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EC number: 234-364-9 | CAS number: 11120-25-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2003-07-16 to 2004-01-06
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- The reliability of this study for the substance tested is a K1, but in application of read-across to a different substance ECHA’s guidance specifies that the score can be a maximum of K2. Due to similar water solubility and lower toxicity for the target substance (ammonium wolframate) compared to the source substance (sodium tungstate), the resulting read across from the source substance to the target substance is appropriate as a conservative estimate of potential toxicity for this endpoint. In addition, read across is appropriate because the classification and labeling is the more protective for the source substance than the target substance, the PBT/vPvB profile is the same, and the dose descriptors are, or are expected to be, conservative for the target substance. For more details refer to the attached description of the read across approach on Annex 3 in the CSR.
- Justification for type of information:
- 1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH: The hypothesis is that properties are likely to be similar or follow a similar pattern because of the presence of a common metal ion, in this case tungstate.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES):
Source: Sodium tungstate
Target: Ammonium paratungstate
3. CATEGORY APPROACH JUSTIFICATION: See Annex 3 in CSR
4. DATA MATRIX: See Annex 3 in CSR
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 004
- Report date:
- 2004
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Genotoxicity Evaluation of Sodium Tungstate Dihydrate and Tungsten Powder.
- Author:
- Reddy G, McCain WC, Leach GJ.
- Year:
- 2 007
- Bibliographic source:
- The Toxicologist, Vol.96, No. 1, March 2007
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Disodium wolframate
- EC Number:
- 236-743-4
- EC Name:
- Disodium wolframate
- Cas Number:
- 13472-45-2
- Molecular formula:
- Na2O4W
- IUPAC Name:
- Disodium dioxido(dioxo)tungsten
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium Tungstate
- IUPAC Name:
- Sodium Tungstate
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Sodium Tungstate Dihydrate (CAS 13472-45-2)
- Substance type: Active
- Physical state: White, crystalline powder
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- other: Crl:CD-1 (ICR)BR
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Portage MI
- Age at study initiation: 9 weeks at time of dosing
- Weight at study initiation: 30.3 to 37.9 grams at the time of dosing
- Assigned to test groups randomly: yes, by a computer program
- Housing: The animals were housed in sanitary polycarbonate cages containing Sani-Chips Hardwood Chip Laboratory bedding. The animals were housed, separated by gender, up to five animals per cage during acclimation, and by full dose group/harvest timepoint after randomization.
- Diet (eg ad libitum): PMI Feeds Inc. Certified Rodent Diet #5002 ad libitum
- Water (eg ad libitum): tap water ad libitum
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 17.7-26.1 °C (64-79 °F)
- Humidity (%): 30-70
- Air changes (per hr): at least 10 per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours light/12 hours dark
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 2003-08-25 and 2003-08-26
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: corn oil
- Concentration of test material in vehicle: 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml for initial test and 75 mg/ml for repeat test
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage or dermal): 10 ml/kg
- Lot/batch no. (if required): 12-406 - Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Prior to dosing, each concentration of the test substance was prepared by adding the appropriate volume of the vehicle to a pre-weighed quantitiy of the test substance and mixing, forming homogeneous suspensions. The formulations were held at room temperature prior to dosing and stirred during the dosing procedure.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Animals received a single oral gavage dose of the test substance.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Animals received a single oral gavage dose of the test substance.
- Post exposure period:
- 24 hours (all dose groups) and 48 hours (vehicle control, positive control, 750 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg groups only)
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg
Basis:
actual ingested
initial assay
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
750 mg/kg
Basis:
actual ingested
repeat assay
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 6 male animals/dose/time point (only 5 animals/dose/time point were used for the actual analysis)
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control(s):
- Cyclophosphamide
- Route of administration: oral gavage
- Doses / concentrations: 80 mg/kg
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- erythrocytes (bone marrow)
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- CRITERIA FOR DOSE SELECTION: The high dose in the micronucleus assay was the maximum tolerated dose determined by the range-finding study. This dose should have produced some indication of toxicity, eg toxic signs, death, or depression of the ratio of PCEs to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs).
TREATMENT AND SAMPLING TIMES (in addition to information in specific fields): 24 and 48 hours (vehicle and high dose group only
DETAILS OF SLIDE PREPARATION: At the appropriate harvest timepoint, the animals were euthanized by CO2 inhalation followed by incision of the diaphragm. The hind limb bones (tibias) were removed from marrow extraction from five surviving animals in each treatment and control group. For each animal, the marrow flushed from the bones was combined in an individual centrifuge tube containing 3 to 5 ml fetal bovine serum.
Following centrifugation to pellet the tissue, the supernatant was removed by aspiration and portions of the pellet were spread on slides and air-dried. The slides were fixed in methanol, stained in May-Grunswald solution followed by Giemsa, and protected by permanently mounted coverslips.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS: The slides were scored for micronuclei and the PCE to NCE cell ratio. The micronucleus frequency (expressed as percent micronucleated cells) was determined by analyzing the number of micronucleated PCEs from at least 2000 PCEs per animal. The PCE:NCE ratio was determined by scoring the number of PCEs and NCEs observed while scoring at least the first 500 erythrocytes per animal.
Micronuclei were darkly stained and generally round, although almond and ring shaped micronuclei occasionally occurred. Micronuclei were sharp bordered and generally between one-twentieth and one-fifth the size of the PCEs. The unit of scoring was the micronucleated cell, not the micronucleus; thus, the occasional cells with more than one micronucleus was counted as one micronucleated PCE, not two (or more) micronuclei.
The staining procedure permitted the differentiation by color of PCEs and NCEs (bluish-gray and red, respectively).
The historical background frequency of micronucleated cells was expressed as the percentage of micronucleated cells based on the number of PCEs analyzed.
- Evaluation criteria:
- The criteria for a positive response were the detection of a statistically significant increase in micronucleated PCEs for at least one dose level, and a statistically significant dose-related response. If both of these were not present, than the result was negative. Statistical significance was not the only determinate of a positive response; the Study Director also considered the biological relevance of the results in the final evaluation.
- Statistics:
- Assay data analysis was performed using an analysis of variance on untransformed proportions of cells with micronuclei per animal and on untransformed PCE:NCE ratios when the variances were homogenous. Ranked proportions were used for heterogeneous variances. If the analysis of variance was statistically significant (p<=0.05), a Dunnett's t-test was used to determine which dose groups, if any, were statistically significantly different from the vehicle control. Analyses were performed separately for each sampling time.
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- RESULTS OF RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Dose range: 500-2000 mg/kg
- Clinical signs of toxicity in test animals: Clinical signs included slightly hypoactive, soft feces, rough haircoat, recumbent, cold to touch, opaque eyes, and hypoactive.
- Harvest times: Animals were analyzed at 1 hour, 4 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, and 2 days after dosing.
- High dose with and without activation: 2000 mg/kg
- Other: 3 males and 3 females per group were used in this study, but since no relevant differences in toxicity between the sexes were observed, only males were used in the micronucleus assay. Two males and 1 female died in the 1500 mg/kg group, and 3 males and 2 females in the 2000 mg/kg died. Based on these results, the maximum tolerated dose was estimated to be 1000 mg/kg.
RESULTS OF DEFINITIVE STUDY
- Induction of micronuclei (for Micronucleus assay): The test substance did not induce any statistically significant increases in micronucleated PCEs at any dose level examined (250, 500, and 750 mg/kg). The vehicle control group had less than approximately 0.4% micronucleated PCEs and the group mean was within the historical control range. The positive control induced a statistically significant increase in micronucleated PCEs as compared to that of the vehicle control, with means and standard errors of 3.95 +/- 0.33 % and 2.37 +/- 0.32 %, for the initial and repeat micronucleus assays, respectively.
- Ratio of PCE/NCE (for Micronucleus assay): The test substance was not cytotoxic to the bone marrow (i.e., no statistically significant decrease in the PCE:NCE ratio) at any dose level of the test substance.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Toxic Signs: Toxic signs were observed at the 1000 mg/kg dose level including soft feces, hypoactivity, rough haircoat and death at both the 24 and 48 hour timepoints (5 out of 12 died). Based on the high mortality rate, the rest of the animals in this group were euthanized and the bone marrow was not analysed. One animal at the 500 mg/kg dose developed soft feces, and animals at the 750 mg/kg dose level developed soft feces, hypoactivity, rough haircoats, irregular respiration, and/or recumbency. In addition, one animal died in the 750 mg/kg group.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The test substance was reported as negative in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, under the conditions of this study.
- Executive summary:
No genetic toxicity data of sufficient quality are available specifically on ammonium paratungstate (target substance). However, genetic toxicity data are available on sodium tungstate (source substance), which are used for read-across.
Due to similar water solubility and lower toxicity for the target substance compared to the source substance, the resulting read-across from the source substance to the target substance is appropriate as a conservative estimate of potential toxicity for this endpoint. In addition, read-across is appropriate because the classification and labelling is more protective for the source substance than the target substance, the PBT/vPvB profile is the same, and the dose descriptors are, or are expected to be, lower for the source substance. For more details, refer to the read-across category approach description in the Category section of this IUCLID submission or Annex 3 of the CSR.
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