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Ecotoxicological information

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

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Administrative data

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference
Endpoint:
toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
1982
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: see 'Remark'
Remarks:
The study was conducted according to a test protocol that is comparable to the appropriate OECD test guideline. The report lacks certain details on the study, however it si not considered invalid. It was not compliant with GLP and no analytical monitoring was carried out.
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
Deviations:
not applicable
GLP compliance:
no
Analytical monitoring:
not specified
Vehicle:
yes
Details on test solutions:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION

- Method: not reported, assumed to be mechanical mixing

- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone

- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution(s) including control(s)): 0.5 ml

- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): Dobanol 91 was not wholly soluble in water, forming globules on the surface at concentrations in excess of 10 mg/L.
Test organisms (species):
Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM

- Source (laboratory, culture collection): American Type Culture Company, Maryland, USA

- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): <24 h

- Method of cultivation: not reported

ACCLIMATION

- Acclimation period: not reported
Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
96 h
Hardness:
Not reported
Test temperature:
24 C
pH:
Not reported
Dissolved oxygen:
Not reported
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal concentrations: range 1-43 mg/l, 6 logarithmical concentrations.
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM

- Test vessel: Erlenmeyer flask

- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 50 ml culture medium

- Initial cells density: 5000 cells/ml

- Control end cells density: 0.28 x 10^6 cells/ml

- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1

- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 6

GROWTH MEDIUM

- Standard medium used: yes, based on Miller and Green 1978


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS

- Source/preparation of dilution water: not reported

- Culture medium different from test medium: not reported

- Intervals of water quality measurement: not reported

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS

- Adjustment of pH: not reported

- Photoperiod: constant illumination

- Light intensity and quality: not reported


EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED

- Determination of cell concentrations: cell counts were made after 2 and 4 days with a Coulter counter.


TEST CONCENTRATIONS

- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 1.9
Reference substance (positive control):
no
Key result
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
1 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Key result
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
2.7 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Details on results:
- Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes

- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: Dobanol 91 was not wholly soluble in water, forming globules on the surface at concentrations in excess of 10 mg/L.
Reported statistics and error estimates:
The Ec50 was calculated by probit analysis using log transformed concentration values (Finney 1971).

 Table 1. Summary of findings.

 

Concentration (mg/L)

Cells concentration (cells/ml x 10^6)

Average Cell growth

Average Cell growth

Day 2

Day 4

Day 2-Day 4

As % of mean control

0 (control)

0.12

2.5

1.53

 -

0

0.16

2.6

1.40

 -

0

0.14

2.4

1.43

 -

0

0.12

2.2

1.46

 -

0

0.11

1.9

1.45

 -

0

0.14

2.6

1.46

 -

1.0

0.082

1.7

1.53

105

1.9

0.021

0.25

1.24

85

3.5

0.007

0.011

0.20

14

6.6

0.006

0.007

0.07

5.1

12

0.008

0.008

-0.02

-1.1

23

0.008

0.006

-0.09

-5.9

43

0.008

0.011

0.19

18

 

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Conclusions:
A reliable 96 h EC50 value of 2.7 mg/L and a NOEC value of 1.0 mg/L based on growth rate have been determined for the effects of dobanol 91 on the cell growth of the freshwater algae Selenastrum capricornutum (new name: Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata).

Description of key information

Read-across from Alcohols, C9-11 (CAS 66455-17-2):

Toxicity to aquatic algae:
96-hour ErC50 2.7 mg/L (nominal) using methods equivalent to OECD TG 201 (Selenastrum capricornutum, freshwater);

96-hour growth rate NOEC 1.0 mg/L (nominal) using methods equivalent to OECD TG 201 (Selenastrum capricornutum, freshwater)

Key value for chemical safety assessment

EC50 for freshwater algae:
2.7 mg/L
EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
1 mg/L

Additional information

Short-term aquatic toxicity whole substance data are available with Alcohols C9-11 linear only (CAS 66455-17-2).

The presence of branched structures does not appear to confer aliphatic alcohols any different environmental properties compared to the linears only substances, therefore the data is freely read-across between Alcohols C9-11 branched and linear and Alcohols C9-11 linear only substances.

 

C9-11:

A reliable 96-hour EC50 value of 2.7 mg/L and a NOEC value of 1.0 mg/L based on growth rate have been determined for the effects of Alcohols, C9-11 (CAS 66455-17-2) on the cell growth of the freshwater algae Selenastrum capricornutum (new name: Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata). This is the only reliable data and has been selected as key.

 

Data are also available for each constituent of Alcohols C9-11. The relevant values are: 

 

C9:

There are no reliable measured algal toxicity data available for nonan-1-ol, therefore a quantitative prediction has been performed. A 72-hour ErC50 value of 5.1 mg/l and ErC10 value of 2.1 mg/l have been estimated for the effects of nonan-1-ol on growth rate of green algae (Fisk et al., 2017).  

 

C10:

There are no reliable measured algal toxicity data available for decan-1-ol (CAS 112 -30 -1), therefore a quantitative prediction has been performed. A 72-hour ErC50 value of 1.5 mg/l and ErC10 of 0.7 mg/l have been estimated for the effects of decan-1-ol on growth rate of green algae. In a static exposure study it is likely that significant biodegradation of test substance is to be expected, particularly in view that green algae are capable of metabolising aliphatic alcohols. The estimate is based on regression of the category data set. Key reliable measured data for the neighbouring chain length alcohols, octan-1-ol (CAS 111-87-5) and dodecan-1-ol (CAS 112-53-8) are read-across to support this interpolative prediction.

 

C11:

No reliable measured data are available for toxicity of undecan-1-ol to algae, therefore, a quantitative prediction has been performed. A 72-hour ErC50 value of 1.3 mg/l and ErC10 of 0.6 mg/l have been estimated for the effects of undecan-1-ol on growth rate of green algae. 

Biodegradation by algae

Rapid degradation in water is indicated by the difficulties encountered in aquatic toxicity tests (chronic Daphnia reproduction) for long chain aliphatic alcohols (Section 6.1.4). Alcohols in the range C10-C15 were found to be rapidly removed from the test medium. This was attributed to metabolism by algae present as a food source in tests, and in later stages of the 21-day tests to bacterial degradation by microbes adsorbed onto the carapace of the test daphnids, despite daily cleaning of the animals.

Discussion of trends in the Category of C6-24 linear and essentially-linear aliphatic alcohols:

The data for single carbon chain length LCAAs show toxicity to increase from an ErC50 of 80 mg/l for C6 to 0.33 mg/l for C12. The C14 and C16 LCAAs were not toxic to algae, indicating a toxicity cut-off at C14 and above. Two of the studies determined NOECs that are suitable for assessing long-term toxicity. A NOEC of 11 mg/l has been reported for hexan-1-ol based on measured exposure concentrations. A test with dodecanol resulted in a 72-h EC0 (equivalent to a NOEC) value of 0.085 mg/l.

Other algal studies used a WAF methodology and/or used test concentrations greater than the limit of water solubility and/or did not report a NOEC or equivalent statistic.

The data for mixed carbon chain length LCAAs (commercial products) shows that substances containing LCAAs with carbon numbers in the ranges of C7-9 to C12-15 exerted toxicity at concentrations of between 3.1 and 0.043-0.092 mg/l. At these concentrations all the constituents are likely to have been fully dissolved. For the C12-18 and C14-15 multi-constituent substances there was evidence of toxic effects in tests conducted on water-accommodated fractions prepared at loading rates that will have exceeded the solubility of some constituents.