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Administrative data

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Effects on developmental toxicity

Description of key information

Developmental toxicity study in rats: not teratogenic, NOAELmaternal and developmental 591 mg/kg bw/day

Developmental toxicity study in rabbits: not teratogenic, NOAELmaternal 250 mg/kg bw/day, NOEALdevelopmental 1000 mg/kg bw/day

Devlopmental toxicity study in mice: not teratogenic, NOAELmaternal and developmental 591 mg/kg bw/day

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
1975
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Original reference in Japanese language
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Prenatal developmental toxicity study: Groups of pregnant Wistar rats (20/dose: 15 for teratogenicity study, 5 for postnatal development) were administered orally with d-limonene at dose levels of 0, 591 and 2869 mg/kg bw/day suspended with 1% gum-arabic solution for 7 days from Day 9 to 15 of gestation and evaluated for developmental toxicity.
GLP compliance:
not specified
Limit test:
no
Species:
rat
Strain:
Wistar
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
No data
Route of administration:
oral: unspecified
Vehicle:
other: 1% gum-arabic solution
Details on exposure:
Volume administered: 5 mL/kg bw for all doses
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
not specified
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
None
Details on mating procedure:
no data
Duration of treatment / exposure:
7 days (gestation Day 9-15)
Frequency of treatment:
Once daily
Duration of test:
Gestation Day 0 to postnatal week 7
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
0, 591 and 2869 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
No. of animals per sex per dose:
20 pregnant rats
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
No data
Maternal examinations:
See result tables
Ovaries and uterine content:
See result tables
Fetal examinations:
See result tables
Statistics:
statistical significance difference of effects from controls were calculated at 5% level.
Indices:
No data
Historical control data:
No data
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Maternal toxic effects:yes

Details on maternal toxic effects:
Deaths (40%) and decreased bodyweight gain at 2869 mg/kg bw/day
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: developmental toxicity
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Prolongation of the ossification of metacarpals and proximal phalanges in fetuses, decreased bodyweight gain (male offsprings) and organ weights at 2869 mg/kg bw/day
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
skeletal malformations
other: decreased bodyweight gain
Abnormalities:
not specified
Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Maternal examinations:

- At 2869 mg/kg bw/day, maternal bodyweight decreased and several mothers (40%) died for a period of the treatment, but at 591 mg/kg bw/day, no changes were observed.

 

Fetal examinations:

- Delayed ossification of fetuses metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx at 2869 mg/kg bw/day was caused significantly, compared with the control group, but this was restored to normal within several weeks after birth.

- A decreased tendency of bodyweight was noted in postnatal male offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg bw/day, compared with the control group.

- Thymus, spleen and ovaries weights decreased in offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg bw/day.

Table 1: Body weight changes in pregnant rats treated orally with d-limonene

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

Gestational days

Gain

0

9

12

16

20

Control

214.80 ± 32.55

248.70 ± 28.92

265.60 ± 30.53

289.85 ± 35.01

325.30 ± 44.01

105.50 ± 29.67

591

221.25 ± 39.58

254.65 ± 41.16

264.80 ± 39.94

290.10 ± 38.37

325.60 ± 52.75

103.95 ± 19.38

2869

214.75 ± 4.57

258.75 ± 32.76

 

248.92 ± 26.27

263.17 ± 22.96 *

305.00 ± 27.07

90.25 ± 22.38

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Table 2: Effects of d-limonene on rat fetuses

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

591

2869

No. of mothers

15

15

15

Mortality of mothers (%)

0

0

40

No. of total implants

12.73 ± 2.96

12.18 ± 3.65

10.44 ± 3.71

No. of dead fetuses

0

0

0

No. of resorbed fetuses

1.00 ± 1.10

1.47 ± 2.42

0.89 ± 0.73

No. of live fetuses

176

162

87

Sex ratio (Male/Female)

0.69

1.22

0.85

Fetuses body weight (g)

Male

3.71 ± 0.45

3.53 ± 0.35

3.73 ± 0.52

Female

3.46 ± 0.44

3.38 ± 0.45

3.63 ± 0.40

Placental weight(g)

Male

0.49 ± 0.07

0.49 ± 0.10

0.48 ± 0.06

Female

0.47 ± 0.07

0.46 ± 0.06

0.44 ± 0.05

Malformation

External

0

0

0

Visceral

1

0

0

Table 3: Effects of d-limonene on skeletal development of rat fetuses

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

591

2869

No. of examined fetuses

83

84

42

Variation

Shortness of 13th rid

1

0

0

Lumbar rid

0

1

2

Asymmetry of sternebrae

0

0

1

Ossification

Delayed ossification of parietal bone

2

0

0

Non-ossification of occipital bone

 

0

4

1

Non-ossification of parietal bone

0

3

0

No. of ossified metacarpal bone

7.69 ± 0.72

7.49 ± 0.84

6.97 ± 0.96 *

No. of ossified proximal phalanx (Forelimb)

2.48 ± 1.71

2.25 ± 1.81

0.55 ± 1.28 *

No. of ossified metatarsal bone

 

7.98 ± 0.56

8.01 ± 011

8.00 ± 0

No. of ossified

sternebraea

5.47 ± 0.98

5.60 ± 0.71

5.52 ± 0.73

No. of ossified

caudal vertebrae

3.76 ± 0.64

3.80 ± 0.57

3.95 ± 0.68

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Table 4: Body weight changes of postnatal rat offsprings born to mothers treated orally with d-limonene

Postnatal

weeks

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

591

2869

Control

591

2869

0

5.19 ± 0.55

5.46 ± 0.52

4.79 ± 0.46

4.93 ± 0.62

5.09 ± 0.68

4.89 ± 0.66

1

13.06 ± 1.50

12.49 ± 0.99

10.62 ± 1.54 *

12.82 ± 1.59

12.22 ± 1.07

10.66 ± 1.84

2

26.06 ± 3.12

24.86 ± 2.74

22.67 ± 5.05 *

25.88 ± 3.35

24.31 ± 2.42

22.72 ±.3.92

3

41.91 ± 5.89

39.55 ± 5.14

40.77 ± 5.16

41.08 ± 5.59

38.56 ± 4.37

38.39 ± 4.96

4

73.12 ± 9.89

71.33 ± 8.87

67.67 ± 8.02

69.66 ± 9.43

67.38 ± 6.71

66.01 ± 9.29

5

122.32 ± 12.25

116.47 ± 12.78

112.77 ± 12.65 *

109.57 ± 10.61

107.58 ± 7.95

107.10 ± 13.34

6

176.04 ± 15.80

164.68 ± 16.69

163.11 ± 17 .85 *

141.39 ± 10.54

140.11 ± 9.40

139.45 ± 14.22

7

235.52 ± 17.72

222.43 ± 18.57

213.64 ± 20.10 *

173.06 ± 8.89

169.65 ± 11.13

167.84 ± 15.86

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Table 5: Effects of d-limonene on postnatal development of the rats

Dose

(mg/ kg bw)

Days of postnatal development

Opening of the ear-shell

Coating with
the hair

Odontiasis

Opening of the eyelid

Descending of the testis

Opening of the vaginal orifice

Control

2.55 ± 0.76

5.51 ± 0.91

10.1 ± 0.96

14.83 ± 0.55

22.5 ± 1.30

35.6 ± 2.50

591

2.09 ± 0.82

6.00 ± 0

10.4 ± 0.71

15.00 ± 0.76

21.6 ± 1.39

35.5 ± 1.75

2869

2.41 ± 0.49

8.50 ±0.50

10.4 ± 1.85

15.14 ± 0.75

21.27 ± 0.57

35.93 ± 2.20

Table 6: Effects of d-limonene on development of rat offsprings

Dose (mg/kg)

Control

591

2869

No. of mothers

5

5

5

Mortality of mothers

0

0

40

No. of offspring from birth

to the 7th week

0

61

65

33

1

53

63

30

2

53

63

30

3

53

63

28

4

53

63

28

5

53

63

28

6

53

63

28

7

53

63

28

External abnormality

0

0

0

No. of total implants

13.6 ± 3.1

14.8 ± 1.7

13.7 ± 1.7

No. of dead fetuses at birth

4

4

5

Parturient rate

95

92

93

Weaning rate

89

97

85

Table 7: Absolute organ weights of postnatal rat offsprings born to mothers treated orally with d-limonene

Sex

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

No. of

offsprings.

Final BW (g)

Pituitary (mg)

Thyroids (mg)

Thymus (g)

Lungs (g)

Heart (g)

Spleen (g)

Kidneys (g)

Liver (g)

Adrenals (g)

Testes (g) or Ovaries (mg)

Male

Control

27

235.5 ± 17.7

10.04 ± 1.95

14.06 ± 2.52

0.77 ± 0.08

1.15 ± 0.10

0.82 ± 0.08

0.75 ± 0.11

2.18 ± 0.36

11.55 ± 1.14

38.85 ± 7.37

2.15 ± 0.17

591

29

222.4 ± 18.6

9.58 ± 4.84

13.12 ± 2.77

0.72 ± 0.09

1.10 ± 0.11

0.81 ± 0.08

0.69 ± 0.08

2.10 ± 0.20

11.24 ± 1 .49

36.77 ± 6.93

2.13 ± 0.28

2869

11

213.6 ± 20.1

9.69 ± 0.65

14.41 ± 3.60

0.66 ± 0.08 *

1.19 ± 0.17

0.80 ± 0.07

0.63 ± 0.07 *

2.23 ± 0.38

11.64 ± 1.64

43.23 ± 10.91

2.18 ± 0.14

Female

Control

25

173.1 ± 8.9

11.18 ± 3.15

12.26 ± 1.32

0.59 ± 0.08

0.97 ± 0.11

0.66 ± 0.07

0.52 ± 0.06

1.72 ± 0.22

8.88 ± 0.85

45.51 ± 8.01

77.24 ± 22.01

591

34

169.7 ± 11.7

10.05 ± 3.34

11.57 ± 1.62

0.54 ± 0.07

0.96 ± 0.07

0.67 ± 0.05

0.50 ± 0.06

1.60 ± 0.15 *

8.16 ± 0.85

46.56 ± 8.45

85.84 ± 42.52 *

2869

17

167.8 ± 15.9

9.95 ± 1.87

12.31 ± 1.80

0.51 ± 0.07 *

0.94 ± 0.10

0.62 ± 0.06

0.44 ± 0.04 *

1.62 ± 0.17 *

8.50 ± 0.58

47.15 ± 6.63

63.15 ± 7.99

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Table 8: Relative organ weights per 100 g body weights of postnatal rat offsprings born to mothers treated orally with d-limonene

Sex

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

No. of

offsprings.

Final BW (g)

Pituitary (mg/100 g)

Thyroids (mg/100 g)

Thymus (mg/100 g)

Lungs (mg/100 g)

Heart (mg/100 g)

Spleen (mg/100 g)

Kidneys (g/100 g)

Liver (g/100 g)

Adrenals (mg/100 g)

Testes or Ovaries (mg/100 g)

Male

Control

27

235.5 ± 17.7

4.31 ± 0.78

5.98 ± 0.99

0.33 ± 0.04

0.48 ± 0.04

0.36 ± 0.03

0.31 ± 0.05

0.93 ± 0.08

4.89 ± 0.36

16.49 ± 2.71

0.90 ± 0.04

591

29

222.4 ± 18.6

4.02 ± 0.50

5.93 ± 0.86

0.33 ± 0.04

0.49 ± 0.04

0.37 ± 0.04

0.33 ± 0.09

0.95 ± 0.07

5.10 ± 0.37

16.39 ± 2.53

0.95 ± 0.08 *

2869

11

213.6 ± 20.1

4.23 ± 0.43

5.93 ± 0.66

0.28 ± 0.03 *

0.51 ± 0.05

0.35 ± 0.02

0.27 ± 0.02 *

0.96 ± 0.06

5.03 ± 0.27

17.23 ± 2.26

0.95 ± 0.09

Female

Control

25

173.1 ± 8.9

6.09 ± 1.08

7.08 ± 0.85

0.34 ± 0.05

0.54 ± 0.04

0.38 ± 0.04

0.30 ± 0.04

0.99 ± 0.12

5.14 ± 0.42

26.38 ± 4.71

47.94 ± 9.78

591

34

169.7 ± 11.7

5.82 ± 0.81

6.85 ± 0.96

0.32 ± 0.04

0.54 ± 0.12

0.40 ± 0.03

0.30 ± 0.03

0.95 ± 0.07

4.83 ± 0.37

27.61 ± 3.76

46.74 ± 10.76

2869

17

167.8 ± 15.9

6.27 ± 1.90

7.31 ± 0.90

0.31 ± 0.03 *

0.57 ± 0.08

0.37 ± 0.03

0.27 ± 0.04 *

0.94 ± 0.06

5.14 ± 0.33

26.75 ± 2.93

36.89 ± 4.25 *

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Conclusions:
Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the deaths and decreased bodyweight gain. The NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the delayed skeletal formation and decreased bodyweight gain.
Executive summary:

In a developmental toxicity study, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant Wistar rats (20/dose: 15 for teratogenicity study, 5 for postnatal development) at dose levels of 0, 591 and 2869 mg/kg bw/day suspended with 1% gum-arabic solution for 7 days from Day 9 to 15 of gestation. Bodyweight of pregnant rats were recorded on Days 0, 9, 12, 16 and 20 during organogenesis. Caesarean sections were performed and the number of dead, live or resorbed fetuses, sex ratio and number of implantation sites were recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. Number of live offsprings, gross differentiation and organ weights of offsprings were recorded until postnatal week 7.

 

At 2869 mg/kg bw/day, maternal bodyweight decreased and several mothers (40%) died for a period of the treatment, but at 591 mg/kg bw/day, no changes were observed. Delayed ossification of fetuses metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx at 2869 mg/kg bw/day was caused significantly, compared with the control group, but this was restored to normal within several weeks after birth. A decreased tendency of bodyweight was noted in postnatal male offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg bw/day, compared with the control group. Thymus, spleen and ovaries weights decreased in offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg.

 

Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the deaths and decreased bodyweight gain. The NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the delayed skeletal formation and decreased bodyweight gain.

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Original reference in Japanese language
Justification for type of information:
The read across justification is attached below
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Maternal toxic effects:yes

Details on maternal toxic effects:
Treatment with the highest dose level (1000 mg/kg) of d-limonene resulted in death of dams with less than 40% mortality. The significant decrease of bodyweight gain and food consumption were temporarily observed in dams given 500 and 1000 mg/kg of d-limonene, but no anomalies were observed in the general behaviour of dams given 250 and 500 mg/kg of d-limonene during the gestation.
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
250 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- External examination of fetuses showed no anormalies.
- Visceral and skeletal examinations revealed some anormalies such as incomplete lobulation of the lungs, enlargement of the foramen ovale and retarded ossification of the middle phalanx of fore limbs in addition to the 5th sternebrae. These did not appear to be dose-dependent and restored to normal during the postnatal development.
- Other non specific anormalies involved the lumber ribs in fetuses and offsprings, formation of the accessory ossification center of the 5th sternebrae in offsprings and the atrial septal defect detected in only 2 fetuses of a litter from dams treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene.
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
> 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: fetotoxicity
Abnormalities:
not specified
Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Table 1: Effect of d-limonene on prenatal development of rabbit fetuses

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

250

500

1000

No. of pregnant animals

10

10

10

18

No. of dead clams

0

0

0

6

(%)

 

 

 

33

No. of examined clams

10

10

10

10

No. of implantations

96

94

85

91

(mean ± S.E.)

9.50 ± 0.25

9.40 ± 0.21

8.50 ± 0.33

9.10 ± 0.25

No. of resorbed fetuses

5

4

4

8

No. of dead fetuses

3

5

0

3

No. of live fetuses

88

85

81

80

Sex ratio (Male/Female)

0.73 (37/51)

1.13 (45/50)

0.62 (31/50)

1.11 (38/42)

Fetus body weight (g)

 

 

 

 

Male (mean ± S.E.)

44.39 ± 1.33

48.09 ± 1.07 *

44.76 ± 1.51

43.22 ± 0.96

Female (mean ± S.E.)

45.64 ± 1.00

47.45 ± 1.08

46.14 ± 1.21

45.13 ± 1.10

Placental weight (g)

 

 

 

 

Male (mean ± S.E.)

5.76 ± 0.17

5.84 ± 0.17

5.95 ± 0.29

5.77 ± 0.19

Female (mean ± S.E.)

5.87 ± 0.19

5.70 ± 0.15

6.16 ± 0.18

5.87 ± 0.23

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level

Table 2: Prenatal examinations of rabbit fetuses

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

250

500

1000

External examination

 

 

 

 

No. of examined fetuses

91

90

81

83

No. of malforrned fetuses

0

0

0

0

Visceral examination

 

 

 

 

No. of examined fetuses

88

85

81

80

No. of malformed fetuses

 

 

 

 

Atrial septal defect (%)

0

2 (2.4)

0

0

No. of minor abnormality

 

 

 

 

Incomplete lobulation of lungs (%)

11 (12.5)

16 (18.8)

19 (23.5)

19 (23.8)

Enlargement of foramen ovale (%)

2 (2.3)

2 (2.4)

5 (6.2)

4 (5.0)

Skeletal examination

 

 

 

 

No. of examined fetuses

86

87

81

80

No. of malformed fetuses

0

0

0

0

No. of variation

 

 

 

 

Left lumbar rib (%)

18 (20.9)

26 (29.9)

14 (17.3)

25 (31.3)

Right lumbar rib (%)

16 (18.6)

22 (25.3)

14 (17.3)

22( 27.5)

Ossification pattern

 

 

 

 

Retarded ossification of 5th sternebrae (%)

11 (12.8)

14 (16.1)

8 (9.9)

18 (22.5)

Retarded ossification of middle phalanx of fore limbs (%)

2 (2.3)

3 (3.4)

0

6 (7.4)

Table 3: Absolute organ weights of rabbit offsprings

 

Male

Female

 

Control

250

500

1000

Control

250

500

1000

No. of offsprings

13

12

8

13

10

13

16

9

Final body weight (g)

893.0 ± 45.3

1021.2 ± 45.4 **

931.9 ± 55.5

957.3 ± 52.4

1005.5 ± 53.7

1093.1 ± 46.6

860.0 ± 31.6 *

1071.7 ± 58.1

Liver (g)

36.49 ± 2.52

45.08 ± 1.52 *

38.67 ± 3.10

34.91 ± 2.76

41.79 ± 3.39

13.95 ± 3.18

34.68 ± 1.90

48.30 ± 6.14

Lungs (g)

5.53 ± 0.35

6.25 ± 0.26

5.98 ± 0.36

5.46 ± 0.18

5.91 ± 0.25

5.94 ± 0.28

5.72 ± 0.18

5.93 ± 0.45

Heart (g)

2.63 ± 0.17

3.50 ± 0.16 **

2.86 ± 0.17

3.04 ± 0.19

3.19 ± 0.17

3.38 ± 0.21

2.72 ± 0.12 *

3.34 ± 0.20

Spleen (g)

0.71 ± 0.05

0.77 ± 0.04

0.71 ± 0.08

0.81 ± 0.04

0.64 ± 0.06

0.74 ± 0.05

0.74 ± 0.04

0.78 ± 0.07

Thymus (g)

2.31 ± 0.20

2.51 ± 0.23

2.11 ± 0.38

1.96 ± 0.11

2.40 ± 0.30

2.77 ± 0.19

1.671.14 *

2.36 ± 0.31

Kidneys (g)

7.67 ± 0.42

9.80 ± 0.46 **

8.29 ± 0.29

8.58 ± 0.52

8.82 ± 0.46

8.40 ± 0.30

7.86 ± 0.37

9.56 ± 0.55

Thyroids (mg)

75.89 ± 8.35

102.68 ± 4.18*

86.74 ± 10.97

80.93 ± 7.41

82.78 ± 8.00

89.90 ± 4.11

75.75 ± 5.43

96.30 ± 9.67

Adrenals (mg)

69.65 ± 6.02

9.1.93 ± 1.06 **

78.79 ± 5.89

71.36 ± 6.00

82.23 ± 4.37

94.24 ± 5.07

87.64 ± 4.18

105.39 ± 15.11

Testes or Ovaries

(mg)

180.42 ± 17.15

272.86 ± 16.46 **

185.62 ± 23.78

162.84 ± 20.59

46.31 ± 7.90

46.10 ± 2.80

43.53 ± 2.69

47.77 ± 3.59

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level

** Significantly different from the control at 1% level

Table 4: Relative organ weights per 100 g of rabbit offsprings

 

Male

Female

 

Control

250

500

1000

Control

250

500

1000

No. of offsprings

13

12

8

13

10

13

16

9

Final body weight (g)

893.0 ± 45.3

1021.2 ± 45.4 **

931.9 ± 55.5

957.3 ± 52.4

1005.5 ± 53.7

1093.1 ± 46.6

860.0 ± 31.6 *

1071.7 ± 58.1

Liver (g/100 g)

4.08 ± 0.25

3.99 ± 0.22 *

4.16 ± 0.26

3.52 ± 0.10

4.25 ± 0.17

4.03 ± 0.21

4.02 ± 0.16

4.04 ± 0.32

Lungs (g/100 g)

0.61 ± 0.03

0.55 ± 0.03

0.65 ± 0.04

0.58 ± 0.03

0.62 ± 0.02

0.55 ± 0.02 *

0.67 ± 0.03

0.51 ± 0.02 **

Heart (g/100 g)

0.29 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.02

0.33 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.01

0.32 ± 0.01

0.29 ± 0.01 *

Spleen (g/100 g)

0.08 ± 0.01

0.07 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0

0.07 ± 0.01

0.07 ± 0.01

0.09 ± 0

0.07 ± 0.01

Thymus (g/100 g)

0.25 ± 0.02

0.22 ± 0.02

0.25 ± 0.03

0.20 ± 0.01 *

0.24 ± 0.03

0.25 ± 0.01

0.195 ± 0.01

0.20 ± 0.02

Kidneys (g/100 g)

0.85 ± 0.04

0.86 ± 0.04

0.90 ± 0.03

0.88 ± 0.02

0.91 ± 0.02

0.80 ± 0.01

0.91 ± 0.01

0.83 ± 0.03 *

Thyroids (mg/100 g)

8.21 ± 0.69

9.10 ± 0.51

9.21 ± 0.87

8.18 ± 0.42

8.40 ± 0.56

8.41 ± 0.45

8.81 ± 0.57

8.13 ± 0.41

Adrenals (mg/100 g)

7.82 ± 0.60

8.37 ± 0.40

8.58 ± 0.77

7.18 ± 0.28

8.61 ± 0.51

8.79 ± 0.57

9.15 ± 0.42

9.04 ± 0.14

Testes or Ovaries

(mg/100 g)

23.68 ± 1.31

19.68 ± 0.94 *

19.48 ± 1.69

16.35 ± 1.56

5.15 ± 1.19

4.33 ± 0.32

5.19 ± 0.43

3.84 ± 0.32

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level

** Significantly different from the control at 1% level

Table 5: Effects of d-limonene on gross differentiations of rabbit offsprings

 

Control

250

500

1000

No. of examined offsprings

23

25

24

22

Days of gross differentiation after birth

Opening of the ear-shell

 

 

 

 

6th day (%)

0

0

1 (4.2)

0

7th day (%)

23 (100)

25 (100)

23 (95.8)

22 (100)

Coating with the hair

 

2nd day (%)

7 (30.4)

0

0

0

3rd day (%)

16 (69.6)

25 (100)

24 (100)

22 (100)

Odontiasis

 

At birth (%)

23 (100)

25 (100)

24 (100)

22 (100)

Opening of the eyelids

 

9th day (%)

0

0

0

3 (13.6)

10th day (%)

11 (47.8)

4 (16.0)

13 (54.2)

5 (22.7)

11th day (%)

4 (17.4)

15 (60.0)

10 (41.7)

12 (54.5)

12th day (%)

3 (13.0)

5 (20.0)

1 (4.2)

2 (9.1)

13th day (%)

5 (21.7)

1 (4.0)

0

0

Table 6: Effects of d-limonene on postnatal development of rabbit offsprings

 

Control

250

500

1000

No of dams

3

3

3

3

No. of still-birth (Male/Female)

1 (1/0)

0

0

1 (0/1)

No. of offsprings (Male/Female)

At birth

28 (15/13)

27 (14/13)

26 (8/18)

27 (15/12)

1st week

28 (15/13)

27 (14/13)

25 (8/17)

26 (14/12)

2nd week

26 (14/12)

27 (14/13)

25 (8/17)

26 (14/12)

3rd week

24 (14/10)

27 (14/13)

25 (8/17)

25 (14/11)

4th week

23 (13/10)

26 (13/13)

25 (8/17)

22 (13/ 9)

5th week

23 (13/10)

25 (12/13)

25 (8/17)

22 (13/ 9)

6th week

23 (13/10)

25 (12/13)

25 (8/17)

22 (13/ 9)

7th week

23 (13/10)

25 (12/13)

24 (8/16)

22 (13/ 9)

Weanling rate (%)

79.3 (81.2/76.9)

92.6 (85.7/100)

92.3 (100/88.9)

78.6 (86.7/69.2)

Table 7: Postnatal examinations of rabbit offsprings

 

Control

250

500

1000

No. of dams

3

3

3

3

No. of examined offsprings

23

25

24

22

Sensory function

Normal

Normal

Normal

Normal

External examination

No. of malformed offsprings

0

0

0

0

Visceral examination

No. of malformed offsprings

0

0

0

0

No. of minor abnormality

Incomplete lobulation of lungs (%)

2 (8.7)

1 (4.0)

0

0

Accessory spleen (%)

2 (8.7)

0

0

0

Protrusion of gall bladder (%)

1 (4.3)

1 (4.0)

0

0

Skeletal examination

No. of malformed offsprings

0

0

0

0

No. of variation

Left lumbar rib (%)

4 (17.4)

4 (16.0)

4 (16.7)

4 (18.2)

Right lumbar rib (%)

2 (8.7)

6 (24.0)

6 (25.0)

4 (18.2)

Translocation of caudal vertebrae (%)

1 (4.3)

0

1 (4.2)

0

Ossification pattern

Retarded ossification of 5th sternebrae (%)

0

2 (8.0)

0

1 (4.5)

Accessory ossification center of 5th sternebrae (%)

1 (4.3)

2 (8.0)

0

3 (13.6)

Conclusions:
Under the test conditions, d-limonene was not teratogenic in rabbit fetuses and the NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be greater than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 250 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain.
Executive summary:

In a prenatal developmental toxicity study, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant Japanese white rabbits at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 13 days from Day 6 to 18 of gestation. Food consumption and bodyweights of pregnant rabbits were recorded during organogenesis. Caesarean sections were performed and the number of dead, live or resorbed fetuses, sex ratio and number of implantation sites were recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations.

 

Treatment with the highest dose level (1000 mg/kg bw/day) of d-limonene resulted in death of 6/18 dams (33% mortality). The significant decrease of bodyweight gain and food consumption were temporarily observed in dams given 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene, but no anormalies were observed in the general behavior of dams given 250 and 500 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene during the gestation. External examination of fetuses showed no anormalies. Visceral and skeletal examinations revealed some anormalies such as incomplete lobulation of the lungs, enlargement of the foramen ovale and retarded ossification of the middle phalanx of fore limbs in addition to the 5th sternebrae. These did not appear to be dose-dependent and restored to normal during the postnatal development. Other non specific anormalies involved the lumber ribs in fetuses and offsprings, formation of the accessory ossification center of the 5th sternebrae in offsprings and the atrial septal defect detected in only 2 fetuses of a litter from dams treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene.

 

Under the test conditions, d-limonene was not teratogenic in rabbit fetuses and the NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be higher than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 250 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain.

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Original reference in Japanese language
Justification for type of information:
The read across justification is attached below
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Details on maternal toxic effects:
See results tables
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: developmental toxicity
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
See results tables
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
skeletal malformations
other: A significant decrease of bodyweight gain was observed in male offsprings born to dams given drug orally at 2363 mg/kg bw/day
Abnormalities:
not specified
Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Maternal examinations:

- Significant decrease of bodyweight gain in pregnant mice was observed at 2363 mg/kg bw/day.

- No anomalies were observed in the general behavior of dams during the period of gestation.

 

Fetal examinations:

- An incidence of lumber rib and fused rib in the fetuses increased significantly at 2363 mg/kg bw/day comparing with those of control.

- In the observation of skeletal development in fetuses, retarded ossification of proximal phalanx of fore limb, metatarsal bone and proximal phalanx of hind limb were observed. However, these retarded ossifications were restored to normal during postnatal development.

- A significant decrease of bodyweight gain was observed in male offsprings born to dams given drug orally at 2363 mg/kg bw/day, but there were not differences in weaning rate, sensory function, organ weight and histological findings of the testis and ovary comparing with those of control.

Table 1: Effects of d-limonene on development of mouse fetuses.

 

Control

591

2363

No. of mothers

15

15

15

No. of implantations

162

179

154

(mean ± S.E.)

(10.80 ± 0.20)

(11.93 ± 0.13)

(10.27 ± 0.21)

No. of dead fetuses

9

1.1

6

(mean ± S.E.)

(0.60 ± 0.05)

(0.73 ± 0.10)

(0.40 ± 0.05)

No. of resorbed fetuses

18

20

20

(mean ± S.E.)

(1.20 ± 0.05)

(1.33 ± 0.10)

(1.33 ± 0.10)

No. of live fetuses

135

148

125

Sex ratio (Male/Female)

1.33

0.83

1.13

Fetuses Body weight (g)

Male (mean ± S.E.)

1.34 ± 0.02

1.24 ± 0.01

1.28 ± 0.02

Female (mean ± S.E.)

1.28 ± 0.02

1.22 ± 0.01

1.19 ± 0.02

Placental weight (mg)

Male (mean ± S.E.)

94 (2 ± 2.0)

86 ( 0 ± 1.7)

89 (3 ± 1.7)

Female (mean ± S.E.)

87 (8 ± 2.6)

81 (5 ± 1.9)

83 (5 ± 2.2)

External observation

No. of fetuses examined

135

148

128

No. of fetuses malformed

0

4

0

Cleft palate

0

4

0

Incidence (%)

0

2.7

0

Visceral observation

No. of fetuses examined

71

76

68

No. of fetuses malformed

4

4

3

Enlargement of foramen ovale

4

4

3

Incidence (%)

5.6

5.3

4.4

Table 2: Effects of d-limonene on skeletal development of mouse fetuses

 Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control 

591

2363

No. of fetuses examined

64

72

61

Variation

Lumbar rib (%)

17 (26.6)

12 (16.7)

28 (46.7) *

Cervical rib (%)

1 (1.6)

(5.6)

1 (1.7)

Fused rib (%)

0 (0)

0 (1)

5 (8.3) *

Crooked rib (%)

2 (3.1)

0 (1)

0 (0)

Asymmetry of sternebrae (%)

2 (1.7)

7 (9.7)

7 (11.7)

Fused sternebrae

0 (0)

1 (1.4)

1 (1.7)

No. of ossification

Sternebrae

5.99 ± 0.01

5.97 ± 0.02

5.94 ± 0.03

Fore limb

Metacarpal bone

8.00 ± 0

7.97 ± 0.03

8.00 ± 0

Proximal phalanx

7.50 ± 0.13

7.67 ± 0.16

6.87 ± 0.30 *

Middle phalanx

1.16 ± 0.23

2.14 ± 0.29 **

2.18 ± 0.29 **

Distal phalanx

9.08 ± 0.32

9.72 ± 0.20

9.13 ± 0.36

Hind limb

Metatarsal bone

10.00 ± 0

9.92 ± 0.05

9.80 ± 0.09 *

Proximal phalanx

8.12 ± 0.23

8.03 ± 0.23

7.23 ± 0.39 *

Middle phalanx

0.09 ± 0.09

0.33 ± 0.18

0.20 ± 0.11

Distal phalanx

9.47 ± 0.24

9.72 ± 0.20

9.30 ± 0.31

Caudal vertebrae

7.12 ± 0.95

6.50 ± 0.21

7.00 ± 0.25

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level.

** Significantly different from the control at 1% level.

Table 3: Effects of d-limonene on postnatal development of mouse offsprings

 

 

d-Limonene (mg/kg bw)

 

Control

591

2363

No. of mothers

5

5

5

No. of implantations

51

52

50

(mean ± S.E.)

(10.80 ± 0.33)

(10.41 ± 0.96)

(10.03 ± 0.63)

No. of offsprings

50

46

39

No. of dead offsprings at birth

0

0

0

Sensory function

Normal

Normal

Normal

No. of live offsprings

At birth

50

46

39

1st week

50

46

39

2nd week

50

46

39

3rd week

50

46

39

4th week

50

46

39

5th week

50

46

39

6th week

50

46

39

7th week

50

46

39

Weanling rate (%)

100

100

100

Table 4: Effects of d-limonene on gross differentiation of mouse offsprings

 

 

d-Limonene (mg/kg bw)

Gross differentiation

Control

591

2363

Opening of the ear-shell

3.5 ± 0.07

3.6 ± 0.08

4.1 ± 0.08

Coating with the hair

5.0 ± 0.00

4.11 ± 0.08

5.2 ± 0.06

Odontiasis

9.8 ± 0.07

9.3 ± 0.07

9. 1 ± 0.04

Opening of the eyelid

13.3 ± 0.08

12.9 ± 0.06

13.6 ± 0.09

Descending of the testis

23.0 ± 0.20

23.3 ± 0.11

25.0 ± 0.27

Opening of the vaginal orifice

29.5 ± 0.26

30.5 ± 0.16

30.6 ± 0.15

Table 5: Absolute organ weights of postnatal mouse offsprings born to mothers given d-limonene

Sex

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

No. of

offsprings

Final BW (g)

Thyroids (mg)

Thymus (g)

Lungs (g)

Heart (g)

Spleen (g)

Kidneys (g)

Liver (g)

Adrenals (g)

Testes (g) or Ovaries (mg)

Female

Control

27

34.2 ± 0.50

5.43 ± 0.18

75.72 ± 4.14

199.26 ± 4.70

158.22 ± 2.13

131.54 ± 9.96

0.63 ± 0.02

2.06 ± 0.09

8.39 ± 0.49

217.52 ± 1.65

591

27

34.9 ± 0.44

6.04 ± 0.68

65.26 ± 4.26

203.76 ± 2.95

166.66 ± 7.58

121.66 ± 4.74

0.63 ± 0.02

2.08 ± 0.07

8.29 ± 0.67

209.76 ± 9.23

2363

23

32.2 ± 0.77

5.41 ± 0.62

64.08 ± 3.64

189.60 ± 6.69

158.96 ± 3.12

125.52 ± 3.04

0.58 ± 0.02

2.14 ± 0.04

8.53 ± 0.86

200.20 ± 0.39

Male

Control

23

27.3 ± 0.50

4.80 ± 0.22

81.47 ± 4.38

172.80 ± 7.20

118.98 ± 3.91

121.76 ± 6.48

0.37 ± 0.01

1.37 ± 0.02

11.71 ± 0.40

13.38 ± 0.68

591

19

28.8 ± 0.45

4.29 ± 0.20

69.44 ± 5.52

174.26 ± 5.66

129.96 ± 3.62

112.68 ± 2.79

0.38 ± 0.01

1.37 ± 0.04

11.36 ± 0.43

16.98 ± 1.71

2363

16

28.1 ± 0.34

3.53 ± 0.41 *

63.95 ± 9.72

171.75 ± 5.70

135.15 ± 6.89

116.15 ± 5.78

0.38 ± 0.01

1.46 ± 0.03 *

11.61 ± 0.30 *

17.93 ± 1.30 *

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level.

Table 6: Relative organ weights per 100 g body weights of postnatal mouse offsprings born to mothers given d-limonene

Sex

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

No. of

offsprings

Final BW (g)

Thyroids(mg/100 g)

Thymus(mg/100 g)

Lungs(mg/100 g)

Heart(mg/100 g)

Spleen(mg/100 g)

Kidneys(g/100 g)

Liver(g/100 g)

Adrenals(mg/100 g)

Testes or Ovaries (mg/100 g)

Female

Control

27

34.2 ± 0.50

15.80 ± 0.44

220.36 ± 10.67

580.50 ± 13.59

461.18 ± 8.65

386.55 ± 39.35

1.83 ± 0.07

6.01 ± 0.26

24.48 ± 1.55

634.84 ± 19.06

591

27

34.9 ± 0.44

17.20 ± 1.93

185.29 ± 8.48 *

581.21 ± 9.42

474.60 ± 717.10

346.85 ± 12.29

1.80 ± 0.05

5.93 ± 0.14

23.55 ± 1.48

596.69 ± 14.95

2363

23

32.2 ± 0.77

16.55 ± 2.64

191.59 ± 6.25

568.43 ± 13.67

477.39 ± 11.90

376.91 ± 10.23

1.73 ± 0.03

6.44 ± 0.29

25.74 ± 2.82

602.30 ± 34.26

Male

Control

23

27.3 ± 0.50

17.13 ± 18.47

291.98 ± 34.66

619.50 ± 8.54

425.00 ± 32.37

437.67

1.31 ± 0.04

4.89 ± 0.08

41.89 ± 1.41

47.85 ± 2.42

591

19

28.8 ± 0.45

15.06 ± 0.61 *

242.35 ± 13.57

611.98 ± 17.12

456.02 ± 4.93 *

397.44 ± 20.40

1.33 ± 0.02

4.81 ± 0.11

39.96 ± 1.73

59.59 ± 5.78

2363

16

28.1 ± 0.34

12.60 ± 1.44 *

229.38 ± 35.46

612.74 ± 20.32

482.14 ± 24.21 *

414.30 ± 17.34

1.37 ± 0.04

5.23 ± 0.09 *

41.45 ± 1.27

64.33 ± 5.38 *

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level.

Table 7: Summaried data on postnatal development of mouse offsprings

 

 

d-limonene (mg/kg bw)

 

Control

591

2363

External observation

 

No. of offsprings examined

50

46

39

No. of offsprings malformed

0

0

0

Visceral observation

 

No. of offsprings examined

50

46

39

No. of offsprings malformed

0

0

0

Skeletal observation

 

No. of offsprings examined

50

46

39

No. of offsprings malformed

0

0

0

Skeletal variation

 

Lumbar rib (%)

17 (34.0)

23 (50.0)

20 (51.3)

Fusion of 13th and lumbar rib (%)

0

0

1 (2.6)

Fusion of lumbar vertebra (%)

1 (2.0)

1 (2.2)

1 (2.6)

Crooked tail (%)

0

0

1 (2.6)

Conclusions:
Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain in dams and increased incidences of abnormal bone formation in fetuses.
Executive summary:

In a prenatal developmental toxicity study, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant ICR mice (20/dose: 15 for teratogenicity study, 5 for postnatal development) at dose levels of 0, 591 and 2363 mg/kg bw/day for 6 days from Day 7 to 12 of gestation. Bodyweights of pregnant mice were recorded during organogenesis. Caesarean sections were performed and the number of dead, live or resorbed fetuses, sex ratio and number of implantation sites were recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. Number of live offsprings, sensory functions, gross differentiation and organ weights of offsprings were recorded until postnatal week 7.

 

A significant decrease of bodyweight gain in pregnant mice was observed at 2363 mg/kg bw/day. However, no anomalies were observed in the general behavior of dams during the period of gestation. An incidence of lumber rib and fused rib in the fetuses increased significantly at 2363 mg/kg bw/day comparing with those of control. In the observation of skeletal development in fetuses, retarded ossification of proximal phalanx of fore limb, metatarsal bone and proximal phalanx of hind limb were observed. However, these retarded ossifications were restored to normal during postnatal development. A significant decrease of bodyweight gain was observed in male offsprings born to dams given drug orally at 2363 mg/kg bw/day, but there were not differences in weaning rate, sensory function, organ weight and histological findings of the testis and ovary comparing with those of control.

 

Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain in dams and increased incidences of abnormal skeletal formation in fetuses at 2363 mg/kg bw/day.

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
1977
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Original reference in Japanese language
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Prenatal developmental toxicity study: Groups of pregnant Japanese white rabbits were administered orally with d-limonene at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 13 days from Day 6 to 18 of gestation and evaluated for teratogenicity.
GLP compliance:
not specified
Limit test:
no
Species:
rabbit
Strain:
other: Japanese white
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
no data
Route of administration:
oral: unspecified
Vehicle:
not specified
Details on exposure:
no data
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
not specified
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
no data
Details on mating procedure:
No data
Duration of treatment / exposure:
13 days (gestation Day 6-18)
Frequency of treatment:
Once daily
Duration of test:
Gestatation Day 0 to postnatal Day 49
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
0, 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
No. of animals per sex per dose:
10 (in 0-500 mg/kg bw/day groups) or 18 (in 1000 mg/kg bw/day group) pregnant females
Control animals:
yes
Details on study design:
no data
Maternal examinations:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: No data

General behaviour observed, but no data regarding the frequency of observation

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes
mean daily food consumption by treatment group is reported

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No data


POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: No data

OTHER:
Ovaries and uterine content:
The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: No data
Examinations included: Number of implantations, number of resorptions and foetus bodyweight and placental weight
Fetal examinations:
- External examinations: Yes: about 90% per litter
- Visceral examinations: Yes: about 90% per litter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: about 90% per litter
Statistics:
statistical significance difference of effects from controls were calculated at 5% level.
Indices:
no data
Historical control data:
no data
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Maternal toxic effects:yes

Details on maternal toxic effects:
Treatment with the highest dose level (1000 mg/kg) of d-limonene resulted in death of dams with less than 40% mortality. The significant decrease of bodyweight gain and food consumption were temporarily observed in dams given 500 and 1000 mg/kg of d-limonene, but no anomalies were observed in the general behaviour of dams given 250 and 500 mg/kg of d-limonene during the gestation.
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
250 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- External examination of fetuses showed no anormalies.
- Visceral and skeletal examinations revealed some anormalies such as incomplete lobulation of the lungs, enlargement of the foramen ovale and retarded ossification of the middle phalanx of fore limbs in addition to the 5th sternebrae. These did not appear to be dose-dependent and restored to normal during the postnatal development.
- Other non specific anormalies involved the lumber ribs in fetuses and offsprings, formation of the accessory ossification center of the 5th sternebrae in offsprings and the atrial septal defect detected in only 2 fetuses of a litter from dams treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene.
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
> 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: fetotoxicity
Abnormalities:
not specified
Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Table 1: Effect of d-limonene on prenatal development of rabbit fetuses

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

250

500

1000

No. of pregnant animals

10

10

10

18

No. of dead clams

0

0

0

6

(%)

 

 

 

33

No. of examined clams

10

10

10

10

No. of implantations

96

94

85

91

(mean ± S.E.)

9.50 ± 0.25

9.40 ± 0.21

8.50 ± 0.33

9.10 ± 0.25

No. of resorbed fetuses

5

4

4

8

No. of dead fetuses

3

5

0

3

No. of live fetuses

88

85

81

80

Sex ratio (Male/Female)

0.73 (37/51)

1.13 (45/50)

0.62 (31/50)

1.11 (38/42)

Fetus body weight (g)

 

 

 

 

Male (mean ± S.E.)

44.39 ± 1.33

48.09 ± 1.07 *

44.76 ± 1.51

43.22 ± 0.96

Female (mean ± S.E.)

45.64 ± 1.00

47.45 ± 1.08

46.14 ± 1.21

45.13 ± 1.10

Placental weight (g)

 

 

 

 

Male (mean ± S.E.)

5.76 ± 0.17

5.84 ± 0.17

5.95 ± 0.29

5.77 ± 0.19

Female (mean ± S.E.)

5.87 ± 0.19

5.70 ± 0.15

6.16 ± 0.18

5.87 ± 0.23

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level

Table 2: Prenatal examinations of rabbit fetuses

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

250

500

1000

External examination

 

 

 

 

No. of examined fetuses

91

90

81

83

No. of malforrned fetuses

0

0

0

0

Visceral examination

 

 

 

 

No. of examined fetuses

88

85

81

80

No. of malformed fetuses

 

 

 

 

Atrial septal defect (%)

0

2 (2.4)

0

0

No. of minor abnormality

 

 

 

 

Incomplete lobulation of lungs (%)

11 (12.5)

16 (18.8)

19 (23.5)

19 (23.8)

Enlargement of foramen ovale (%)

2 (2.3)

2 (2.4)

5 (6.2)

4 (5.0)

Skeletal examination

 

 

 

 

No. of examined fetuses

86

87

81

80

No. of malformed fetuses

0

0

0

0

No. of variation

 

 

 

 

Left lumbar rib (%)

18 (20.9)

26 (29.9)

14 (17.3)

25 (31.3)

Right lumbar rib (%)

16 (18.6)

22 (25.3)

14 (17.3)

22( 27.5)

Ossification pattern

 

 

 

 

Retarded ossification of 5th sternebrae (%)

11 (12.8)

14 (16.1)

8 (9.9)

18 (22.5)

Retarded ossification of middle phalanx of fore limbs (%)

2 (2.3)

3 (3.4)

0

6 (7.4)

Table 3: Absolute organ weights of rabbit offsprings

 

Male

Female

 

Control

250

500

1000

Control

250

500

1000

No. of offsprings

13

12

8

13

10

13

16

9

Final body weight (g)

893.0 ± 45.3

1021.2 ± 45.4 **

931.9 ± 55.5

957.3 ± 52.4

1005.5 ± 53.7

1093.1 ± 46.6

860.0 ± 31.6 *

1071.7 ± 58.1

Liver (g)

36.49 ± 2.52

45.08 ± 1.52 *

38.67 ± 3.10

34.91 ± 2.76

41.79 ± 3.39

13.95 ± 3.18

34.68 ± 1.90

48.30 ± 6.14

Lungs (g)

5.53 ± 0.35

6.25 ± 0.26

5.98 ± 0.36

5.46 ± 0.18

5.91 ± 0.25

5.94 ± 0.28

5.72 ± 0.18

5.93 ± 0.45

Heart (g)

2.63 ± 0.17

3.50 ± 0.16 **

2.86 ± 0.17

3.04 ± 0.19

3.19 ± 0.17

3.38 ± 0.21

2.72 ± 0.12 *

3.34 ± 0.20

Spleen (g)

0.71 ± 0.05

0.77 ± 0.04

0.71 ± 0.08

0.81 ± 0.04

0.64 ± 0.06

0.74 ± 0.05

0.74 ± 0.04

0.78 ± 0.07

Thymus (g)

2.31 ± 0.20

2.51 ± 0.23

2.11 ± 0.38

1.96 ± 0.11

2.40 ± 0.30

2.77 ± 0.19

1.671.14 *

2.36 ± 0.31

Kidneys (g)

7.67 ± 0.42

9.80 ± 0.46 **

8.29 ± 0.29

8.58 ± 0.52

8.82 ± 0.46

8.40 ± 0.30

7.86 ± 0.37

9.56 ± 0.55

Thyroids (mg)

75.89 ± 8.35

102.68 ± 4.18*

86.74 ± 10.97

80.93 ± 7.41

82.78 ± 8.00

89.90 ± 4.11

75.75 ± 5.43

96.30 ± 9.67

Adrenals (mg)

69.65 ± 6.02

9.1.93 ± 1.06 **

78.79 ± 5.89

71.36 ± 6.00

82.23 ± 4.37

94.24 ± 5.07

87.64 ± 4.18

105.39 ± 15.11

Testes or Ovaries

(mg)

180.42 ± 17.15

272.86 ± 16.46 **

185.62 ± 23.78

162.84 ± 20.59

46.31 ± 7.90

46.10 ± 2.80

43.53 ± 2.69

47.77 ± 3.59

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level

** Significantly different from the control at 1% level

Table 4: Relative organ weights per 100 g of rabbit offsprings

 

Male

Female

 

Control

250

500

1000

Control

250

500

1000

No. of offsprings

13

12

8

13

10

13

16

9

Final body weight (g)

893.0 ± 45.3

1021.2 ± 45.4 **

931.9 ± 55.5

957.3 ± 52.4

1005.5 ± 53.7

1093.1 ± 46.6

860.0 ± 31.6 *

1071.7 ± 58.1

Liver (g/100 g)

4.08 ± 0.25

3.99 ± 0.22 *

4.16 ± 0.26

3.52 ± 0.10

4.25 ± 0.17

4.03 ± 0.21

4.02 ± 0.16

4.04 ± 0.32

Lungs (g/100 g)

0.61 ± 0.03

0.55 ± 0.03

0.65 ± 0.04

0.58 ± 0.03

0.62 ± 0.02

0.55 ± 0.02 *

0.67 ± 0.03

0.51 ± 0.02 **

Heart (g/100 g)

0.29 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.02

0.33 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.01

0.32 ± 0.01

0.29 ± 0.01 *

Spleen (g/100 g)

0.08 ± 0.01

0.07 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0

0.07 ± 0.01

0.07 ± 0.01

0.09 ± 0

0.07 ± 0.01

Thymus (g/100 g)

0.25 ± 0.02

0.22 ± 0.02

0.25 ± 0.03

0.20 ± 0.01 *

0.24 ± 0.03

0.25 ± 0.01

0.195 ± 0.01

0.20 ± 0.02

Kidneys (g/100 g)

0.85 ± 0.04

0.86 ± 0.04

0.90 ± 0.03

0.88 ± 0.02

0.91 ± 0.02

0.80 ± 0.01

0.91 ± 0.01

0.83 ± 0.03 *

Thyroids (mg/100 g)

8.21 ± 0.69

9.10 ± 0.51

9.21 ± 0.87

8.18 ± 0.42

8.40 ± 0.56

8.41 ± 0.45

8.81 ± 0.57

8.13 ± 0.41

Adrenals (mg/100 g)

7.82 ± 0.60

8.37 ± 0.40

8.58 ± 0.77

7.18 ± 0.28

8.61 ± 0.51

8.79 ± 0.57

9.15 ± 0.42

9.04 ± 0.14

Testes or Ovaries

(mg/100 g)

23.68 ± 1.31

19.68 ± 0.94 *

19.48 ± 1.69

16.35 ± 1.56

5.15 ± 1.19

4.33 ± 0.32

5.19 ± 0.43

3.84 ± 0.32

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level

** Significantly different from the control at 1% level

Table 5: Effects of d-limonene on gross differentiations of rabbit offsprings

 

Control

250

500

1000

No. of examined offsprings

23

25

24

22

Days of gross differentiation after birth

Opening of the ear-shell

 

 

 

 

6th day (%)

0

0

1 (4.2)

0

7th day (%)

23 (100)

25 (100)

23 (95.8)

22 (100)

Coating with the hair

 

2nd day (%)

7 (30.4)

0

0

0

3rd day (%)

16 (69.6)

25 (100)

24 (100)

22 (100)

Odontiasis

 

At birth (%)

23 (100)

25 (100)

24 (100)

22 (100)

Opening of the eyelids

 

9th day (%)

0

0

0

3 (13.6)

10th day (%)

11 (47.8)

4 (16.0)

13 (54.2)

5 (22.7)

11th day (%)

4 (17.4)

15 (60.0)

10 (41.7)

12 (54.5)

12th day (%)

3 (13.0)

5 (20.0)

1 (4.2)

2 (9.1)

13th day (%)

5 (21.7)

1 (4.0)

0

0

Table 6: Effects of d-limonene on postnatal development of rabbit offsprings

 

Control

250

500

1000

No of dams

3

3

3

3

No. of still-birth (Male/Female)

1 (1/0)

0

0

1 (0/1)

No. of offsprings (Male/Female)

At birth

28 (15/13)

27 (14/13)

26 (8/18)

27 (15/12)

1st week

28 (15/13)

27 (14/13)

25 (8/17)

26 (14/12)

2nd week

26 (14/12)

27 (14/13)

25 (8/17)

26 (14/12)

3rd week

24 (14/10)

27 (14/13)

25 (8/17)

25 (14/11)

4th week

23 (13/10)

26 (13/13)

25 (8/17)

22 (13/ 9)

5th week

23 (13/10)

25 (12/13)

25 (8/17)

22 (13/ 9)

6th week

23 (13/10)

25 (12/13)

25 (8/17)

22 (13/ 9)

7th week

23 (13/10)

25 (12/13)

24 (8/16)

22 (13/ 9)

Weanling rate (%)

79.3 (81.2/76.9)

92.6 (85.7/100)

92.3 (100/88.9)

78.6 (86.7/69.2)

Table 7: Postnatal examinations of rabbit offsprings

 

Control

250

500

1000

No. of dams

3

3

3

3

No. of examined offsprings

23

25

24

22

Sensory function

Normal

Normal

Normal

Normal

External examination

No. of malformed offsprings

0

0

0

0

Visceral examination

No. of malformed offsprings

0

0

0

0

No. of minor abnormality

Incomplete lobulation of lungs (%)

2 (8.7)

1 (4.0)

0

0

Accessory spleen (%)

2 (8.7)

0

0

0

Protrusion of gall bladder (%)

1 (4.3)

1 (4.0)

0

0

Skeletal examination

No. of malformed offsprings

0

0

0

0

No. of variation

Left lumbar rib (%)

4 (17.4)

4 (16.0)

4 (16.7)

4 (18.2)

Right lumbar rib (%)

2 (8.7)

6 (24.0)

6 (25.0)

4 (18.2)

Translocation of caudal vertebrae (%)

1 (4.3)

0

1 (4.2)

0

Ossification pattern

Retarded ossification of 5th sternebrae (%)

0

2 (8.0)

0

1 (4.5)

Accessory ossification center of 5th sternebrae (%)

1 (4.3)

2 (8.0)

0

3 (13.6)

Conclusions:
Under the test conditions, d-limonene was not teratogenic in rabbit fetuses and the NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be greater than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 250 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain.
Executive summary:

In a prenatal developmental toxicity study, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant Japanese white rabbits at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 13 days from Day 6 to 18 of gestation. Food consumption and bodyweights of pregnant rabbits were recorded during organogenesis. Caesarean sections were performed and the number of dead, live or resorbed fetuses, sex ratio and number of implantation sites were recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations.

 

Treatment with the highest dose level (1000 mg/kg bw/day) of d-limonene resulted in death of 6/18 dams (33% mortality). The significant decrease of bodyweight gain and food consumption were temporarily observed in dams given 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene, but no anormalies were observed in the general behavior of dams given 250 and 500 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene during the gestation. External examination of fetuses showed no anormalies. Visceral and skeletal examinations revealed some anormalies such as incomplete lobulation of the lungs, enlargement of the foramen ovale and retarded ossification of the middle phalanx of fore limbs in addition to the 5th sternebrae. These did not appear to be dose-dependent and restored to normal during the postnatal development. Other non specific anormalies involved the lumber ribs in fetuses and offsprings, formation of the accessory ossification center of the 5th sternebrae in offsprings and the atrial septal defect detected in only 2 fetuses of a litter from dams treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene.

 

Under the test conditions, d-limonene was not teratogenic in rabbit fetuses and the NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be higher than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 250 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain.

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
1977
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Original reference in Japanese language
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Prenatal developmental toxicity study: Groups of pregnant ICR mice (20/dose: 15 for teratogenicity study, 5 for postnatal development) were administered orally with d-limonene at dose levels of 0, 591 and 2363 mg/kg bw/day for 6 days from Day 7 to 12 of gestation and evaluated for developmental and postnatal development toxicity.
GLP compliance:
not specified
Limit test:
no
Species:
mouse
Strain:
ICR
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
No data
Route of administration:
oral: unspecified
Vehicle:
not specified
Details on exposure:
No data
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
not specified
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
No data
Details on mating procedure:
no data
Duration of treatment / exposure:
6 days (gestation Day 7-12)
Frequency of treatment:
Once daily
Duration of test:
Gestatation Day 0 to postnatal week 7
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
0, 591 and 2363 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
No. of animals per sex per dose:
15
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
No data
Maternal examinations:
See results tables
Ovaries and uterine content:
See results tables
Fetal examinations:
See results tables
Statistics:
statistical significance difference of effects from controls were calculated at 5% and 1% levels.
Indices:
No data
Historical control data:
No data
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Details on maternal toxic effects:
See results tables
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: developmental toxicity
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
See results tables
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
skeletal malformations
other: A significant decrease of bodyweight gain was observed in male offsprings born to dams given drug orally at 2363 mg/kg bw/day
Abnormalities:
not specified
Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Maternal examinations:

- Significant decrease of bodyweight gain in pregnant mice was observed at 2363 mg/kg bw/day.

- No anomalies were observed in the general behavior of dams during the period of gestation.

 

Fetal examinations:

- An incidence of lumber rib and fused rib in the fetuses increased significantly at 2363 mg/kg bw/day comparing with those of control.

- In the observation of skeletal development in fetuses, retarded ossification of proximal phalanx of fore limb, metatarsal bone and proximal phalanx of hind limb were observed. However, these retarded ossifications were restored to normal during postnatal development.

- A significant decrease of bodyweight gain was observed in male offsprings born to dams given drug orally at 2363 mg/kg bw/day, but there were not differences in weaning rate, sensory function, organ weight and histological findings of the testis and ovary comparing with those of control.

Table 1: Effects of d-limonene on development of mouse fetuses.

 

Control

591

2363

No. of mothers

15

15

15

No. of implantations

162

179

154

(mean ± S.E.)

(10.80 ± 0.20)

(11.93 ± 0.13)

(10.27 ± 0.21)

No. of dead fetuses

9

1.1

6

(mean ± S.E.)

(0.60 ± 0.05)

(0.73 ± 0.10)

(0.40 ± 0.05)

No. of resorbed fetuses

18

20

20

(mean ± S.E.)

(1.20 ± 0.05)

(1.33 ± 0.10)

(1.33 ± 0.10)

No. of live fetuses

135

148

125

Sex ratio (Male/Female)

1.33

0.83

1.13

Fetuses Body weight (g)

Male (mean ± S.E.)

1.34 ± 0.02

1.24 ± 0.01

1.28 ± 0.02

Female (mean ± S.E.)

1.28 ± 0.02

1.22 ± 0.01

1.19 ± 0.02

Placental weight (mg)

Male (mean ± S.E.)

94 (2 ± 2.0)

86 ( 0 ± 1.7)

89 (3 ± 1.7)

Female (mean ± S.E.)

87 (8 ± 2.6)

81 (5 ± 1.9)

83 (5 ± 2.2)

External observation

No. of fetuses examined

135

148

128

No. of fetuses malformed

0

4

0

Cleft palate

0

4

0

Incidence (%)

0

2.7

0

Visceral observation

No. of fetuses examined

71

76

68

No. of fetuses malformed

4

4

3

Enlargement of foramen ovale

4

4

3

Incidence (%)

5.6

5.3

4.4

Table 2: Effects of d-limonene on skeletal development of mouse fetuses

 Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control 

591

2363

No. of fetuses examined

64

72

61

Variation

Lumbar rib (%)

17 (26.6)

12 (16.7)

28 (46.7) *

Cervical rib (%)

1 (1.6)

(5.6)

1 (1.7)

Fused rib (%)

0 (0)

0 (1)

5 (8.3) *

Crooked rib (%)

2 (3.1)

0 (1)

0 (0)

Asymmetry of sternebrae (%)

2 (1.7)

7 (9.7)

7 (11.7)

Fused sternebrae

0 (0)

1 (1.4)

1 (1.7)

No. of ossification

Sternebrae

5.99 ± 0.01

5.97 ± 0.02

5.94 ± 0.03

Fore limb

Metacarpal bone

8.00 ± 0

7.97 ± 0.03

8.00 ± 0

Proximal phalanx

7.50 ± 0.13

7.67 ± 0.16

6.87 ± 0.30 *

Middle phalanx

1.16 ± 0.23

2.14 ± 0.29 **

2.18 ± 0.29 **

Distal phalanx

9.08 ± 0.32

9.72 ± 0.20

9.13 ± 0.36

Hind limb

Metatarsal bone

10.00 ± 0

9.92 ± 0.05

9.80 ± 0.09 *

Proximal phalanx

8.12 ± 0.23

8.03 ± 0.23

7.23 ± 0.39 *

Middle phalanx

0.09 ± 0.09

0.33 ± 0.18

0.20 ± 0.11

Distal phalanx

9.47 ± 0.24

9.72 ± 0.20

9.30 ± 0.31

Caudal vertebrae

7.12 ± 0.95

6.50 ± 0.21

7.00 ± 0.25

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level.

** Significantly different from the control at 1% level.

Table 3: Effects of d-limonene on postnatal development of mouse offsprings

 

 

d-Limonene (mg/kg bw)

 

Control

591

2363

No. of mothers

5

5

5

No. of implantations

51

52

50

(mean ± S.E.)

(10.80 ± 0.33)

(10.41 ± 0.96)

(10.03 ± 0.63)

No. of offsprings

50

46

39

No. of dead offsprings at birth

0

0

0

Sensory function

Normal

Normal

Normal

No. of live offsprings

At birth

50

46

39

1st week

50

46

39

2nd week

50

46

39

3rd week

50

46

39

4th week

50

46

39

5th week

50

46

39

6th week

50

46

39

7th week

50

46

39

Weanling rate (%)

100

100

100

Table 4: Effects of d-limonene on gross differentiation of mouse offsprings

 

 

d-Limonene (mg/kg bw)

Gross differentiation

Control

591

2363

Opening of the ear-shell

3.5 ± 0.07

3.6 ± 0.08

4.1 ± 0.08

Coating with the hair

5.0 ± 0.00

4.11 ± 0.08

5.2 ± 0.06

Odontiasis

9.8 ± 0.07

9.3 ± 0.07

9. 1 ± 0.04

Opening of the eyelid

13.3 ± 0.08

12.9 ± 0.06

13.6 ± 0.09

Descending of the testis

23.0 ± 0.20

23.3 ± 0.11

25.0 ± 0.27

Opening of the vaginal orifice

29.5 ± 0.26

30.5 ± 0.16

30.6 ± 0.15

Table 5: Absolute organ weights of postnatal mouse offsprings born to mothers given d-limonene

Sex

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

No. of

offsprings

Final BW (g)

Thyroids (mg)

Thymus (g)

Lungs (g)

Heart (g)

Spleen (g)

Kidneys (g)

Liver (g)

Adrenals (g)

Testes (g) or Ovaries (mg)

Female

Control

27

34.2 ± 0.50

5.43 ± 0.18

75.72 ± 4.14

199.26 ± 4.70

158.22 ± 2.13

131.54 ± 9.96

0.63 ± 0.02

2.06 ± 0.09

8.39 ± 0.49

217.52 ± 1.65

591

27

34.9 ± 0.44

6.04 ± 0.68

65.26 ± 4.26

203.76 ± 2.95

166.66 ± 7.58

121.66 ± 4.74

0.63 ± 0.02

2.08 ± 0.07

8.29 ± 0.67

209.76 ± 9.23

2363

23

32.2 ± 0.77

5.41 ± 0.62

64.08 ± 3.64

189.60 ± 6.69

158.96 ± 3.12

125.52 ± 3.04

0.58 ± 0.02

2.14 ± 0.04

8.53 ± 0.86

200.20 ± 0.39

Male

Control

23

27.3 ± 0.50

4.80 ± 0.22

81.47 ± 4.38

172.80 ± 7.20

118.98 ± 3.91

121.76 ± 6.48

0.37 ± 0.01

1.37 ± 0.02

11.71 ± 0.40

13.38 ± 0.68

591

19

28.8 ± 0.45

4.29 ± 0.20

69.44 ± 5.52

174.26 ± 5.66

129.96 ± 3.62

112.68 ± 2.79

0.38 ± 0.01

1.37 ± 0.04

11.36 ± 0.43

16.98 ± 1.71

2363

16

28.1 ± 0.34

3.53 ± 0.41 *

63.95 ± 9.72

171.75 ± 5.70

135.15 ± 6.89

116.15 ± 5.78

0.38 ± 0.01

1.46 ± 0.03 *

11.61 ± 0.30 *

17.93 ± 1.30 *

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level.

Table 6: Relative organ weights per 100 g body weights of postnatal mouse offsprings born to mothers given d-limonene

Sex

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

No. of

offsprings

Final BW (g)

Thyroids(mg/100 g)

Thymus(mg/100 g)

Lungs(mg/100 g)

Heart(mg/100 g)

Spleen(mg/100 g)

Kidneys(g/100 g)

Liver(g/100 g)

Adrenals(mg/100 g)

Testes or Ovaries (mg/100 g)

Female

Control

27

34.2 ± 0.50

15.80 ± 0.44

220.36 ± 10.67

580.50 ± 13.59

461.18 ± 8.65

386.55 ± 39.35

1.83 ± 0.07

6.01 ± 0.26

24.48 ± 1.55

634.84 ± 19.06

591

27

34.9 ± 0.44

17.20 ± 1.93

185.29 ± 8.48 *

581.21 ± 9.42

474.60 ± 717.10

346.85 ± 12.29

1.80 ± 0.05

5.93 ± 0.14

23.55 ± 1.48

596.69 ± 14.95

2363

23

32.2 ± 0.77

16.55 ± 2.64

191.59 ± 6.25

568.43 ± 13.67

477.39 ± 11.90

376.91 ± 10.23

1.73 ± 0.03

6.44 ± 0.29

25.74 ± 2.82

602.30 ± 34.26

Male

Control

23

27.3 ± 0.50

17.13 ± 18.47

291.98 ± 34.66

619.50 ± 8.54

425.00 ± 32.37

437.67

1.31 ± 0.04

4.89 ± 0.08

41.89 ± 1.41

47.85 ± 2.42

591

19

28.8 ± 0.45

15.06 ± 0.61 *

242.35 ± 13.57

611.98 ± 17.12

456.02 ± 4.93 *

397.44 ± 20.40

1.33 ± 0.02

4.81 ± 0.11

39.96 ± 1.73

59.59 ± 5.78

2363

16

28.1 ± 0.34

12.60 ± 1.44 *

229.38 ± 35.46

612.74 ± 20.32

482.14 ± 24.21 *

414.30 ± 17.34

1.37 ± 0.04

5.23 ± 0.09 *

41.45 ± 1.27

64.33 ± 5.38 *

* Significantly different from the control at 5% level.

Table 7: Summaried data on postnatal development of mouse offsprings

 

 

d-limonene (mg/kg bw)

 

Control

591

2363

External observation

 

No. of offsprings examined

50

46

39

No. of offsprings malformed

0

0

0

Visceral observation

 

No. of offsprings examined

50

46

39

No. of offsprings malformed

0

0

0

Skeletal observation

 

No. of offsprings examined

50

46

39

No. of offsprings malformed

0

0

0

Skeletal variation

 

Lumbar rib (%)

17 (34.0)

23 (50.0)

20 (51.3)

Fusion of 13th and lumbar rib (%)

0

0

1 (2.6)

Fusion of lumbar vertebra (%)

1 (2.0)

1 (2.2)

1 (2.6)

Crooked tail (%)

0

0

1 (2.6)

Conclusions:
Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain in dams and increased incidences of abnormal bone formation in fetuses.
Executive summary:

In a prenatal developmental toxicity study, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant ICR mice (20/dose: 15 for teratogenicity study, 5 for postnatal development) at dose levels of 0, 591 and 2363 mg/kg bw/day for 6 days from Day 7 to 12 of gestation. Bodyweights of pregnant mice were recorded during organogenesis. Caesarean sections were performed and the number of dead, live or resorbed fetuses, sex ratio and number of implantation sites were recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. Number of live offsprings, sensory functions, gross differentiation and organ weights of offsprings were recorded until postnatal week 7.

 

A significant decrease of bodyweight gain in pregnant mice was observed at 2363 mg/kg bw/day. However, no anomalies were observed in the general behavior of dams during the period of gestation. An incidence of lumber rib and fused rib in the fetuses increased significantly at 2363 mg/kg bw/day comparing with those of control. In the observation of skeletal development in fetuses, retarded ossification of proximal phalanx of fore limb, metatarsal bone and proximal phalanx of hind limb were observed. However, these retarded ossifications were restored to normal during postnatal development. A significant decrease of bodyweight gain was observed in male offsprings born to dams given drug orally at 2363 mg/kg bw/day, but there were not differences in weaning rate, sensory function, organ weight and histological findings of the testis and ovary comparing with those of control.

 

Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain in dams and increased incidences of abnormal skeletal formation in fetuses at 2363 mg/kg bw/day.

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Original reference in Japanese language
Justification for type of information:
The read across justification is attached below
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Maternal toxic effects:yes

Details on maternal toxic effects:
Deaths (40%) and decreased bodyweight gain at 2869 mg/kg bw/day
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: developmental toxicity
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Prolongation of the ossification of metacarpals and proximal phalanges in fetuses, decreased bodyweight gain (male offsprings) and organ weights at 2869 mg/kg bw/day
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
591 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
skeletal malformations
other: decreased bodyweight gain
Abnormalities:
not specified
Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Maternal examinations:

- At 2869 mg/kg bw/day, maternal bodyweight decreased and several mothers (40%) died for a period of the treatment, but at 591 mg/kg bw/day, no changes were observed.

 

Fetal examinations:

- Delayed ossification of fetuses metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx at 2869 mg/kg bw/day was caused significantly, compared with the control group, but this was restored to normal within several weeks after birth.

- A decreased tendency of bodyweight was noted in postnatal male offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg bw/day, compared with the control group.

- Thymus, spleen and ovaries weights decreased in offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg bw/day.

Table 1: Body weight changes in pregnant rats treated orally with d-limonene

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

Gestational days

Gain

0

9

12

16

20

Control

214.80 ± 32.55

248.70 ± 28.92

265.60 ± 30.53

289.85 ± 35.01

325.30 ± 44.01

105.50 ± 29.67

591

221.25 ± 39.58

254.65 ± 41.16

264.80 ± 39.94

290.10 ± 38.37

325.60 ± 52.75

103.95 ± 19.38

2869

214.75 ± 4.57

258.75 ± 32.76

 

248.92 ± 26.27

263.17 ± 22.96 *

305.00 ± 27.07

90.25 ± 22.38

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Table 2: Effects of d-limonene on rat fetuses

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

591

2869

No. of mothers

15

15

15

Mortality of mothers (%)

0

0

40

No. of total implants

12.73 ± 2.96

12.18 ± 3.65

10.44 ± 3.71

No. of dead fetuses

0

0

0

No. of resorbed fetuses

1.00 ± 1.10

1.47 ± 2.42

0.89 ± 0.73

No. of live fetuses

176

162

87

Sex ratio (Male/Female)

0.69

1.22

0.85

Fetuses body weight (g)

Male

3.71 ± 0.45

3.53 ± 0.35

3.73 ± 0.52

Female

3.46 ± 0.44

3.38 ± 0.45

3.63 ± 0.40

Placental weight(g)

Male

0.49 ± 0.07

0.49 ± 0.10

0.48 ± 0.06

Female

0.47 ± 0.07

0.46 ± 0.06

0.44 ± 0.05

Malformation

External

0

0

0

Visceral

1

0

0

Table 3: Effects of d-limonene on skeletal development of rat fetuses

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

591

2869

No. of examined fetuses

83

84

42

Variation

Shortness of 13th rid

1

0

0

Lumbar rid

0

1

2

Asymmetry of sternebrae

0

0

1

Ossification

Delayed ossification of parietal bone

2

0

0

Non-ossification of occipital bone

 

0

4

1

Non-ossification of parietal bone

0

3

0

No. of ossified metacarpal bone

7.69 ± 0.72

7.49 ± 0.84

6.97 ± 0.96 *

No. of ossified proximal phalanx (Forelimb)

2.48 ± 1.71

2.25 ± 1.81

0.55 ± 1.28 *

No. of ossified metatarsal bone

 

7.98 ± 0.56

8.01 ± 011

8.00 ± 0

No. of ossified

sternebraea

5.47 ± 0.98

5.60 ± 0.71

5.52 ± 0.73

No. of ossified

caudal vertebrae

3.76 ± 0.64

3.80 ± 0.57

3.95 ± 0.68

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Table 4: Body weight changes of postnatal rat offsprings born to mothers treated orally with d-limonene

Postnatal

weeks

Males

Females

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Dose (mg/kg bw)

Control

591

2869

Control

591

2869

0

5.19 ± 0.55

5.46 ± 0.52

4.79 ± 0.46

4.93 ± 0.62

5.09 ± 0.68

4.89 ± 0.66

1

13.06 ± 1.50

12.49 ± 0.99

10.62 ± 1.54 *

12.82 ± 1.59

12.22 ± 1.07

10.66 ± 1.84

2

26.06 ± 3.12

24.86 ± 2.74

22.67 ± 5.05 *

25.88 ± 3.35

24.31 ± 2.42

22.72 ±.3.92

3

41.91 ± 5.89

39.55 ± 5.14

40.77 ± 5.16

41.08 ± 5.59

38.56 ± 4.37

38.39 ± 4.96

4

73.12 ± 9.89

71.33 ± 8.87

67.67 ± 8.02

69.66 ± 9.43

67.38 ± 6.71

66.01 ± 9.29

5

122.32 ± 12.25

116.47 ± 12.78

112.77 ± 12.65 *

109.57 ± 10.61

107.58 ± 7.95

107.10 ± 13.34

6

176.04 ± 15.80

164.68 ± 16.69

163.11 ± 17 .85 *

141.39 ± 10.54

140.11 ± 9.40

139.45 ± 14.22

7

235.52 ± 17.72

222.43 ± 18.57

213.64 ± 20.10 *

173.06 ± 8.89

169.65 ± 11.13

167.84 ± 15.86

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Table 5: Effects of d-limonene on postnatal development of the rats

Dose

(mg/ kg bw)

Days of postnatal development

Opening of the ear-shell

Coating with
the hair

Odontiasis

Opening of the eyelid

Descending of the testis

Opening of the vaginal orifice

Control

2.55 ± 0.76

5.51 ± 0.91

10.1 ± 0.96

14.83 ± 0.55

22.5 ± 1.30

35.6 ± 2.50

591

2.09 ± 0.82

6.00 ± 0

10.4 ± 0.71

15.00 ± 0.76

21.6 ± 1.39

35.5 ± 1.75

2869

2.41 ± 0.49

8.50 ±0.50

10.4 ± 1.85

15.14 ± 0.75

21.27 ± 0.57

35.93 ± 2.20

Table 6: Effects of d-limonene on development of rat offsprings

Dose (mg/kg)

Control

591

2869

No. of mothers

5

5

5

Mortality of mothers

0

0

40

No. of offspring from birth

to the 7th week

0

61

65

33

1

53

63

30

2

53

63

30

3

53

63

28

4

53

63

28

5

53

63

28

6

53

63

28

7

53

63

28

External abnormality

0

0

0

No. of total implants

13.6 ± 3.1

14.8 ± 1.7

13.7 ± 1.7

No. of dead fetuses at birth

4

4

5

Parturient rate

95

92

93

Weaning rate

89

97

85

Table 7: Absolute organ weights of postnatal rat offsprings born to mothers treated orally with d-limonene

Sex

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

No. of

offsprings.

Final BW (g)

Pituitary (mg)

Thyroids (mg)

Thymus (g)

Lungs (g)

Heart (g)

Spleen (g)

Kidneys (g)

Liver (g)

Adrenals (g)

Testes (g) or Ovaries (mg)

Male

Control

27

235.5 ± 17.7

10.04 ± 1.95

14.06 ± 2.52

0.77 ± 0.08

1.15 ± 0.10

0.82 ± 0.08

0.75 ± 0.11

2.18 ± 0.36

11.55 ± 1.14

38.85 ± 7.37

2.15 ± 0.17

591

29

222.4 ± 18.6

9.58 ± 4.84

13.12 ± 2.77

0.72 ± 0.09

1.10 ± 0.11

0.81 ± 0.08

0.69 ± 0.08

2.10 ± 0.20

11.24 ± 1 .49

36.77 ± 6.93

2.13 ± 0.28

2869

11

213.6 ± 20.1

9.69 ± 0.65

14.41 ± 3.60

0.66 ± 0.08 *

1.19 ± 0.17

0.80 ± 0.07

0.63 ± 0.07 *

2.23 ± 0.38

11.64 ± 1.64

43.23 ± 10.91

2.18 ± 0.14

Female

Control

25

173.1 ± 8.9

11.18 ± 3.15

12.26 ± 1.32

0.59 ± 0.08

0.97 ± 0.11

0.66 ± 0.07

0.52 ± 0.06

1.72 ± 0.22

8.88 ± 0.85

45.51 ± 8.01

77.24 ± 22.01

591

34

169.7 ± 11.7

10.05 ± 3.34

11.57 ± 1.62

0.54 ± 0.07

0.96 ± 0.07

0.67 ± 0.05

0.50 ± 0.06

1.60 ± 0.15 *

8.16 ± 0.85

46.56 ± 8.45

85.84 ± 42.52 *

2869

17

167.8 ± 15.9

9.95 ± 1.87

12.31 ± 1.80

0.51 ± 0.07 *

0.94 ± 0.10

0.62 ± 0.06

0.44 ± 0.04 *

1.62 ± 0.17 *

8.50 ± 0.58

47.15 ± 6.63

63.15 ± 7.99

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Table 8: Relative organ weights per 100 g body weights of postnatal rat offsprings born to mothers treated orally with d-limonene

Sex

Dose

(mg/kg bw)

No. of

offsprings.

Final BW (g)

Pituitary (mg/100 g)

Thyroids (mg/100 g)

Thymus (mg/100 g)

Lungs (mg/100 g)

Heart (mg/100 g)

Spleen (mg/100 g)

Kidneys (g/100 g)

Liver (g/100 g)

Adrenals (mg/100 g)

Testes or Ovaries (mg/100 g)

Male

Control

27

235.5 ± 17.7

4.31 ± 0.78

5.98 ± 0.99

0.33 ± 0.04

0.48 ± 0.04

0.36 ± 0.03

0.31 ± 0.05

0.93 ± 0.08

4.89 ± 0.36

16.49 ± 2.71

0.90 ± 0.04

591

29

222.4 ± 18.6

4.02 ± 0.50

5.93 ± 0.86

0.33 ± 0.04

0.49 ± 0.04

0.37 ± 0.04

0.33 ± 0.09

0.95 ± 0.07

5.10 ± 0.37

16.39 ± 2.53

0.95 ± 0.08 *

2869

11

213.6 ± 20.1

4.23 ± 0.43

5.93 ± 0.66

0.28 ± 0.03 *

0.51 ± 0.05

0.35 ± 0.02

0.27 ± 0.02 *

0.96 ± 0.06

5.03 ± 0.27

17.23 ± 2.26

0.95 ± 0.09

Female

Control

25

173.1 ± 8.9

6.09 ± 1.08

7.08 ± 0.85

0.34 ± 0.05

0.54 ± 0.04

0.38 ± 0.04

0.30 ± 0.04

0.99 ± 0.12

5.14 ± 0.42

26.38 ± 4.71

47.94 ± 9.78

591

34

169.7 ± 11.7

5.82 ± 0.81

6.85 ± 0.96

0.32 ± 0.04

0.54 ± 0.12

0.40 ± 0.03

0.30 ± 0.03

0.95 ± 0.07

4.83 ± 0.37

27.61 ± 3.76

46.74 ± 10.76

2869

17

167.8 ± 15.9

6.27 ± 1.90

7.31 ± 0.90

0.31 ± 0.03 *

0.57 ± 0.08

0.37 ± 0.03

0.27 ± 0.04 *

0.94 ± 0.06

5.14 ± 0.33

26.75 ± 2.93

36.89 ± 4.25 *

* Significantly different from the control, P <0.05

Conclusions:
Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the deaths and decreased bodyweight gain. The NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the delayed skeletal formation and decreased bodyweight gain.
Executive summary:

In a developmental toxicity study, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant Wistar rats (20/dose: 15 for teratogenicity study, 5 for postnatal development) at dose levels of 0, 591 and 2869 mg/kg bw/day suspended with 1% gum-arabic solution for 7 days from Day 9 to 15 of gestation. Bodyweight of pregnant rats were recorded on Days 0, 9, 12, 16 and 20 during organogenesis. Caesarean sections were performed and the number of dead, live or resorbed fetuses, sex ratio and number of implantation sites were recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. Number of live offsprings, gross differentiation and organ weights of offsprings were recorded until postnatal week 7.

 

At 2869 mg/kg bw/day, maternal bodyweight decreased and several mothers (40%) died for a period of the treatment, but at 591 mg/kg bw/day, no changes were observed. Delayed ossification of fetuses metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx at 2869 mg/kg bw/day was caused significantly, compared with the control group, but this was restored to normal within several weeks after birth. A decreased tendency of bodyweight was noted in postnatal male offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg bw/day, compared with the control group. Thymus, spleen and ovaries weights decreased in offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg.

 

Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the deaths and decreased bodyweight gain. The NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the delayed skeletal formation and decreased bodyweight gain.

Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
Endpoint conclusion:
adverse effect observed
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
591 mg/kg bw/day
Study duration:
subacute
Species:
other: rat, rabbit, mouse
Additional information

Three developmental toxicity studies with main constituent limonene are available in three species (rats, rabbits and mice), which together were used in a weight of evidence approach.

 

In the developmental toxicity study in rats, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant Wistar rats (20/dose: 15 for teratogenicity study, 5 for postnatal development) at dose levels of 0, 591 and 2869 mg/kg bw/day suspended with 1% gum-arabic solution for 7 days from Day 9 to 15 of gestation.

At 2869 mg/kg bw/day, maternal bodyweight decreased and several mothers (40%) died for a period of the treatment, but at 591 mg/kg bw/day, no changes were observed. Delayed ossification of fetuses metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx at 2869 mg/kg bw/day was caused significantly, compared with the control group, but this was restored to normal within several weeks after birth. A decreased tendency of bodyweight was noted in postnatal male offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg bw/day, compared with the control group. Thymus, spleen and ovaries weights decreased in offsprings born to mothers treated at 2869 mg/kg.

Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the deaths and decreased bodyweight gain. The NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the delayed skeletal formation and decreased bodyweight gain.

 

In the prenatal developmental toxicity study with rabbits, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant Japanese white rabbits at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 13 days from Day 6 to 18 of gestation.

Treatment with the highest dose level (1000 mg/kg bw/day) of d-limonene resulted in death of 6/18 dams (33% mortality). The significant decrease of bodyweight gain and food consumption were temporarily observed in dams given 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene, but no anomalies were observed in the general behavior of dams given 250 and 500 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene during the gestation. External examination of fetuses showed no anomalies. Visceral and skeletal examinations revealed some anomalies such as incomplete lobulation of the lungs, enlargement of the foramen ovale and retarded ossification of the middle phalanx of fore limbs in addition to the 5th sternebrae. These did not appear to be dose-dependent and restored to normal during the postnatal development. Other non specific anomalies involved the lumber ribs in fetuses and offsprings, formation of the accessory ossification center of the 5th sternebrae in offsprings and the atrial septal defect detected in only 2 fetuses of a litter from dams treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day of d-limonene.

Under the test conditions, d-limonene was not teratogenic in rabbit fetuses and the NOAEL for fetal toxicity was considered to be greater than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was considered to be 250 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain.

 

In the prenatal developmental toxicity study in mice, d-limonene was administered orally to groups of pregnant ICR mice (20/dose: 15 for teratogenicity study, 5 for postnatal development) at dose levels of 0, 591 and 2363 mg/kg bw/day for 6 days from Day 7 to 12 of gestation.

A significant decrease of bodyweight gain in pregnant mice was observed at 2363 mg/kg bw/day. However, no anomalies were observed in the general behavior of dams during the period of gestation. An incidence of lumber rib and fused rib in the fetuses increased significantly at 2363 mg/kg bw/day comparing with those of control. In the observation of skeletal development in fetuses, retarded ossification of proximal phalanx of fore limb, metatarsal bone and proximal phalanx of hind limb were observed. However, these retarded ossifications were restored to normal during postnatal development. A significant decrease of bodyweight gain was observed in male offsprings born to dams given drug orally at 2363 mg/kg bw/day, but there were not differences in weaning rate, sensory function, organ weight and histological findings of the testis and ovary comparing with those of control.

Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was considered to be 591 mg/kg bw/day based on the decreased bodyweight gain in dams and increased incidences of abnormal bone formation in fetuses at 2363 mg/kg bw/day.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the available information, there is not enough evidence to classify Tangerine oil for developmental toxicity, in accordance with the criteria outlined in Annex I of 1272/2008/EC (CLP/EU-GHS).

Additional information