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Toxicological information

Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions; few details on test substance given, no analysis of the test compound

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
publication
Title:
Developmental toxicity evaluation of trimethylolpropane caprylate caprate in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Author:
Azuka, C. and Daston, P.
Year:
2004
Bibliographic source:
Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2004 Dec;71(6):374-9.

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
few details on test substance given, no analysis of the test compound
GLP compliance:
not specified
Limit test:
no

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
Decanoic acid, ester with 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol octanoate
EC Number:
234-392-1
EC Name:
Decanoic acid, ester with 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol octanoate
Cas Number:
11138-60-6
IUPAC Name:
2,2-bis[(octanoyloxy)methyl]butyl decanoate

Test animals

Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Kingston, NY
- Age at study initiation: young adult
- Weight at study initiation: Mean of the maternal body weight: 226 g (Vehicle), 225 g (200 mg/kg bw/day), 227 g (600 mg/kg bw/day), 226 g (2000 mg/kg bw/day)
- Fasting period before study: No
- Housing: Virgin females were cohabitated with singly-housed male rats, one male per female rat for a maximum of 5 days and returned to individual housing in stainless steel wire-bottomed cages after mating.
- Diet: Certified Rodent Diet No. 5002 (PMI Feeds Inc. St.Louis, MO), ad libitum
- Water: water passaged through a reverse osmosis membrane with chlorine added as a bacteriostat, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: yes, period not mentioned


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 - 25
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70
- Air changes (per hr): 10
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 / 12

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
dermal
Vehicle:
corn oil
Details on exposure:
TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: The back of the animals from the shoulders to the hip joints and extended ventrolaterally from the dorsal midline on each side (5x7 cm)
- % coverage: approx. 10% of the body surface
- Type of wrap if used: occlusive, gauze pad secured with Vetrap or Micropore tape
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: during acclimatization period


REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): exposed area was wiped with a dermal wipe pad dampened with aqueous 1% solution of soap and then patted dry with a second clean pad
- Time after start of exposure: 6 h


TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 2 mL/kg
- Concentration (if solution): 200, 600, and 2000 mg/kg/day
- Constant volume or concentration used: yes

VEHICLE
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 2 mL/kg
- Concentration (if solution): up to 100% (vehicle control)

USE OF RESTRAINERS FOR PREVENTING INGESTION: yes, Elizabethan collar
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
no
Details on mating procedure:
- Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- If cohoused:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: maximum 5 days
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: Not applicable
- Verification of same strain and source of both sexes: No Data
- Proof of pregnancy: Both, vaginal plug and/or sperm in vaginal smear were referred to as Day 0 of pregnancy
Duration of treatment / exposure:
Treatment on Gestation Days (GD) 6 - 15
Frequency of treatment:
Daily
Duration of test:
Termination of the study by CO2 inhalation on GD 20.
Doses / concentrations
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
200, 600 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
nominal conc.
No. of animals per sex per dose:
25
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
- Dose selection rationale: Dose dependent occurrence of skin irritation. Higher levels than 2000 mg/kg bw/day might be expected to produce marked irritation thereby compromising the interpretaion of developmental results.
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Computer-generated randomization by weight (Barlett´s test for homogeneity) such that the groups were not statistically different (5% significance level) from each other.

Examinations

Maternal examinations:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Animals were checked for mortality twice daily during the treatment period and daily thereafter.


DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Animals were checked for signs of reaction to treatment and/or symptoms of illness once daily before treatment, approx. 60 min after treatment during the dosing period. The dosing site was examined daily prior to substance application for signs of skin irritation according to Draize.


BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Recorded on GD 0 and daily during the treatment period.


FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE : Yes
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg b.w./day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No


POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day # 20
- Organs examined: The uterus, uterine contents, position of the fetuses in the uterus and number of corpora lutea. Number and distribution of intrauterine implantations were classified as live or death fetuses, late intrauterine deaths (resorptions) and early intrauterine resorption sites. Live fetuses were sexed and further examined (see below).
Ovaries and uterine content:
The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
Fetal examinations:
- External examinations: Yes: all per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: half per litter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: half per litter
- Head examinations: Yes: half per litter (the heads of the animals used for soft tissue examinations)
Statistics:
Clinical observations and other proportion data were analyzed using the Variance Test for Homogeneity of the Binominal Distribution. Quantitative continuous data were analyzed using Barlett´s Test for Homogeneity of Variance and the Analysis of Variance when Barlett´s Test was not significant (p>0.05). If the Analysis of Variance was significant (p>0.05), Dunnett´s Test was used to identify the statistical significance of the individual groups. If the Analysis of Variance was not appropriate, the Kruskal-Wallis Test was used when >75% ties were present. In case of significance (p>0.05), Dunn´s Method of Multiple Comparisons was used for identification of statistical significance of the individual groups.
Historical control data:
No details.
One dam having a litter consisting of seven early resorptions was pointed out as single non-dosage dependent event and to be within the ranges observed historically at the test facility.

Results and discussion

Results: maternal animals

Maternal developmental toxicity

Details on maternal toxic effects:
Maternal toxic effects:yes. Remark: local irritation

Details on maternal toxic effects:
The two highest dose levels caused some local irritation at the site of application, but no decreases in maternal weight gain or feed consumption. Two animals in the control group and one animal in the high-dose group died within 6 h after first application; these were not considered to be treatment related and the animals were replaced. One dam of the mid-dose goup (1/25) having a litter consisting of seven early resorptions was pointed out as single non-dosage dependent event and to be within the ranges observed historically at the test facility.
Necropsy findings were limited to skin flaking and scabbing first identified in life and observations related to wearing the Elizabethan collar (local alopecia, chromorhinorrhea, and neck lesions).

Effect levels (maternal animals)

open allclose all
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
2 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Basis for effect level:
other: developmental toxicity
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks:
local
Effect level:
200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks:
systemic
Effect level:
2 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity

Results (fetuses)

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
There were no significant differences from control in any of the developmental parameters measured, including embryo/fetal viability, fetal weight, malformations, or variations. The observed effects in fetuses were dose-independent and regarded to be sporadic.

Effect levels (fetuses)

Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks on result:
other: There were no significant differences from control in any of the developmental parameters measured, including embryo/fetal viability, fetal weight, malformations, or variations.

Fetal abnormalities

Abnormalities:
not specified

Overall developmental toxicity

Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1: Skin reaction observations

 

0 mg/kg bw/d

200 mg/kg bw/d

600 mg/kg bw/d

2000 mg/kg bw/d

Maximum possible incidencesa

375/25

375/25

375/25

375/25

Erythema

Total

0/0

2/1

22/4

91/13b

Grade 1

0/0

2/1

10/4

81/13b

Grade 2

0/0

0/0

4/1

10/4b

Flaking

Total

11/3

15/2

55/6

170/17 b

Grade 1

11/3

9/2

27/5

61/14 b

Grade 2

0/0

6/1

19/4

71/14b

Grade 3

0/0

0/0

9/1

38/7 b

Edema

Total

0/0

0/0

23/4

83/11b

Grade 1

0/0

0/0

18/4

59/11b

Grade 2

0/0

0/0

5/1

24/6b

Scab

0/0

0/0

6/2

19/4

a:       Maximum incidence : Days x rats from first treatment on GD 6 through sacrifice on GD 20 divided by the number of rats examined per group on GD 6-20

b:        Significantly different from vehicle control group value (p≤0.01)

 

Table 2: Maternal reproductive, litter, and fetal alteration observations: Caesarian-Section results on GD 20

 

0 mg/kg bw/d

200 mg/kg bw/d

600 mg/kg bw/d

2000 mg/kg bw/d

Rats pregnant and sectioned on Day 20 of gestation (n)

25

23

22b

24

Corpora lutea/dam

16.4

16.6

16.9

16.5

Implantation sites/litter

15.0

15.4

14.9

14.2

Litter size

Live fetuses/litter

14.6

14.6

14.0

13.3

Live fetuses (n)

364

335

308

320

Dead fetuses (n)

0

0

0

0

Resorptions

0.4

0.9

0.9

0.9

Early (n)

10

20

19

21

Late (n)

1

0

0

0

Dams with any resorptions n(%)

9 (36)

11 (48)

15 (68)

11 (46)

% resorbed/litter

2.9

5.4

5.8

5.0

% male/litter

51.3

50.8

48.1

47.7

Live fetal body weight (g/litter)

3.68

3.62

3.69

3.75

Male

3.77

3.68

3.82

3.85

Female

3.58

3.56

3.58

3.65

Fetuses evaluated (n)

364

335

308

320

Litters with any alterations observed n(%)

10 (40)

8 (35)

14 (64)

7 (25)

Fetuses with any alterations observed n(%)

13 (3.5)

10 (3.0)

20 (6.5)

9 (2.0)

% fetuses/litter with any alterations observed

3.5

2.9

6.8c

2.7

b:       Excludes values for one dam, which had a litter consisting of seven early resorptions.

c:       Significantly different from vehicle control group value (p≤0.05)

Table 3: Fetal evaluations

 

0 mg/kg bw/d

200 mg/kg bw/d

600 mg/kg bw/d

2000 mg/kg bw/d

Litters evaluated

25

23

22b

24

Fetuses evaluated

364

335

308

320

Live

364

335

308

320

Fetal gross external alterations

364

335

308

320

Tail: kinked

Litter incidence, n (%)

0(0)

1 (4.3)

0(0)

0(0)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

0(0)

1(0.3)

0(0)

0(0)

Body: hematoma

Litter incidence, n (%)

1(4.0)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

1 (0.3)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

Fetal soft tissue alterations, evaluations

174

162

149

155

Vessels: umbilical artery descended to the left of urinary bladder

Litter incidence, n (%)

2(8.0)

3(13.0)

2(9.1)

2(8.3)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

2(1.1)

3(1.8)

3(2.0)

2(1.3)

Vessels: apparent additional umbilical artery descended left of the bladder

Litter incidence, n (%)

0(0)

0(0)

1(4.5)

0(0)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

0(0)

0(0)

1(0.7)

0(0)

Fetal skeletal alterations, evaluations

190

173

159

165

Cervical vertebrae: cervical rib present at 7th cervical vertebrae

Litter incidence, n (%)

2(8.0)

1(4.3)

1(4.8)

0(0)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

2(1.0)

2(1.2)

1(1.2)

0(0)

Thoracic vertebrae: centrum, bifid

Litter incidence, n (%)

1(4.0)

1(4.3)

5(22.7)

0(0)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

1(0.5)

1(0.6)

5(3.1)a

0(0)

Lumbar vertebrae: centrum, bifid

Litter incidence, n (%)

0(0)

1(4.3)

0(0)

0(0)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

0(0)

1(0.6)

0(0)

0(0)

Ribs: wavy

Litter incidence, n (%)

0(0)

0(0)

2(9.1)

1(4.2)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

0(0)

0(0)

2(1.2)

1(0.5

Sternal centra: 1st, not ossified

Litter incidence, n (%)

1(4.0)

0(0)

0(0)

2(8.3)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

1(0.5)

0(0)

0(0)

2(1.3)

Sternal centra: 1st, incompletely ossified

Litter incidence, n (%)

3(12.0)

3(13.0)

2(5.1)

1(4.2)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

4(2.1)

4(2.3)

2(1.2)

1(0.6)

Pelvis: pubis, incompletely ossified

Litter incidence, n (%)

3(12.0)

0(0)

4(18.2)

3(12.5)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

3(1.6)

0(0)

5(3.1)

3(1.8)

Pelvis: ischium, incompletely ossified

Litter incidence, n (%)

0(0)

0(0)

2(9.1)

0(0)

Fetal incidence, n (%)

0(0)

0(0)

2(1.2)

0(0)

a: Significantly different from vehicle control group (p≤0.01)

Applicant's summary and conclusion