rapidly dissociates into fluoride, hydrogen and titanium ions upon dissolution in the environment, and only fluoride but not hydrogen and titanium ions will remain as such in solution, it can be assumed that toxicity (if any) will be driven by the fluoride anion. Therefore, the lowest EC25 of 290.2 mg F/kg derived for the 28-d growth of Hyalella azteca is read-across to dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate resulting in an EC25 of 417.3 mg/kg dw and is taken forward to the chemical safety assessment.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Since dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate rapidly dissociates into fluoride, hydrogen and titanium ions upon dissolution in the environment, and only fluoride but not hydrogen and titanium ions will remain as such in solution, it can be assumed that toxicity (if any) will be driven by the fluoride anion. Therefore, full read-across of sediment toxicity data of fluoride based upon a molecular weight conversion is justified. Due to the electronegativity of the fluoride ion, little partition to the sediment can be assumed. It follows that sediment is unlikely to become contaminated and, in turn, this means that the contamination of sediment systems is unlikely. Regarding the toxicity of fluoride in respective long-term (10 – 28 d) growth and survival tests in sediment spiked with sodium fluoride, Hyalella azteca was the most sensitive species for growth (EC25 = 290.2 mg F/kg), followed by Chironomus tentans (EC25 = 661.4 mg F/kg), Hexagenia limbata (EC25 = 1221.3 mg F/kg), and Pimephales promelas (EC25 = >5600 mg F/kg). Hyalella azteca was also the most sensitive species for survival (LC50 = 1114.6 mg F/kg), followed by Hexagenia limbata (LC50 = 1652.2 mg F/kg) and Pimephales promelas and Chironomus tentans (LC50 > 5600 mg F/kg for both). Thus, long-term toxicity data are available for 4 species, including a mayfly, a midge, and an amphipod. The lowest EC25 of 290.2 mg F/kg derived for the 28-d growth of Hyalella azteca is read-across to dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate resulting in an EC25 of 417.3 mg/kg and taken forward to the chemical safety assessment.
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