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EC number: 293-208-8 | CAS number: 91052-47-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates ā in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: other routes
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity: other route
- Remarks:
- other: review article on parenteral nutrition
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Only secondary data
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition
- Author:
- Adolph, M.
- Year:
- 1 999
- Bibliographic source:
- Ann Nutr Metab 43:1ā13
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The article provides a brief overview of the evolution of different types of lipid emulsions, which are already in widespread clinical use for parenteral nutrition or are in a final stage of development.
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- medium and long chain triglycerides
- IUPAC Name:
- medium and long chain triglycerides
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Lipid emulsions containing a physical mixture of medium and long chain triglycerides
(MCT/LCT)
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- other: human
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- intravenous
Results and discussion
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Long Chain Triglycerides in Parenteral Nutrition
Over the last 3 decades lipid emulsions based on long-chain triglycerides (LCT) derived from soybean or safflower oil have been used in parenteral nutrition. For many years, lipid supply was considered as a means of preventing or correcting essential fatty acid deficiency and of providing an efficient fuel to many tissues of the body. In the 1970s, the first reports of an interference with the immune system were published [2, 3] and were confirmed by further observations in the 1980s [4] and 1990s [5]. Obviously these effects are related to the dose and infusion rate of lipid emulsions. The mechanisms are not totally clear, but an excessive intake of linoleic acid seems to be one of the major reasons [6]. Therefore, efforts at further developing and optimizing lipid emulsions have focused on replacing part of the LCT by medium- chain triglycerides (MCT) synthesized from coconut oil.
Medium Chain Triglycerides in Parenteral Nutrition
Since 1984, a MCT/LCT-containing lipid emulsion has been available on the European market and later on worldwide. Numerous research teams have studied the parenteral application of this physical MCT/LCT mixture in a clinical environment and during long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN). MCT have several advantages in comparison to LCT. Because of their physical and chemical properties, MCT have a better solubility and are more readily hydrolyzed by lipases. They are more quickly eliminated from the circulation and taken up by peripheral tissues. They are not stored as body fat but oxidized more rapidly than LCT. MCT are ketogenic and consequently both medium- chain fatty acids (MCFA) and ketone bodies are carnitine-independent substrates. For these and other reasons the comparison of LCT and MCT with respect to several effects is of interest.
MCT/LCT versus LCT: Conclusion
Directly compared with pure LCT emulsions, MCT/LCT emulsions are a more efficient fuel, put less strain on the liver, and have significantly less impact on the immune system and RES function. MCT/LCT emulsions appear to be of particular benefit to patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis because, containing only half the amount of LCT, they supply a significantly smaller amount of nā6 fatty acids and hence of the precursors of potentially immunosuppressive prostaglandins.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The parenteral route = central intravenous route of application of medium and long chain triglycerides is a well-proven concept in the parenteral nutrition of critically ill patients.
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