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EC number: 232-142-6 | CAS number: 7789-06-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro transformation study in mammalian cells
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: genome mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable, well-documented publication which meets basic scientific principles
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Cytotoxic and neoplastic transforming effects of industrial hexavalent chromium pigments in Syrian hamster embryo cells.
- Author:
- Elias Z, Poirot O, Pezerat H, Suquet H, Schneider O, Daniere MC, Terzetti F, Baruthio F, Fournier M, Cavelier C
- Year:
- 1 989
- Bibliographic source:
- Carcinogenesis 10 (11) 2043-52
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.21 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Transformation Test)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Twenty eight moderately water-soluble to insoluble chromium (VI) compounds, such as zinc and lead chromate, industrial and laboratory synthesized pigments, and the analytical reagents strontium, barium and calcium chromate, were physicochemically characterized and studied for cytotoxicity and morphological transformation in cultured Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. In vivo validation of malignancy of transformed SHE cells was performed.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian cell transformation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Strontium chromate
- EC Number:
- 232-142-6
- EC Name:
- Strontium chromate
- Cas Number:
- 7789-06-2
- Molecular formula:
- CrH2O4.Sr
- IUPAC Name:
- strontium chromate
- Reference substance name:
- Calcium chromate
- EC Number:
- 237-366-8
- EC Name:
- Calcium chromate
- Cas Number:
- 13765-19-0
- IUPAC Name:
- calcium dioxido(dioxo)chromium
- Reference substance name:
- Zinc chromate
- EC Number:
- 236-878-9
- EC Name:
- Zinc chromate
- IUPAC Name:
- zinc chromate
- Reference substance name:
- Lead chromate
- EC Number:
- 231-846-0
- EC Name:
- Lead chromate
- IUPAC Name:
- lead chromate
- Reference substance name:
- Barium chromate
- EC Number:
- 233-660-5
- EC Name:
- Barium chromate
- Cas Number:
- 10294-40-3
- Molecular formula:
- Ba.CrH2O4
- IUPAC Name:
- barium(2+); chromate
- Details on test material:
- The chemical composition of strontium chromate was 25.6% Cr and 41,9% Sr.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Constituent 3
Constituent 4
Constituent 5
Method
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mammalian cell line, other: Syrian hamster embryo cells
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 0.065, 0.14, 0.27 microgram/ml (estimated on the basis of figures in study report)
- Vehicle / solvent:
- Dulbecco's MEM, pH7.2.
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- no
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- no
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium
DURATION
- Preincubation period: 24 h
- Exposure duration: 7 days
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): -
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): -
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): 7 days
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: Inhibition of cell growth. - Evaluation criteria:
- The criteria decribed by DiPaolo (Journal Natl Cancer Inst, 42, 867-876, 1969) and Pienta et al. (Short term tests for Chemical carcinogens, ed. H.F. Stick and R.H.C. San, Springer-Verlag, NY, p. 323-337, 1981) was used to define the colony as morphologically transformed.
- Statistics:
- The linear correlation coefficient between the transformation frequency and Cr concentration was calculated and its statistical significance was testedat a confidence interval of 95%.
Results and discussion
Test results
- Species / strain:
- mammalian cell line, other: Syrian hamster embryo cells
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not examined
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- not examined
- Additional information on results:
- A dose-response relationship was observed for the induction of morphological transformation.
- Remarks on result:
- other: all strains/cell types tested
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
positive
Strontium chromate is cytotoxic and transforming. - Executive summary:
Twenty eight moderately water-soluble to insoluble chromium (VI) compounds, such as zinc and lead chromate, industrial and laboratory synthesized pigments, and the analytical reagents strontium, barium and calcium chromate, were physicochemically characterized and studied for cytotoxicity and morphological transformation in cultured Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. In vivo validation of malignancy of transformed SHE cells was performed. A high physicochemical diversity among the complex chromium pigments was revealed. The solubility of the compounds was greatly increased after incubation in a complete medium and even higher under cell culture conditions. The cytotoxic effects appeared to be due principally to extracellular solubilized chromium because the most solubilized compounds. Zn, Ca and Sr chromates, were equitoxic at about the same Cr concentration treatment and 8-fold more cytotoxic than less soluble compounds such as some Pb chromates and Ba chromate. However, certain physicochemical properties of lead chromate pigments could also influence their cytotoxic activity. All test compounds were, in a dose-dependent manner, efficient in inducing morphological transformation of SHE cells. Many of the Cr pigments, although physicochemically different, were similarly effective in transformation induction. Nevertheless, compounds among Zn and Pb chromates had various transforming potencies. Ba chromate was the least active in inducing transformation. Certain physicochemical properties could mediate the transforming activity but no particular relationship could be established between any one of the physicochemical parameters and the transforming potency. Cloned morphologically-transformed colonies of SHE cells were grown in soft agar medium and showed true neoplastic behaviour by tumour formation in syngeneic animals. These results show that various chromate pigments containing either Zn or Pb, of medium to very low aqueous solubility, induced neoplastic transformation of SHE cells.
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