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EC number: 912-664-7 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to terrestrial arthropods
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to non-target arthropods on natural substrate (NTA other than pollinators)
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2008
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: guideline study
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- other: study report with recalculated toxicity data from authors
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 008
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 11267 (Inhibition of Reproduction of Collembola by Soil Pollutants)
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Application method:
- soil
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cobalt dichloride
- EC Number:
- 231-589-4
- EC Name:
- Cobalt dichloride
- Cas Number:
- 7646-79-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cl2Co
- IUPAC Name:
- cobalt(2+) dichloride
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): CoCl2.6H2O
- source: VVWR, Belgium
- Other: No other parameters reported
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
not applicable
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- To confirm the nominal cobalt concentrations in the soil, soils were digested in hot acid (HCI:HN03, 1:5 v/v, microwave heating)
Test substrate
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- All the soils were thoroughly mixed with concentrations of CoCL2.6H2O and moisture content was between 50 and 60% of water holding capacity (WHC). After spiking, samples were allowed to equilibrate for one week under the same conditions as those used for the toxicity tests.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Folsomia candida
- Animal group:
- Collembola (soil-dwelling springtail)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: springtail
- Source: University of Ghent Aquatic Lab
- Age at test initiation (mean and range, SD): 10-12 day old
ACCLIMATION
Cultures of F. candida were kept on a moist substrate of plaster of Paris and
pulverised chemical activated charcoal in a ratio of 8: 1 (w/w). Organisms were transferred to new
breeding containers every 3 days which allowed breeding containers with eggs to be kept
separately. From these containers, 10-12 day old organisms were collected and used in the toxicity
tests.
Study design
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 28 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- not reported
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- 20 ± 1°C
- pH (if soil or dung study):
- 4.3-7.5
- Humidity:
- 50-60% of water holding capacity
- Photoperiod and lighting:
- light-dark cycle of 16 - 8 hours (400 - 600 lux).
- Details on test conditions:
- At the beginning of 28-day chronic tests, 10
synchronised collembola of 10 - 12 days old, were transferred into glass vessel containing 30g soils
(wet weight). Tests were carried out at a soil moisture content of 50 - 60% of the water holding
capacity (WHC). Granulated dry yeast was added weekly on the soil surface as food. The tests were
performed at 20 ± 1°C and at a light-dark cycle of 16 - 8 hours (400 - 600 lux). At the end of the
tests, adults and juveniles were counted after extracting them by flotation.
TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): glass vessel
- Amount of soil or substrate: 30 g ww
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
The soils tested were 10 natural soils exhibiting large variance in soil characteristics. see table 1 below.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16/8 light/dark
- Light intensity: 400-800 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : reproduction
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: no
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
The concentrations of cobalt (added as CoCh.6H20 , VWR, Belgium) were chosen in logarithmic series. The ranges of concentrations were selected based on (1) results of cobalt toxicity in two artificial soils OECD and LUF A.2 to E. albidus (Lock et aI. , 2006) and of the range finding tests 6 with three soils (Kasterlee, bcuven and Brecy) using E. fetida; ana \2) the linear relationship between metal toxicity (expressed as ECso) and the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the soils observed in previous studies (Lock et ai., 2003 ; Van Eeckhout et ai., 2005). - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- not reported
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 155.5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Kasterlee soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 87.5-278
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 666.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Leuven soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 467-949
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 673 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Brecy soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 357-1245
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 448 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Canada soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 253-791
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 14.3 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added co in Athens soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 2.5-58.2
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 108.5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Jyndevad
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 79-148
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 241.1 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Aluminusa soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 136-419
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 754 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Woburn soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 478-1185
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 747 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Sidney soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 511-1092
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 741 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: added Co in Souli II soil
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 306-1773
- Details on results:
- not reported
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- not applicable
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- From the obtained concentration-response relationships, the ECsos and EClOs (with
95% confidence limits) were calculated using the log-logistic response model (Haanstra et ai. ,
1995).
k
y = l+(~JS
X50
Where
y = response of measured endpoint (e.g.
number of juveniles or cocoons)
k = response of measured endpoint at x = 0
s = slope parameter
x = concentration (on a linear scale)
Xso = ECso (median effective concentration)
9
The above mentioned model is re-parameterized to estimate both ECso and ECIO together in one run
of the program:
k
Where
y = response of measured endpoint (e.g.
number of juveniles or cocoons)
k = response of measured endpoint at x = 0
x = concentration (on a linear scale)
Xso = ECso (median effective concentration)
x)O = ECso (10% effective concentration)
Model fitting and the calculations of the 95% confidence limits was carried out using LevenbergMarquardt
(Levenberg, 1944; Marquardt, 1963), which is included in the Statistica 6.0 Software
(Statsoft, Tulsa, OK). Comparison among ECso values based on the 95% confidence limits was
performed following procedure described in Sprague and Fogels (1977).
Reproduction of F candida, E. fetida and E. albidus after 28 or 42 days of exposure were
statistically compared with those in the control soils using analysis of variance (ANOV A) followed
by the Dunnett-test. When the assumption of normality or homogeneity of variance was not met, a
non parametric analysis (Mann Whitney U-tests) was applied. Results of these analyses are
expressed as p-values, with p < 0.05 were considered significant. These analyses were used to
derive the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Lowest Observed Effect Concentration
(LOEC) values for the different soils. The relationship between the toxicity data (NOEC, EClOs and
ECsos) and the soil parameters were investigated using linear regression analysis (Statistica 6.0).
Any other information on results incl. tables
According to REACH guidance Chapter R.10 (Table R.10 -1) EC10 values are used preferentially for PNEC derivation, therefore NOEC values are only presented as supporting information.
Duration | Endpoint | Effect conc. | Nominal/measured | Conc.based on | Basis for effect |
28 d | NOEC | 157 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Kasterlee soil | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 607 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Leuven soil | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 841 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Brecy soil | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 368 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Canada soil | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 52 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Athens soil | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 86 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Jyndevad | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 320 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Aluminusa soil | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 630 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Woburn soil | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 699 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Sidney soil | reproduction |
28 d | NOEC | 787 mg/kg soil dw | meas. (not specified) | other: total Co measured in Souli II | reproduction |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In total, 10 ECI0 values were selected for PNEC derivation: from 14.3 mg added Co/kg (Athens soil) to 753.7 mg added Co/kg (Woburn soil).
- Executive summary:
not applicable
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