Pine, Pinus sylvestris, ext.

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

16 January - 22 March 2013

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Well conducted and well described study in accordance with GLP and OECD Guideline 471 without any deviation. The study was conductecd on a similar NCS, Pine dwarf oil which has a similar composition.

Cross-reference

Cross-reference 1

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reference

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Justification for type of information:

See RAAF document.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.

PRELIMINARY TOXICITY TEST:
- In the absence of S9-mix, the test item initially exhibited toxicity to both strains of bacteria from 5 µg/plate. In the presence of S9-mix, toxicity was noted to TA 100 from 150 µg/plate and to WP2uvrA from 50 µg/plate.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
- Mutation Test: The test item caused a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of all of the tester strains, initially from 5 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix (1.5 µg/plate for TA 1535 in Experiment 2 only) and 50 µg/plate (WP2uvrA) and 150 µg/plate (all Salmonella strains) in the presence of S9-mix.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA:
- Results were compared with historical negative, solvent and positive control data (2010 and 2011) and lies within range.

OTHERS:
- Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory). The amino acid supplemented top agar and S9-mix used in both experiments was shown to be sterile.
- The culture density for each bacterial strain was also checked and considered acceptable.
- Test item formulation used in this experiment was shown to be sterile.

Table 7.6.1/3:Preliminary Toxicity Test

With (+) or without (-) S9-mix	Strain	Dose (µg/plate)
		0	0.15	0.5	1.5	5	15	50	150	500
-	TA 100	91	102	112	84	75 S	74 S	73 S	73 S	65 V
+	TA 100	86	78	86	75	83	91	83	61 S	53 V
-	WP2 uvr A	13	16	12	14	12 S	15 S	11 S	17 S	15 V
+	WP2 uvr A	25	22	17	24	31	22	21 S	16 S	14 S

 

S: sparse bacterial background lawn

V: Very weak bacterial background lawn

See the attached Document for information on tables of results - Main experiments

Conclusions:

Based on read-across approach, the target substance is not mutagenic with and without metabolic activation to strains of S. typhimurium (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100) and E. coli WP2 uvr A.

Executive summary:

In a reverse gene mutation assay in bacteria, performed according to the OECD Guideline 471 and in compliance with GLP, strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) were exposed to Pine dwarf oil at the following concentrations under anaerobic conditions: 

Preliminary Toxicity Test (preincubation method):

- 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 μg/plate in TA100 or WP2uvrA strains, presence and absence of S9- mix. As toxicity was observed from 5 µg/plate a second preliminary test was performed.

- 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150 and 500 μg/plate in TA100 or WP2uvrA strains, presence and absence of S9- mix.

 

Mutation Test:

Experiment 1 & 2 (preincubation method):

- All tester strains (absence of S9-mix): 0.015, 0.05, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5 and 15 µg/plate.

- All Salmonella tester strains (presence of S9-mix): 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150 and 500 µg/plate.

- E.coli strain WP2uvrA (presence of S9-mix): 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50 and 150 µg/plate.

 

Metabolic activation system used in this test was10 % S9; S9 fraction prepared from liver homogenates of rats induced with Phenobarbitone/β-Naphthoflavone. Negative, vehicle and positive control groups were also included in mutagenicity tests.

 

In preliminary toxicity test, the test item initially exhibited toxicity to both strains of bacteria from 5 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix. In the presence of S9-mix, toxicity was noted to TA 100 from 150 µg/plate and to WP2uvrA from 50 µg/plate. In main experiments, the test item caused a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of all of the tester strains, initially from 5 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix (1.5 µg/plate for TA 1535 in Experiment 2 only) and 50 µg/plate (WP2uvrA) and 150 µg/plate (all Salmonella strains) in the presence of S9-mix.No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix. No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation. The positive and vehicle controls induced the appropriate responses in the corresponding strains indicating the validity of the study. 

 

Based on read-across approach, the target substance is not mutagenic with and without metabolic activation to strains of S. typhimurium (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100) and E. coli WP2 uvr A.

Cross-reference 2

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2013

Report date:

2013

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

UK GLP Compliance Programme (inspected on 10 July 2012/ signed on 30 November 2012)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

90082-72-7

Cas Number:

90082-72-7

IUPAC Name:

90082-72-7

Test material form:

other: liquid

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Pine dwarf oil
- Physical state: Colourless liquid
- Analytical purity: 100 %
- Date received: 28 November 2012
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 28 November 2014
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature in the dark

Method

Target gene:

Histidine and tryptophan gene

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

10 % S9; S9 fraction prepared from liver homogenates of rats induced with Phenobarbitone/β-Naphthoflavone at 80/100 mg/kg bw/day by oral route

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Preliminary Toxicity Test (preincubation method):
- 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 μg/plate in TA100 or WP2uvrA strains, presence and absence of S9- mix. As toxicity was observed from 5 µg/plate a second preliminary test was performed.
- 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150 and 500 μg/plate in TA100 or WP2uvrA strains, presence and absence of S9- mix.

Mutation Test:
Experiment 1 & 2 (preincubation method):
- All tester strains (absence of S9-mix): 0.015, 0.05, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5 and 15 µg/plate.
- All Salmonella tester strains (presence of S9-mix): 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150 and 500 µg/plate.
- E.coli strain WP2uvrA (presence of S9-mix): 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50 and 150 µg/plate.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Acetonitrile
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Test item was immiscible in sterile distilled water, dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethyl formamide at 50 mg/mL, acetone at 100 mg/mL and tetrahydrofuran at 200 mg/mL but was fully miscible in acetonitrile at 50 mg/mL but was fully miscible in acetone at 100 mg/mL in solubility checks performed in-house. Acetonitrile was therefore selected as the vehicle.
- Formulation preparation: Test item was accurately weighed and approximate half-log dilutions prepared in acetonitrile by mixing on a vortex mixer on the day of each experiment. All formulations were used within four hours of preparation and were assumed to be stable for this period.

Controls

Controls 1

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

Acetonitrile

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

9-aminoacridine

N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

Remarks:

without metabolic activation

Controls 2

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

Acetonitrile

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

benzo(a)pyrene

other: 2-Aminoanthracene

Remarks:

with metabolic activation

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

SOURCE OF TEST SYSTEM: All strains of bacteria used in the test were obtained from the University of California, Berkeley, on culture discs, on 04 August 1995 or from the British Industrial Biological Research Association, on nutrient agar plates, on 17 August 1987.

METHOD OF APPLICATION: Preincubation (test item, vehicle and positive controls) and plate incorporation (negative control) methods

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 minutes at 37 °C with shaking at approximately 130 rpm
- Incubation period: Treated plates were placed in anaerobic jars or bags (one jar/bag for each concentration of test item/vehicle) and incubated at 37 °C for approximately 48 h.

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS:
-1 plate/dose for preliminary toxicity test and 3 plates/dose for treatment, negative, vehicle and positive controls in mutation test (Experiment 1 & 2).

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: Toxicity was determined on the basis of growth of the bacterial background lawn.

OTHER: After approximately 48 h incubation at 37 °C the plates were assessed for numbers of revertant colonies using an automated colony counter.

Evaluation criteria:

There are several criteria for determining a positive result. Any one, or all of the following can be used to determine the overall result of the study:
- A dose-related increase in mutant frequency over the dose range tested (De Serres and Shelby (1979)).
- A reproducible increase at one or more concentrations.
- Biological relevance against in-house historical control ranges.
- Statistical analysis of data as determined by UKEMS (Mahon et al (1989)).
- Fold increase greater than two times the concurrent solvent control for any tester strain (especially if accompanied by an out-of-historical range response).
A test item will be considered non-mutagenic (negative) in the test system if the above criteria are not met.
Although most experiments will give clear positive or negative results, in some instances the data generated will prohibit making a definite judgement about test item activity. Results of this type will be reported as equivocal.

Statistics:

Statistical analysis of data as determined by UKEMS (Mahon et al (1989)).

Results and discussion

Test results

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.

PRELIMINARY TOXICITY TEST:
- In the absence of S9-mix, the test item initially exhibited toxicity to both strains of bacteria from 5 µg/plate. In the presence of S9-mix, toxicity was noted to TA 100 from 150 µg/plate and to WP2uvrA from 50 µg/plate.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
- Mutation Test: The test item caused a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of all of the tester strains, initially from 5 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix (1.5 µg/plate for TA 1535 in Experiment 2 only) and 50 µg/plate (WP2uvrA) and 150 µg/plate (all Salmonella strains) in the presence of S9-mix.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA:
- Results were compared with historical negative, solvent and positive control data (2010 and 2011) and lies within range.

OTHERS:
- Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory). The amino acid supplemented top agar and S9-mix used in both experiments was shown to be sterile.
- The culture density for each bacterial strain was also checked and considered acceptable.
- Test item formulation used in this experiment was shown to be sterile.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 7.6.1/3:Preliminary Toxicity Test

With (+) or without (-) S9-mix	Strain	Dose (µg/plate)
		0	0.15	0.5	1.5	5	15	50	150	500
-	TA 100	91	102	112	84	75 S	74 S	73 S	73 S	65 V
+	TA 100	86	78	86	75	83	91	83	61 S	53 V
-	WP2 uvr A	13	16	12	14	12 S	15 S	11 S	17 S	15 V
+	WP2 uvr A	25	22	17	24	31	22	21 S	16 S	14 S

 

S: sparse bacterial background lawn

V: Very weak bacterial background lawn

See the attached Document for information on tables of results - Main experiments

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Under the test condition, Pine dwarf oil is not mutagenic with and without metabolic activation to strains of S. typhimurium (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100) and E. coli WP2 uvr A.

Executive summary:

In a reverse gene mutation assay in bacteria, performed according to the OECD Guideline 471 and in compliance with GLP, strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) were exposed to Pine dwarf oil at the following concentrations under anaerobic conditions: 

Preliminary Toxicity Test (preincubation method):

- 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 μg/plate in TA100 or WP2uvrA strains, presence and absence of S9- mix. As toxicity was observed from 5 µg/plate a second preliminary test was performed.

- 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150 and 500 μg/plate in TA100 or WP2uvrA strains, presence and absence of S9- mix.

 

Mutation Test:

Experiment 1 & 2 (preincubation method):

- All tester strains (absence of S9-mix): 0.015, 0.05, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5 and 15 µg/plate.

- All Salmonella tester strains (presence of S9-mix): 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150 and 500 µg/plate.

- E.coli strain WP2uvrA (presence of S9-mix): 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50 and 150 µg/plate.

 

Metabolic activation system used in this test was10 % S9; S9 fraction prepared from liver homogenates of rats induced with Phenobarbitone/β-Naphthoflavone. Negative, vehicle and positive control groups were also included in mutagenicity tests.

 

In preliminary toxicity test, the test item initially exhibited toxicity to both strains of bacteria from 5 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix. In the presence of S9-mix, toxicity was noted to TA 100 from 150 µg/plate and to WP2uvrA from 50 µg/plate. In main experiments, the test item caused a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of all of the tester strains, initially from 5 µg/plate in the absence of S9-mix (1.5 µg/plate for TA 1535 in Experiment 2 only) and 50 µg/plate (WP2uvrA) and 150 µg/plate (all Salmonella strains) in the presence of S9-mix.No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix. No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation. The positive and vehicle controls induced the appropriate responses in the corresponding strains indicating the validity of the study. 

 

Under the test conditions, Pine dwarf oil is not considered as mutagenic in these bacterial systems.