Sodium acetate

Acute Toxicity: dermal

Administrative data

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: dermal

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: The analogue Fumaric Acid which shares the same functional group with Sodium Acetate, also has comparable values for the relevant molecular properties for the acute dermal toxicity endpoint.

Cross-reference

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

other: read-across

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2010

Materials and methods

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Read-across approach from published experimental data (study with a test method similar to OECD 402) on the analogue Fumaric Acid.

GLP compliance:

no

Test type:

other: read-across from a standard acute method with an analogue

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Fumaric acid

EC Number:

203-743-0

EC Name:

Fumaric acid

Cas Number:

110-17-8

IUPAC Name:

but-2-enedioic acid

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Fumaric Acid
- Molecular formula (if other than submission substance): C4H4O4
- Molecular weight (if other than submission substance): 116.07
- Smiles notation (if other than submission substance): O=C(O)/C=C/C(=O)O
- InChl (if other than submission substance): InChI=1/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
- Structural formula attached as image file (if other than submission substance): see Fig. in attached report

Results and discussion

Effect levels

Sex:

not specified

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Effect level:

> 28 269.15 mg/kg bw

Based on:

test mat.

Other findings:

Based on the experimental results obtained with the analogue Fumaric Acid (LD 50 for New Zealand rabbits > 20000 mg/kg bw) and the molecular weights, the read-across approach is applied and the LD 50 for substance Sodium Acetate is calculated to be greater than 28269.15 mg/kg bw under test conditions.
The analogue Fumaric Acid, which shares the same functional group with Sodium Acetate, also has comparable values for the relevant molecular properties. These properties are:
- a low log Pow value which is 0.25 for Fumaric Acid and -3.72 for Sodium Acetate,
- water solubility which is 0.0063 g/mL at 25 ºC for Fumaric Acid and 1.25 g/mL for Sodium Acetate at 25 ºC, and
- molecular weights which are 116.07 for Fumaric Acid and 82.03 for Sodium Acetate.

Any other information on results incl. tables

The analogue Fumaric Acid which shares the same functional group with Sodium Acetate, also has comparable values for the relevant molecular properties. These properties are:

- a low log Pow value which is 0.25 for Fumaric Acid and -3.72 for Sodium Acetate,

- similar molecular weights which are 116.07 for Fumaric Acid and 82.03 for Sodium Acetate.

 

Both chemicals are grouped together by US EPA category groupCarboxylic Food Acids and Salts Category.

 

As indicated in the European Chemical Agency Practical Guide 6 “How to report read –across and categories”, the structural grouping was realized using “OECD QSAR APPLICATION TOOL BOX” version 1.1.0. Presented results show that both substances have common (eco)toxicological behavior (attachment).

Table 1: Data Matrix, Analogue Approach

 

CAS Number		Source chemical 110-17-8	Target chemical 127-09-3
CHEMICAL NAME		Fumaric acid	Sodium acetate
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA
Melting Point		Experimental results: 290°C (sublimes)	Measured data: 324 ºC
Boiling Point		Experimental results: 290 °C (sublimes)	Estimated data: Decomposes above 400°C
Density		Experimental results: 1.64 at 20 ºC	Experimental results: 1.53
Vapour Pressure		Measured data: 1.5×10-4 mm Hg at 25°C	Estimated data: 0.00000000537 mm Hg at 25 ºC
Partition Coefficient (log Kow)		Estimated data: 0.25	Estimated data: -3.72
Water solubility		Measured data: 0.0063 g/mL at 25 ºC	Experimental results: 1.25 g/mL at 25 ºC
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY
Aerobic Biodegradation		Experimental results: Readily biodegradable	Experimental results: Readily biodegradable
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
Acute Toxicity to Fish		No data	Key study: Experimental data: (96 h) LC 50 > 100 mg/L(Brachydanio rerio)   Supporting study: Read-across from Potassium acetate (category analogue) based on molecular weights:   (96 h) LC 50 > 414.87 mg/L (Brachydanio rerio)
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates		Experimental data: 48-h EC50 = 212 mg/L (Daphnia magna)	Experimental data: (24-48 h) EC 50 > 1000 mg/L(Daphnia magna)
Toxicity to Aquatic Plants		Experimental data:   72-h EC50 (growth) = 41 mg/L(Scenedesmus subcapitata)	Key studies: Read-across from Potassium acetate (category analogue) based on molecular weights:   (72 h) EC 50 > 417.92 mg/L (Skeletonema costatum) (72 h) NOEC = 417.92 mg/L (Skeletonema costatum)   Supporting studies: Read-across from the analogue Acetic Acid, based on molecular weights:   (8 d) Toxicity threshold (TT) = 5468.67 mg/L (Scenedesmus quadricauda)
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Acute Toxicity: Oral		Experimental data: LD 50 = 9300 - 10700 mg/kg bw (rats)	Read-across from Potassium acetate (categoryanalogue) based on molecular weights: LD 50 = 2.72 (2.07-3.56) g/kg bw Read-across from Calcium acetate (categoryanalogue) based on molecular weights: LD 50 = 2800 mg/kg bw
Acute Toxicity: Inhalation		No data	Read-across from Calcium acetate (category analogue) based on molecular weights: Key study: LC 50 (4 h) > 5.81 mg/L
Acute Toxicity: Dermal		Key study: LD50 (4 h) > 20000 mg/kg bw (female New Zealand White rabbits)	Key study:   Read-across from source chemical Fumaric Acid to target chemical, based on molecular weights: LD50 (4 h) > 28269.15 mg/kg bw (female New Zealand White rabbits)
Skin sensitisation		No data	Weight of evidence:   Read-across from the analogue substances Citric acid, Glycolic acid, Sodium Glycolate, Lactic acid, Ammonium lactate, and Triacetin, based on functional group:   All this substances were not sensitising for human and guinea pigs. Based on these results, Sodium acetate is also considered to be not sensitising.
Repeated Dose Toxicity		Repeated dose toxicity: oral: Experimental data: Repeated dose toxicity: oral: 2-year study in male and female rats which were treated by diet. The LOAEL = 750 mg/kg bw/day (based on slight increases in mortality and increased incidence of testes degeneration at the highest dose tested). The NOAEL = 600 mg/kg bw/day.	Repeated dose toxicity: oral: Weight of evidence: Experimental results:   Repeated dose toxicity: oral: 112-day study in male Wistar rats. The NOAEL was determined as 0.01 mg/kg bw/day.   Repeated dose toxicity: oral: 3-month study in male Long-Evans rats. The NOAEL was determined as 21 mg/kg bw/day.   Repeated dose toxicity: oral: 4-week study in male Wistar rats. The NOAEL was determined as 3600 mg/kg bw/day.   Repeated dose toxicity: oral: 8-month study in male Long-Evans rats. The NOAEL was determined as 0.05 mg/kg bw/day.     Read-across from the analogue Citric acid, sodium salt, based on molecular weights:   TheNOAEL >= 57.44 mg/kg bw/day, in rats daily treated by feed for ca. 1 year.
Genetic Toxicity in vitro	-         Gene mutation in bacteria	In a bacterial reverse mutation assay usingS. typhimurium(TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA97 and TA1537) in the absence of metabolic activation and concentrations up to 1000μg/plate, fumaric acid was not mutagenic.	Weight of evidence:   Experimental results: Reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium strains TA92, TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA94 and TA98 with metabolic activation. Resultslead to the conclusion that Sodium Acetate did not cause point mutations in the microbial systems.   Read-across from the analogue substance Acetic Acid, based on functional group: Sodium Acetate is considered to be not mutagenic on S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 97, and/or TA 1537, with and without metabolic activation.
	-         Mammalian gene mutation	No data	Weight of evidence: Read-across from the analogue Acetic anhydride, based on functional group: Sodium acetate is considered to be not mutagenic on mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, with and without metabolic activation.                    Read-across from the analogue Phenoxyacetic acid, based on functional group: Sodium acetate is considered to be not mutagenic on Chinese hamster ovary cells, with and without metabolic activation.   Estimated data from Danish (Q)SAR Database: Sodium acetate was not mutagenic in mammalian cell gene mutation assays on mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells nor on Chinese hamster ovary cells.
	Chromosomal aberration	Fumaric acid was assayed in anin vitroassay using Chinese hamster fibroblast cells in the absence of metabolic activation at doses up to 1 mg/mL; however, insufficient information was provided in the robust summary to adequately evaluate this study.	Weight of evidence: Experimental result: In an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay with a Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line, CHL, without metabolic activation systems, Sodium acetate did not induce chromosomal aberrations(including gaps). Read-across from the analogue Acetic Acid, based on functional group: Sodium Acetate is considered as not clastogenic on Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, without metabolic activation.
Genetic Toxicity in vivo		No data	Key study: Experimental results: The Testicular DNA-synthesis inhibition test (DSI test) on male mice provides evidence that Sodium acetate is not genotoxic in animals (basis of the method: measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation). Acetic acid, sodium salt did not inhibit DNA replication in this assay.
Carcinogenicity		No data	Data waiving (the substance is not classified as mutagen)
Reproductive Toxicity		No data	TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION: Weight of evidence: Read-across from the analogue Citric Acid, based on molecular weights: A study on rats and mice daily treated by feed before, during, and after mating. For Sodium Acetate, the NOAEL is calculated to be equal or greater than 3201.46 mg/kg bw/day (basis for effect: number of pregnancies, number of young born, or survival of young).  A fertility test on female rats daily treated by feed for several months. For Sodium Acetate, the NOAEL is calculated to be 768.35 mg/kg bw/day, and LOAEL greater than 768.35 mg/kg bw/day for reproductive effects. Read-across from the analogue Citric Acid, sodium salt, based on molecular weights: A fertility study on female rats daily treated by feed for several months. For Sodium Acetate, the NOAEL is calculated to be 57.44 mg/kg bw/day, and LOAEL greater than 57.44 mg/kg bw/day for reproductive effects. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY / TERATOGENICITY: Weight of evidence: Experimental results: Pregnant CD-1 mice were treated by oral gavage with Sodium Acetate on days 8-12 of gestation. TheNOAEL is equal or greater than 1000 mg/kg bw/day for maternal toxicity and neonatal effects (mortality and body weight).   Read-across from the analogue Citric Acid, based on molecular weights: A study on rats and mice daily treated by feed before, during, and after mating. For Sodium Acetate, the NOAEL is calculated to be equal or greater than 3201.46 mg/kg bw/day (basis for effect: number of pregnancies, number of young born, or survival of young). Read-across from the analogue substance Calcium Formate, based on molecular weights: A three-generation drinking water study was performed. For Sodium Acetate, the NOAEL is calculated to be equal or higher than 252.18 mg/kg bw/day. Read-across from the analogue Acetic Acid, based on molecular weights: A one-generation study was performed on female mice, rats and rabbits with Acetic Acid. The read-across approach was applied and the NOAEL with the substance Sodium acetate is calculated to be equal or greater than 2187.47 mg/kg bw/day for maternal and developmental toxicity in mice, rats, and rabbits.

 

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Interpretation of results:

not classified

Remarks:

Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU

Conclusions:

The LD 50 for substance Sodium Acetate is calculated to be greater than 28269.15 mg/kg bw under test conditions.

Executive summary:

Based on the experimental results (reported under the endpoint record 07.02.03_02 Fumaric Acid) obtained with the analogue Fumaric Acid (LD 50 for New Zealand rabbits > 20000 mg/kg bw) and the molecular weights, the read-across approach is applied and the LD 50 for substance Sodium Acetate is calculated to be greater than 28269.15 mg/kg bw under test conditions.