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Physical & Chemical properties

Water solubility

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Reference
Endpoint:
water solubility
Data waiving:
other justification
Justification for data waiving:
other:

Description of key information

The solubility of laccases in purified water at pH 7 is between 1 and 100 g/l.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Water solubility:
100 g/L
at the temperature of:
25 °C

Additional information

The solubility of laccases in purified water at pH 7 is between 1 and 100 g/l.

The degree of solubility at a given pH is depending on several factors, e.g. temperature, the amino acid sequence and structure of the enzyme and other components in the system such as salts. The amino acid sequence and structure affect the polarity, including the isoelectric point (pI) of the enzyme, which is an important factor for solubility. The difference in solubility is thus a reflection of the variation in the amino acid sequence. Also post translational modifications influence the solubility, where the most important is glycosylation that typically increases the solubility. The influence of pH and salt concentration on protein stability has been investigated in the following publications; Carbannaux et al., 1995; Green, 1932; Guilloteau et al., 1992; Hofmeister 1888. The effects of anions and cations on protein solubility in general are described by the Hofmeister series (Hofmeister 1888). All indicate that the solubility of proteins like enzymes is dependent on the conditions in a given environment.

Enzymes generally have the lowest solubility when the pH is close to pI (+/- 1 pH unit) and the solubility increases when pH is shifting away from pI, as long as the pH is not denaturing the enzyme. The pI of laccases ranges from 2.3 to 8.3 (http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=1.10.3.2&UniProtAcc=Q5I7J0&OrganismID=275868&ShowAll=True). Studies on different enzymes covering alpha-amylases (Faber et al, 2007) and proteases (HERA, 2007)* show high solubility (60 -100 g/L) at pH between 6 to 8.

The conclusion is that the water solubility differs between different laccases, due to difference in amino acid sequence and presence of post translational modifications. Water solubility is also highly dependent on the aqueous environment, i.e. pH, salts present, temperature and stabilizing agents, and it is thus not possible to give one water solubility value for all industrial produced laccases but only a range. Industrial enzymes are produced in submerged fermentation followed by downstream purification. The final product is a mixture of the enzyme, impurities from the fermentation and stabilizing agents that are added in the downstream processing. In general, solubility data are based either on finished products or enzymes purified in buffer and salts and not in purified water alone.

References

Carbonnaux, C., Riès-Kautt, M., & Ducruix, A., (1995); Protein Science, 4, 2123 -2128.

Green, A. A., (1932); Physical Chemistry of Proteins, 10, 47-66.

Guilloteau, J. P., Riès-Kautt, M., & Ducruix, A., (1992); Journal of Crystal Growth, 122, 223-230.

Hofmeister, F., (1888); Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 24, 247 -260.

Cornelius Faber, Timothy J. Hobley, Jørgen Mollerup, Owen R. T. Thomas and Svend G. Kaasgaard (2007); 'Study of the Solubility of a Modified Bacillus licheniformis r-Amylase around the Isoelectric Point', J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, 707-713

HERA (Human & Environmental Risk Assessment) on ingredients of household cleaning products, (2007); Subtilisins (Protease) CAS No: 9014-01-1, 1395-21-7, 9073 -77-2, 9001-92-7, 79986-26-8, 95979-76-3, 68909-17-1 *NOTE: Data published in HERA 2007 as “> 1 kg/L”, but has to be corrected to “> 100 g/L”.