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EC number: 695-748-3 | CAS number: 65286-55-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
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- Flash point
- Auto flammability
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- Explosiveness
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- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
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- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
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- Endpoint summary
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- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
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- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
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- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Description of key information
In a key, K1 combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test, the test substance was administered daily to rats at dose levels up to 100 mg/kg bodyweight/day (OECD guideline 422; Edwards, 2018). The NOAEL was considered to be 100 mg/kg bw/day for reproductive toxicity.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2017-08-15 - 2020-07-21
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Version / remarks:
- Adopted 29 July 2016
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: (EC) No 440/2008
- Version / remarks:
- 30 May 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Name: 2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-N-(2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)ethyl)-N-methylethanamine
- Physical state/appearance: clear colorless liquid
- CAS number: 65286-55-7
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: DR74271215
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 30 December 2018
- Purity test date: 98.2%
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: Ambient temperature and humidity in darkness
- Stability under test conditions: used/formulated in light
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: stable in distilled water for at least 15 days when stored refrigerated - Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Details on species / strain selection:
- The rat was selected as it is a readily available rodent species, historically used in safety evaluation studies and is acceptable to appropriate regulatory authorities.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Envigo RMS (UK) Limited, Blackthorn, Bicester, Oxon, UK
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Age at study initiation:
Males: approx. 11 weeks
Females: approx. 12 weeks
- Weight at study initiation:
Males: 270g - 335g
Females: 196g - 240g
- Fasting period before study: not specified
- Housing:
Initially, all animals were housed in groups of three in solid floor polypropylene cages with stainless steel mesh lids and softwood flake bedding (Datesand Ltd., Cheshire, UK).
During the pairing phase, animals were transferred to polypropylene grid floor cages suspended over trays lined with absorbent paper on a one male: one female basis within each dose group. Following successful mating, the males were returned to their original cages. Mated females were housed individually during gestation and lactation in solid floor polypropylene cages with stainless steel mesh lids and softwood flakes.
- Diet: ad libitum, a pelleted diet (Rodent 2018C Teklad Global Certified Diet, Envigo RMS (UK) Limited, Oxon, UK.)
- Water: ad libitum, mains drinking water was supplied from polycarbonate bottles attached to the cage.
- Acclimation period: 20 days
DETAILS OF FOOD AND WATER QUALITY:
The diet and drinking water were considered not to contain any contaminant at a level that might have affected the purpose or integrity of the study.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 ± 3 °C
- Humidity (%): 50 ± 20%
- Air changes (per hr): at least 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light):12/12
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 2017-09-12 To: 2017-11-15 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Remarks:
- Distilled water
- Details on exposure:
- - PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The test item was prepared at the appropriate concentrations as a solution in Distilled Water.
The formulations were shown to be stable for at least 15 days when stored refrigerated. Formulations were therefore prepared weekly and stored at approximately 4 ºC in the dark.
- VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): not specified
- Concentration in vehicle: 0, 4, 12, 20 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg of distilled water
The volume of test and control item administered to each animal was based on the most recent scheduled body weight and was adjusted at weekly intervals.
- Lot/batch no. (if required): not specified
- Purity: not specified - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: up to 14 days
- Proof of pregnancy: Cage tray-liners were checked each morning for the presence of ejected copulation plugs and each female was examined for the presence of a copulation plug in the vagina. A vaginal smear was prepared for each female and the stage of estrus or the presence of sperm was recorded. The presence of sperm within the vaginal smear and/or vaginal plug in situ was taken as positive evidence of mating (Day 0 of gestation) and the males were subsequently returned to their original holding cages. Mated females were housed individually during the period of gestation and lactation. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- - The stability and homogeneity of the test item formulations were determined at the test facility and results showed that the formulations to be stable for at least 15 days when stored refrigerated.
- Samples of test item formulations were taken on three occasions and analyzed for concentration and the results indicate that the prepared formulations were within 98-104% of the nominal concentration. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Males: approx. 6 weeks
Females: up to 8 weeks (including a two week pre-pairing phase, pairing, gestation and early lactation for females) - Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Control group
- Dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Low dose group
- Dose / conc.:
- 60 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Intermediate dose group
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- High dose group
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 48 males and 48 females in total; 12 males and 12 females per dose group
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: The dose levels were chosen based on the results of previous toxicity work including a Fourteen Day Repeated Dose Oral (Gavage) Range Finding Toxicity Study in the Rat (Study No.:QS12HY)
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): The animals were randomly allocated to treatment groups using a stratified body weight randomization procedure and the group mean body weights were then determined to ensure similarity between the treatment groups.
- Treatment volume: 5 mL/kg body weight
- Positive control:
- No
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: immediately before dosing, soon after dosing, and one hour after dosing during the working week (except for females during parturition where applicable).
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: immediately before dosing, soon after dosing, and one hour after dosing during the working week (except for females during parturition where applicable).
- Parameters: signs of toxicity, ill-health and behavioral change
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Individual body weights were recorded on Day 1 (prior to dosing) and then weekly for males until termination and weekly for females until pairing. During pairing phase females were weighed daily until mating was confirmed. Body weights were then recorded for females on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 post coitum, and on Days 1, 4, 7 and 14 post partum. Body weights were also recorded at terminal kill.
FOOD CONSUMPTION : Yes
- During the pre-pairing period: weekly food consumption was recorded for each cage of adults.
- For males after the mating phase: weekly food consumption was recorded for each cage of adults.
- For females showing evidence of mating: food consumption was recorded for the periods covering post coitum Days 0-7, 7-14 and 14-20.
- For females with live litters: food consumption was recorded for the periods covering post partum Days 1-4, 4-7 and 7-14.
FOOD EFFICIENCY: Yes
Food efficiency (the ratio of body weight change/dietary intake) was calculated retrospectively for males throughout the study period (with the exception of the mating phase) and for females during the pre-pairing phase.
Due to offspring growth and milk production, food efficiency could not be accurately calculated during gestation and lactation.
WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Water intake was observed daily by visual inspection of water bottles for any overt changes.
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: prior to termination (Day 44 for males and Day 13 post partum for females)
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: not specified. Blood samples were obtained from the lateral tail vein.
- Animals fasted: no
- How many animals: five males and five females selected from each test and control group.
- Parameters checked: Hemoglobin (Hb), Erythrocyte count (RBC), Hematocrit (Hct), Erythrocyte indices (mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)), Total leukocyte count (WBC), Differential leukocyte count (neutrophils (Neut), lymphocytes (Lymph), monocytes (Mono), eosinophils (Eos), basophils (Bas)), Platelet count (PLT), Reticulocyte count (Retic). Prothrombin time (CT) was assessed by ‘Innovin’ and Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was assessed by ‘Actin FS’ using samples collected into sodium citrate solution (0.11 mol/L).
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: prior to termination (Day 44 for males and Day 13 post partum for females)
- Animals fasted: no
- How many animals: five males and five females selected from each test and control group.
- Parameters checked: Urea, Inorganic phosphorus (P), Glucose, Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), Total protein (Tot.Prot.), Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase (AP), Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio (by calculation), Creatinine (Creat), Sodium (Na+), Total cholesterol (Chol), Potassium (K+), Total bilirubin (Bili), Chloride (Cl-), Bile acids, Calcium (Ca++).
OTHER:
FUNCTIONAL OBSERVATION
Prior to the start of treatment and at approximately weekly intervals thereafter, all animals were observed for signs of functional/behavioral toxicity. These observations were performed on mated females on Days 4, 11 and 18 post coitum and for littering females on Days 4 and 12 post partum. Functional performance tests were also performed on five selected males and females from each dose level, prior to termination, together with an assessment of sensory reactivity to various stimuli.
BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT:
- Detailed individual clinical observations were performed for each animal using a purpose built arena.
- The parametes observed were : Gait, Hyper/Hypothermia, Tremors, Skin color, Twitches, Respiration, Convulsions, Palpebral closure, Bizarre/Abnormal/Stereotypic behavior, Urination, Salivation, Defecation, Pilo-erection, Transfer arousal, Exophthalmia, Tail elevation, Lachrymation.
FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE
- Motor activity: purpose-built 44 infra-red beam automated activity monitors were used to assess motor activity. Animals were randomly allocated to the activity monitors. The tests were performed at approximately the same time on each occasion (at least two hours after dosing), under similar laboratory conditions. The evaluation period was thirty minutes for each animal. The percentage of time each animal was active and mobile was recorded for the overall thirty minute period and also during the final 20% of the period.
- Forelimb/Hindlimb Grip Strength: An automated meter was used. Each animal was allowed to grip the proximal metal bar of the meter with its forepaws. The animal was pulled by the base of the tail until its grip was broken. The animal was drawn along the trough of the meter by the tail until its hind paws gripped the distal metal bar. The animal was pulled by the base of the tail until its grip was broken. A record of the force required to break the grip for each animal was made. Three consecutive trials were performed for each animal.
SENSOR REACTIVITY
- Each animal was individually assessed for sensory reactivity to auditory, visual and proprioceptive stimuli.
- Parameters observed : Grasp response, Touch escape, Vocalization, Pupil reflex, Toe pinch, Blink reflex, Tail pinch, Startle reflex, Finger approach.
THYROID HORMONE ANALYSIS
- serum and plasma samples were taken from all adult males and females at termination. - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- Vaginal smears were taken daily for females throughout the two week pre-pairing treatment period and in the morning of the day of necropsy. The stage of the estrous cycle was recorded for each day.
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- Detailed qualitative examination of the testes was undertaken, taking into account the tubular stages of the spermatogenic cycle. The examination was conducted in order to identify treatment-related effects such as missing germ cell layers or types, retained spermatids, multinucleated or apoptotic germ cells and sloughing of spermatogenic cells into the lumen. Any cell-or stage-specificity of testicular findings was noted.
- Litter observations:
- LITTER DATA
- On completion of parturition (day 0 post partum), the number of live and dead offspring was recorded.
- The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring: Number of offspring born, Number of offspring alive (recorded daily and reported on days 1, 4, 7 and 13), Sex of offspring on Day 1, 4 , 7 and 13 postpartum, Clinical condition of offspring from birth to Day 13 postpartum, Individual offspring weights on Day 1, 4, 7 and 13 postpartum (litter weights were calculated retrospectively from this data).
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
All live offspring were assessed for ano-genital distance on day 1 post partum. Visible nipple count was performed for all male offspring at Day 13 postpartum
THYROID HORMONE ANALYSIS
- where possible serum samples were taken from two randomly allocated offspring from each litter on day 4 post partum (if offspring were of the same sex, samples from the same litter were pooled). If eight or fewer offspring were present in a litter, then no offspring from that litter were sampled on day 4 post partum.
- where possible, serum samples were taken from two randomly allocated offspring per litter (one male and one female) on day 13 post partum. Where possible, plasma samples were also taken from two randomly allocated offspring per litter (one male and one female) on day 13 post partum. If required the number/sex of offspring sampled was altered depending on the litter constituents.
ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY: no
ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL IMMUNOTOXICITY: no - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
Adult males were killed by intravenous overdose of suitable barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 44 or 45.
Adult females were killed by intravenous overdose of suitable barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 14 post partum.
GROSS NECROPSY
All adult animals, including those dying during the study, were subjected to a full external and internal examination, and any macroscopic abnormalities were recorded.
ORGAN WEIGHT
- For five males and five females selected from each test and control group.
- The following organs were examined: Adrenals, Brain, Epididymides, Heart, Kidneys, Liver, Ovaries, Pituitary (weihed partially fixed), Prostate, Seminal vesicles (with coagulation gland), spleen, Testes, Thymus, Thyroid (weighed partially fixed with parathyroid), Uterus (weighed with cervix and oviducts).
- For all remaining animals, the following organs were weighed: Epididymides, Prostate, Seminal Vesicles (with coagulation gland), Ovaries, Pituitary (weighed after partial fixation), Thyroid (weighed after partial fixation with parathyroid), Uterus (weighed with Cervix).
HISTOPATHOLOGY
- From five males and five females selected from each test and control group had the following organs preserved in buffered 10% formalin.
- The tissues were prepared as paraffin blocks, sectioned at a nominal thickness of 5 µm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for subsequent microscopic examination
- Tissues / organs collected: Adrenals, Aorta (thoracic), Bone and bone marrow (femur including stifle joint), Bone and Bone marrow (sternum), Brain (including cerebrum, cerebellum and pons), Cecum, Colon, Cowpers glands, Duodenum, Esophagus, Eyes (retained in Davidson's Fluid), Glans penis, Gross lesions, Heart, Ileum (including peyer's patches), Jejunum, Kidneys, LABC (levator ani-bulbocavernous) muscle, Liver, Lungs (with bronchi), Lymph nodes (mandibular and mesenteric), Mammary gland, Muscle, Ovaries, Pancreas, Pituitary, Prostate, Rectum, Salivary glands (submaxillary), Sciatic nerve, Seminal vesicles (with coagulation gland), Skin, Spinal cord (cervical, mid-thoracic and lumbar), Spleen, Stomach, Testes (retained in Modified Davidson's Fluid), Thymus, Thyroid/Parathyroid, Trachea, Urinary bladder, Uterus and Cervix (with oviducts), Vagina. - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
Surviving offspring were terminated by carbon dioxide asphyxiation followed by cervical dislocation on Day 13 post partum. Offspring required for blood sampling were terminated by cervical dislocation with death confirmed by decapitation during the sampling procedure with blood samples collected immediately following decapitation.
GROSS NECROPSY
All offspring, including those dying during the study, were subjected to a full external and internal examination, and any macroscopic abnormalities were recorded. Examination of offspring was restricted to a macroscopic external examination except where abnormalities were observed, then an additional internal examination was performed.
THYROID HORMONE ANALYSIS
- Where possible serum samples were taken from two randomly allocated offspring from each litter on Day 4 post partum (if offspring were of the same sex, samples from the same litter were pooled). If eight or fewer offspring were present in a litter, then no offspring from that litter were sampled on Day 4 post partum.
- Where possible, serum samples were taken from two randomly allocated offspring per litter (one male and one female) on Day 13 post partum. Where possible, plasma samples were also taken from two randomly allocated offspring per litter (one male and one female) on Day 13 post partum. If required the number/sex of offspring sampled was altered depending on the litter constituents. - Statistics:
- Homogeneity of variance from mean values was analyzed using Bartlett’s test.
Intergroup variances were assessed using suitable ANOVA, or if required, ANCOVA with appropriate covariates.
Any transformed data were analyzed to find the lowest treatment level that showed a significant effect using the Williams Test for parametric data or the Shirley Test for non-parametric data.
If no dose response was found but the data shows nonhomogeneity of means, the data were analyzed by a stepwise Dunnett’s (parametric) or Steel (non-parametric) test to determine significant difference from the control group.
Where the data were unsuitable for these analyses, pair-wise tests was performed using the Student t-test (parametric) or the Mann-Whitney U test (non-parametric).
Data not analyzed by the Provantis data capture system were assessed separately using the R Environment for Statistical Computing.
Initially, the distribution of the data was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by assessment of the homogeneity of the data using Bartlett’s test.
Where considered appropriate, parametric analysis of the data was applied incorporating analysis of variance (ANOVA), which if significant, was followed by pair-wise comparisons using Dunnett’s test. Where parametric analysis of the data was considered to be unsuitable, non-parametric analysis of the data was performed incorporating the KruskalWallis test which if significant was followed by the Mann-Whitney "U" test.
Dose response relationships were also investigated by linear regression. Where the data were unsuitable for these analyses then pair-wise tests were performed using the Student t-test (parametric) or the Mann-Whitney U test (non-parametric). - Reproductive indices:
- Precoital interval: calculated as the time elapsing between initial pairing and the observation of positive evidence of mating
Mating index (%): (Number of animals mated / number of paired animals) x 100
Pregnancy index (%): (number of pregnant females/number of animals mated) x 100
Gestation length: calculated as the number of days of gestation including the day for observation of mating and the start of parturition
Parturition index (%): (number of females delivering live offspring/number of pregnant females) x 100 - Offspring viability indices:
- - Post-implantation loss (%): (number of implantations sites – total number of offspring born/ Number of implantation sites) x 100
- Live Birth Index (%) = (Number of offspring alive on Day 1 / Number of offspring born) x 100
- Viability Index 1 (%) = (Number of offspring alive on Day 4/ Number of offspring alive on Day 1)x 100
- Viability Index 2 (%) = (Number of offspring alive on Day 13 / Number of offspring alive on Day 4) x 100
- % Male offspring (Sex Ratio): calculated for each litter value on days 1, 4, 7 and 13 post partum
(Number of male offspring/ Total number of offspring) x 100 - Clinical signs:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no clinical signs observed that indicated any systemic effect of treatment at dosage of 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day.
At 100 mg/kg bw/day, five males and seven females, respectively, exhibited sporadic instances of noisy respiration between Days 8 and 52 of treatment. Four females at 60 mg/kg bw/day exhibited noisy respiration between Days 8 and 45. At this incidence this observation is likely to be associated with difficulty during the dosing procedure for these particular animals, rather than any underlying effect of systemic toxicity.
One 100 mg/kg bw/day male exhibited pilo-erection and hunched posture on Day 24 of treatment.
See data tables for detailed information - Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- There were no unscheduled deaths during the study.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Males treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day had statistically significantly lower body weight gains (p<0.01 - p<0.05) throughout the treatment period in a dose related manner. This resulted in overall body weight gains which were 40% and 50% lower than controls for males treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day, respectively.
Females at 100 mg/kg bw/day showed a mean body weight loss during the first week of treatment, and a reduced body weight gain during the second week. This resulted in overall body weight gains during the pre-pairing phase being 97% lower when compared to controls. At 60 mg/kg bw/day, females showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) group mean body weight loss during the second week of treatment, this resulted in overall body weight gains to be 15% lower compared to controls. Body weight gains for males treated at 20 mg/kg bw/day remained similar to controls throughout the study. These observations are commonly seen when dosing an irritant test item/formulation and are considered not to be toxicologically significant as they do not specifically relate to systemic toxicity of the test item. Body weights and body weight gains for females were unaffected by treatment at 20 mg/kg bw/day during two week pre-pairing, the gestation and lactation phases. A statistically significantly higher (p<0.05) body weight gain was noted during the first week of treatment, however, an increase in body weight gain is not considered to be an adverse effect of treatment, and is therefore of no toxicological significance.
During the gestation phase, females treated at 100 mg/kg bw/day showed body weights on Day 14 of gestation which were statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to controls, however, the majority of individual values were within the background control ranges. Females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day showed lower body weight gains in relation to controls during the first week of gestation. These females attained statistical significance on Days 0 to 7 (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Signs of recovery were noted during the second and third weeks of gestation in animals treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day; however, body weight gains remained slightly lower than control but were not as marked. These reductions in body weight gains at 100 mg/kg bw/day were reflected in lower cumulative body weight gains between Days 0 to 14 (p<0.001) and Days 0 to 20 (p<0.05) compared to controls. In contrast, females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day showed good signs of recovery after the first week of gestation, as body weight gains were comparable to controls.
Females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day showed body weights on Day 14 of lactation which were statistically significantly lower (p<0.01) compared to controls. Females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day showed reductions in body weight gains throughout lactation which achieved statistical significance (p<0.01) between Days 4 to 7 and lower cumulative gains (p<0.01) between Days 1 to 14. Females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day exhibited comparable body weight gains to control from Days 1 to 4 of lactation, however, reductions in body weight gains were subsequently noted, which achieved statistical significance (p<0.01) from Days 4 to 7.
Body weights and body weight gains were unaffected by treatment at 20 mg/kg bw/day during the gestation and lactation phases.
See data tables for detailed information - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Male food consumption at 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day was generally lower in relation to controls from Week 2 of treatment onwards. No such effects were detected for males treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
For females, there were no adverse effects noted on food consumption during the pre-pairing phase. However, throughout gestation statistically significantly (p<0.01-p<0.001) lower food consumption was apparent. This trend continued during lactation in females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day as lower food consumption was observed which achieved statistical significance (p<0.01) from Day 1 to 14. In contrast, females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day showed signs of recovery durign lactation as food consumptions were only slightly lower during this phase of the study when compared to controls. No effect on food consumtion was detected for 20 mg/kg bw/day females during gestation or lactation.
These observations are commonly seen when dosing an irritant test item/formulation and are considered not to be toxicologically significant as they do not specifically relate to systemic toxicity of the test item.
See data tables for detailed information - Food efficiency:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The food conversion efficiency showed a similar trend to the male body weight changes and food intake, as males treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day values were generally lower than controls. No such effects were detected for males treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
For females, the food conversion efficiency showed a similar trend to the female body weight changes, as females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day were generally lower than controls.
These observations are commonly seen when dosing an irritant test item/formulation and are considered not to be toxicologically significant as they do not specifically relate to systemic toxicity of the test item. - Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Daily visual assessment of water consumption did not reveal any significant intergroup differences.
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 100 mg/kg bw/day males had a statistically significant increase (p<0.01) in neutrophils in relation to controls, without a dose related response. All individual values from these males exceeded the background control ranges. Females treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day showed a statistically significant increase in neutrophil count (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) compared to controls in a dose related response. These females also showed a statistically significant increase in lymphocyte counts (p<0.05) in a dose related response. The increased levels of neutrophil and lymphocyte counts for these females, therefore, contributed to the statistically significant increase in the total leukocyte count (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) in a dose related manner. The majority of individual values were within the background control ranges, with isolated individuals exceeding these ranges. The increased values in these parameters may be a response to the extensive vacuolation/vacuolated macrophages of numerous tissues observed at histopathological examination.
Males treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day showed a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in hematocrit, however all individual values for these males were within the background control ranges. These males also showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in platelet counts. 3/5 individual male values at 100 mg/kg bw/day exceeded the background control ranges. Due to the effects noted at histopathological examination an association with treatment cannot be discounted.
Treated males and females showed a dose related increase in reticulocyte count, attaining statistical significance for males treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.01) and females at 100 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.05). 4/5 and 5/5 individual male values at 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day respectively, and 2/5 individual female values at 100 mg/kg bw/day exceeded the background control ranges. Although there is no evidence of red blood cell destruction or anemia which would trigger increased reticulocyte production, and no corresponding histopathological changes in the bone marrow, a relationship to treatment cannot be excluded.
See data tables for detailed information - Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At both 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day, males showed a decrease (p<0.05) in alkaline phosphatase (AP) in relation to the controls, but all individuall values were within the background control range. Males at 100 mg/kg bw/day also showed an increase (p<0.01) in aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), however whilst 3/5 individual values exceeded the background control range, one of these values was extremely high and likely to be the reason for the observed statistical significance.Due to the histopathological correlates to the liver an associated response to treatment cannot be ruled out.
For females treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day, there was a decrease (p<0.01) in alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) in relation to controls, with 3/5 values at 60 mg/kg bw/day and 4/5 values at 100 mg/kg bw/day being below the background control range.
Although these liver enzymes were statistically significantly altered, the differences and patterns observed were considered not to be biologically relevant due to the contradictions in the effects seen. Additionally, the pattern for these enzymes (AST elevated in males at 100 mg/kg bw/day but not females; ALT reduced in females at 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day but not males; ALP reduced in males at 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day but not females) was not consistent with adverse cellular damage.
At 100 mg/kg bw/day the males showed statistically significant reductions in glucose (p<0.05), albumin (p<0.01), total protein (p<0.01) and bilirubin (p<0.05) compared to controls. These males, as well as all female treatment groups, showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in sodium concentration compared to controls. However, none of these parameters showed a dose related response, and all individual values were within background control ranges. These findings are likely to be the result of normal biological variation and of no toxicological significance.
An increase (p<0.05) in bile acids was noted for females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day, without a dose relationship when compared to controls. All individual values were within the background control ranges, with 1/5 of the values at the upper end of this range may have influenced the significance of this parameter. This finding is likely to be the result of normal biological variation, however, due to histopathological changes in the liver a relationship to treatment cannot be discounted.
See data tables for detailed information - Endocrine findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- An evaluation of Thyroxine (T4) in adults show a dose related reduction attaining statistical significance (p<0.001) for adult males treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. This could be an associated effect due to the histopathological changes to the thyroid gland.
See data tables for detailed information - Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Behavioral assessments: There were isolated incidences of noisy respiration from one male each from 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day dose groups on Day 14 and three 100 mg/kg bw/day males on Day 42 of treatment. Also noisy respiration was noted for three females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day on four separate occasions. Due to the sporadic nature of these observations this finding was considered to be of no toxicological significance.
Functional performance Tests: There were no changes in functional performance considered to be related to treatment at 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Males treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in hind limb grip strength. The intergroup difference was confined to one out of the three tests, in the absence of any similar effects at higher dosages, this finding was considered to be incidental and of no toxicological importance.
The final 20% of activity was reduced in males treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day which attained statistical significance (p<0.05), a dose relationship was not apparent. Overall activity was statistically significantly reduced (p<0.05 - p<0.01) in these animals when compared to controls in a dose related manner. In the absence of any clinical signs of neurotoxicity the intergroup difference was considered to be of no toxicological significance.
Sensory Reactivity Assessments: There were no inter-group differences in sensory reactivity scores that were considered to be related to treatment at 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. - Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Vacuolation was observed in numerous tissues for both sexes treated at 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day, however special staining with Oil-Red-O and PAS did not give any indication of the identity of the contents of the vacuoles. Vacuolation and hypertrophy of the choroid plexus within the brain was apparent for both sexes at these dosages. Macrophage vacuolation was apparent within the spleen (both sexes) and the uterus at these dosages and, for one female at 100 mg/kg bw/day, also within the thymus. Centrilobular vacuolar degeneration was apparent within the liver for both sexes at 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day, such degeneration is regarded as a clear adverse finding.
At 20 mg/kg bw/day, vacuolation was still observed, but both the number of tissues affected and the incidence of findings was lower than seen at higher dosages, with findings often being restricted to a single sex. There were no incidences of vacuolation and hypertrophy of the choroid plexus within the brain or incidences of macrophage vacuolation in the spleen, uterus or thymus apparent at this dosage. However, centrilobular vacuolar degeneration was apparent within the liver for 2/5 males at 20 mg/kg bw/day and, as previously indicated, such degeneration is regarded as an adverse finding.
This interpretation is overruled based on scientific peer-reviewed literature regarding weakly basic aliphatic amines (which can be primary, secondary or tertiary amines) and supporting evidence from similar Huntsman compounds within the same chemical family of aliphatic amines. With regards to degeneration of hepatocytes in the liver for males and females, there are no other parameters within the study that supports this observation as being adverse or progressive (i.e., clinical pathology or hematology/clinical blood chemistry). Thus, with no obvious adverse effects at 100 mg/kg bw/day, a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw/day is considered acceptable (Lewis et al., 2012).
Reduced hematopoiesis in the spleen was present in all males and females treated with the test substance. The significance of this finding is unclear but unlikely to be significant. A further male treated with the test substance at 100 mg/kg bw/day had cellular depletion.
Atrophy of the thymus was present in two males and one female treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Adrenal Glands: Vacuolation of the cells in the cortex was present in two males and females treated with 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Aorta: Vacuolation in the wall of the aorta was present in two females given 20 mg/kg bw/day and all males and females given 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Brain: Vacuolation/vacuolated macrophages of the choroid plexus was present in 4/5 males and all females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day. It was present in 4/5 males and one female treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day. It occurred in all brain regions where choroid plexus was present but was recorded under cerebrum for clarity.
Eyes: Vacuolation in the ciliary body was present in all females and 2/5 males treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day. It was also present in one female treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
Esophagus: Vacuolation in the muscle layer was present in all males and 3/5 females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day, along with one female treated with either 20 or 60 mg/kg bw/day.
Heart: Vacuolation/vacuolated macrophages occurred in the cardiac muscle cells and/or the wall of the vessels of all males and females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day. It was present in one male treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
Kidneys: Vacuolation/vacuolated macrophages in the glomeruli was present in 4/5 males and all females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day. It was present in 3/5 males and females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day.
Liver: Centrilobular, vacuolation and degeneration was present in all males and females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day. It was present in 2/5 males treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day. Vacuolation alone, multifocal and minimal was present in the other three males treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
Pancreas: Vacuolation was present in all males and females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day along with all males and 2/5 females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day.
Respiratory Tract: Vacuolation was present in the tracheal epithelium and/or the epithelium lining the bronchi of all males and females treated with either 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day. Vacuolation in the muscle surrounding the bronchi/bronchioles was present in all males and females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day, most males and females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day and 3/5 males and females treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
Parathyroid Glands: Vacuolation was present in all males and females treated with either 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day, in which the parathyroid glands were present.
Pituitary Gland: Vacuolation of the posterior lobe was present in seven males and eight females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day. It was also present in one male treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day and two males and four females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day.
Prostate: Vacuolation in the muscle tissue within the prostate was present in 8/12 animals treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day and 6/7 treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day.
Seminal Vesicles: Vacuolation in the muscle tissue within the seminal vesicles was present in 11/12 animals treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day and all males treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day which were examined.
Spleen: Vacuolated macrophages were present in all males and 4/5 females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day and all males and females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day.
Reduced hematopoiesis was present in all males and females treated with Jeffcat LE 30. A further male treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day had cellular depletion.
Stomach: Vacuolation in the glandular region of the stomach mucosa was present in all males and females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day and most treated with 60 m/kg bw/day. Vacuolation in the muscularis of the stomach was present in 4/5 males and all females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day, all males and females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day along with most males and females treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day. Vacuolar degeneration in the muscularis was present in the remaining male treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Intestines: Vacuolation in the muscularis was present in one or more areas of the intestine in all males and females treated with either 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Thymus: Atrophy was present in two males and one female treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day. Macrophage vacuolation was present in one further female treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Thyroid Glands: Vacuolation was present in 10/12 males and 8/12 females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Urinary Bladder: Vacuolation in the muscle of the bladder wall was present in all males and females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day along with all males treated with 60 and one male treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
Uterus: Vacuolated macrophages were present in the walls of the uterus in most animals treated with either 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Vacuolation of the cells of the uterine wall was present in most animals treated with either 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Non Productive Matings:
There were a number of non-productive matings within the study, generally spread through the Groups, Control - Female 13 (Male partner 1), Low – Female 42 (Male partner 30) and Female 43 (Male partner 31), Intermediate – Female 63 (Male partner 51) and Female 65 (Male partner 53), High – Female 85 (Male partner 73) and Female 89 (Male partner 77). No findings were noted in the tissues examined, of the animals involved, which could account unequivocally for the lack of pregnancy. The uterus of 2 animals treated with the test substance at 100 mg/kg bw/day showed mild atrophy and one had anestrus morphology in the vagina and the changes in the uterus caused by the test item cannot be discounted.
There were no test item-related microscopic findings in the reproductive tracts following the qualitative examination of the stages of spermatogenesis in the testes (no test item-related abnormalities in the integrity of the various cell types present within the different stages of the sperm cycle). The uterus of 2 animals treated with the test substance at 100 mg/kg bw/day showed mild atrophy and one had anestrus morphology in the vagina. The follicles and corpora lutea in the ovaries indicated no test item related microscopic findings. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- An evaluation of Thyroxine (T4) in adults show a dose related reduction attaining statistical significance (p<0.001) for adult males treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. This could be an associated effect due to the histopathological changes to the thyroid gland.
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was no effect of treatment with the test item at any dose level on the nature of estrous cycle with all females showing regular cycles during the pre-pairing phase of the study. There were also no intergroup differences in the stage of estrus on the day of necropsy.
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no test item-related microscopic findings in the reproductive tracts following the qualitative examination of the stages of spermatogenesis in the testes (no test item-related abnormalities in the integrity of the various cell types present within the different stages of the sperm cycle).
- Reproductive performance:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mating: Mating performance as assessed by the number of paired animals that mated was unaffected by treatment at dosages of 20, 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day. The majority of animals mated within four days of pairing, with the exception of one control and one 100 mg/kg bw/day pairing, which both mated after thirteen days of pairing.
Fertility: 1, 2, 2 and 2 females from control, 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day dose groups were nonpregnant. For the pairings which did not result in pregnancy, no findings were noted in the tissues examined which could account unequivocally for the lack of pregnancy. The uterus of two animals treated at 100 mg/kg bw/day showed mild atrophy and one had anestrus morphology in the vagina and the changes in the uterus caused by the test item cannot be discounted.
Gestation length: The intergroup distribution of gestation lengths observed during the study did not indicate any obvious effect of treatment at 20, 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Litter response: In total 11, 10, 8 and 8 females from control, 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day dose groups gave birth to a live litter and successfully reared young to Day 13 of age. 1, 2, 2 and 2 females from control, 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day dose groups were non-pregnant. Two females treated at 60 mg/kg bw/day and two females treated 100 mg/kg bw/day had total litter loss post partum. The following assessment of litter response is based on all litters reared to termination on Day 13 of lactation/age.
See data tables for detailed information - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- Parental
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Remarks on result:
- other: Any observations made are considered to be non-adverse
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- Reproduction
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Remarks on result:
- other: Any observations made are considered to be non-adverse
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The clinical signs apparent for offspring on the study were typical for the age observed. Neither the incidence nor distribution of these observations indicated any adverse effect of maternal treatment on offspring development at 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day.
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was considered to be no adverse effect of treatment with the test item on the mean number of implantations, post-implantation loss, litter size, sex ratio and subsequent offspring survival to Day 13 of age at 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Offspring weights of both sexes with maternal treatment of 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day were initially comparable to controls. However, body weight gains were lower throughout, which achieved statistical significance from Day 4 until termination (p<0.01 - p<0.001). Cumulative body weight gains were also statistically significantly lower for both dosages between Days 1-7 and 1-13. This resulted in lower overall body weights from Day 4 which subsequently achieved statistical significance on Days 7 and 13 of age for both sexes (males: p<0.01 or p<0.001, females: p<0.05 - p<0.001). This finding was more pronounced with maternal treatment of 100 mg/kg bw/day. Litter weights were lower at 100 mg/kg bw/day throughout the lactation phase, and attained statistical significance from Day 4 (p<0.05 p<0.01). Litter weights at 60 mg/kg bw/day were initially comparable to control, however, lower litter weights were subsequently apparent from Day 4 until termination but these failed to achieve statistical significance.
The offspring of females treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day had litter weights that were comparable to or exceeded controls throughout lactation. Offspring body weights and gains were also generally similar to controls, male offspring exhibited statistically significantly lower body weights (p<0.05) between Days 4(AC)-7. However, as male offspring overall body weight gains and actual body weights were comparable to control, this is unlikely to be a true effect of treatment. This is supported by the fact that all individual litter values for male offspring body weights gains for this period were within the background control range. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Anogenital distance (AGD):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was no effect of treatment with the test item on offspring development, as indicated by ano-genital distance on Day 1 post partum at 20, 60, or 100 mg/kg bw/day.
- Nipple retention in male pups:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was no effect of treatment with the test item on offspring development, as indicated by visible nipple count on Day 13 post partum at 20, 60, or 100 mg/kg bw/day.
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Macroscopic necropsy findings for offspring on the study were typical for the age observed and neither the incidence nor the distribution of these observations indicated any obvious effect of maternal treatment at 20, 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day.
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- An evaluation of Thyroxine (T4) in offspring (Day 13 of age) was performed; this did not identify any treatment-related findings in the offspring.
There was no effect of treatment with the test item on offspring development, as indicated by ano-genital distance on Day 1 post partum and visible nipple count in male offspring on Day 13 post partum at 20, 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day. - Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not examined
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Remarks on result:
- other: Any observations made are considered to be non-adverse
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Key result
- Reproductive effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- The oral administration of the test substance to rats by gavage at dose levels of 20, 60 and 100 mg/ kg bw/day resulted in treatment related, non-adverse effects. The primary observation in the study was vacuolisation/vacuolated macrophages in numerous tissues from males treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day and above and degeneration of hepatocytes in the liver for males of all dose levels and females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day. With regards to vacuolisation/vacuolated macrophages in numerous tissues, the vacuoles observed are considered transient and non-adverse based on scientific peer-reviewed literature regarding weakly basic aliphatic amines (which can be primary, secondary or tertiary amines) and supporting evidence from similar Huntsman compounds within the same chemical family of aliphatic amines. With regards to degeneration of hepatocytes in the liver for males and females, there are no other parameters within the study that supports this observation as being adverse or progressive (i.e., clinical pathology or hematology/clinical blood chemistry). Thus, with no obvious adverse effects at 100 mg/kg bw/day, a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw/day is considered acceptable (Lewis et al. 2012).
The reproductive/developmental NOAEL based on various parameters for the test substance from the OECD 422 study (OECD 422 - Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test), dosed at 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg/day, should be set at 100 mg/kg/day.
The primary reproductive/developmental observation in the study was a decrease in fetal body weights (male, female and total litter weight) for the various dose groups compared to the Control Group. However, there was always a positive weight gain throughout the study in each dose group at each body weight measurement timepoint. This observation is considered to be a secondary effect due to lower maternal (female) food consumption in the dose groups compared to Control Group, which is also reflected in maternal (female) body weights. Even though food consumption tended to be lower for dose group animals compared to the Control Group, there was always a positive increase in food consumption throughout the study for all groups.
Thus, with no obvious adverse effects at 100 mg/kg/day (i.e., mortalities) and positive maternal and fetal weight gains, as well as, positive maternal food consumption throughout the study, a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg/day is considered acceptable (Lewis at al, 2012). - Endpoint:
- extended one-generation reproductive toxicity - basic test design (Cohorts 1A, and 1B without extension)
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- the extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study does not need to be conducted because there are no results from available repeated dose toxicity studies that indicate adverse effects on reproductive organs or tissues, or reveal other concerns in relation with reproductive toxicity
Referenceopen allclose all
At 100 mg/kg bw/day, the mean number of implantations was lower than control although this value failed to attain statistical significance. The number of implantation was not particularly low at this dosage and this difference appears to be incidental and unrelated to maternal treatment. The mean total number of offspring born was slightly lower than control but consistent with the previous slightly lower mean number of implantations at this dosage. Liter size on Day 1, 4, 7 and 13 post partum were also slightly lower for females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day when compared to control litters which again failed to achieve statistical significance.
Live birth index and offspring viability in treated females was comparable to controls.
Sex ratio across all treatment groups was also comparable to controls and did not indicate any selective effect of maternal treatment on survival for either sex.
Discussion of the results
The administration of the test substance to rats at 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day resulted in statistically significant reductions in body weight development throughout the treatment period for both males and females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day compared to controls. A reduction in food consumption for these animals was also apparent throughout the treatment period and with no visible effects on water intake. No such effects were detected in animals of either sex treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day. There were no clinical observations of true systemic toxicity and only sporadic instances of noisy respiration from isolated individuals.
Statistically significant differences in males and females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day were noted in comparison to controls for the hematological and blood chemical parameters measured. Due to the effects apparent at histological examination an association with treatment cannot be discounted for the majority of these differences.
The evaluation of Thyroxine (T4) in adults and male/female offspring (Day 13 of age) did not identify any treatment-related findings in the offspring. However, the adults did show a dose related reduction attaining statistical significance for adult males treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. This could be an associated effect due to the histopathological changes to the thyroid gland.
Mating performance and fertility were unaffected by treatment. However, offspring from 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day litters showed a reduction (p<0.05 - p<0.001) in body weight, body weight gain and cumulative gains which resulted in statistically significantly lower litter weights at 100 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.05 - p<0.01). No such effects were noted for offspring from 20 mg/kg bw/day litters.
Vacuolation was observed in numerous tissues for both sexes treated at 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day, with vacuolation and hypertrophy of the choroid plexus being apparent within the brain. Macrophage vacuolation was also apparent within the spleen, thymus at these dosages and uterus at 100 mg/kg bw/day. The exact cause of the vacuolation could not be determined, but where this vacuolation occurred alone, with no degenerate changes and at a minimal level, it may be considered to be non-adverse. As vacuolation is seen as part of a degeneration process and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes was observed in the liver of both sexes at 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day, the study director considered this effect to be toxicologically significant and adverse. This interpretation is complemented by an expert statement prepared by the sponsor. The vacuoles observed are considered transient and non-adverse based on scientific peer-reviewed literature regarding weakly basic aliphatic amines (which can be primary, secondary or tertiary amines) and supporting evidence from similar compounds within the same chemical family of aliphatic amines (Smith et al., 2019, internal document). With regards to degeneration of hepatocytes in the liver for males and females, there are no other parameters within the study that supports this observation as being adverse or progressive (i.e., clinical pathology or hematology/clinical blood chemistry). Cytoplasmic vacuolization is a well-known morphological phenomenon observed in mammalian cells after exposure to bacterial or viral pathogens as well as to various natural and artificial low-molecular-weight compounds. Vacuolization often accompanies cell death. Hence, the vacuolization observed in the numerous tissues from the study was considered to be excessive and of potential toxicological concerns due to the number of tissues where the pathological findings was observed.
It can be demonstrated that aliphatic amines, such as the test item induce clear cytoplasmic vacuoles. That the induced vacuolization is most likely the result of osmotic effects associated with disturbed ionic balance in the organelles rather than an impact on proteins controlling cellular functions. These osmotic effects are considered to be transient in nature and thus non-adverse.
Reduced hematopoiesis in the spleen was present in all males and females treated with the test substance. The significance of this finding is unclear but unlikely to be significant. A further male treated with the test substance at 100 mg/kg bw/day had cellular depletion.
Atrophy of the thymus was present in two males and one female treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day.
To conclude, within this study, the oral administration of the test item to rats at dose levels of 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day was associated with vacuolation in numerous tissues, vacuolation and hypertrophy of the choroid plexus of the brain and macrophage vacuolation within the spleen, thymus and uterus. The significance of the vacuolation for many of these tissues is unclear, and can be attributed to the test item characteristics. The NOAEL for systemic toxicity is considered to be 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 100 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- GLP-compliant study, performed according to OECD guideline
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Dose range finder
A dose range finding study (K1; Edwards, 2017) was performed and based on the findings in this study, 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day are recommended as the low, intermediate and high dose level, respectively for the Oral (Gavage) Combined Repeat Dose Toxicity Study with Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test in the Rat (OECD 422 Envigo Study Number: HB11QL). See repeated dose toxicity - Oral endpoint for more detaled information.
Combined repeated dose toxicity study with reproductive/developmental screening (OECD422)
The test item was administered by gavage to three groups, each of twelve male and twelve female Wistar Han™: RccHan™: WIST strain rats, for approximately six weeks (males) and up to eight weeks (females) (including a two week pre-pairing phase, pairing, gestation and early lactation for females), at dose levels of 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day (OECD 422; Edwards, 2018). A control group of twelve males and twelve females was dosed with vehicle alone (Distilled water) over the same period.
Clinical signs, behavioral assessments, body weight change and food and water consumption were monitored during the study.
Pairing of animals within each dose group was undertaken on a one male:one female basis within each treatment group on Day 15 of the study, with females subsequently being allowed to litter and rear their offspring to day 13 of lactation. During the lactation phase, daily clinical observations were performed on all surviving offspring, together with litter size and offspring weights and ano-genital distance and visible nipple count (male offspring only).
Extensive functional observations were performed on five selected males from each dose group after the completion of the pairing phase, and for five selected parental females from each dose group on Day 12 post-partum. Hematology and blood chemistry were evaluated prior to termination on five selected males and females from each dose group. Additionally, blood samples were taken at termination from all adult animals and from one male and one female offspring per litter (where possible) on Days 4 and 13 post-partum, for thyroid hormone analysis; samples from adult males and Day 13 offspring were analyzed for Thyroxine (T4).
Vaginal smears were performed for all females from the day after arrival (enabling the exclusion of females not showing appropriate estrous cycle from dosing) and for all treated females including controls through pre-pairing, pairing and up to confirmation of mating. Vaginal smears were also performed in the morning on the day of termination for all treated females. Adult males were terminated on Day 44 or 45, followed by the termination of all surviving offspring and adult females on Days 13 and 14 post partum, respectively. Any female which did not produce a pregnancy was terminated around the same time as littering females. All animals were subjected to a gross necropsy examination and histopathological evaluation of selected tissues was performed. All offspring were examined externally; where external observations were detected an internal necropsy was performed.
There was no mortality observed during the study.
There were no clinical signs apparent that were considered to be related to systemic toxicity of the test item. Isolated occurrences of noisy respiration were noted in five males and seven females treated at 100 mg/kg bw/day as well as in four females at 60 mg/kg bw/day. No clinical signs were apparent in any animal of either sex treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
There were no toxicologically significant changes in the behavioral parameters in animals of either sex treated with 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. There were no changes in functional performance considered to be related to treatment at 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. Males treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in hind limb grip strength but in the absence of any similar effects at higher dosages, this finding was considered to be incidental and of no toxicological importance. The final 20% of activity was reduced in males treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day which attained statistical significance (p<0.05) but a dose relationship was not apparent. Although the overall activity was statistically significantly reduced (p<0.05 - p<0.01) in these animals when compared to controls in a dose related manner, the absence of any clinical signs of neurotoxicity the intergroup difference lead to conclude no toxicological significance. There were no inter-group differences in sensory reactivity scores that were considered to be related to treatment at 20, 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. In terms of body weight, the males treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day had statistically significantly lower body weight gains (p<0.01 - p<0.05) throughout the treatment period in a dose related manner. No differences, compared to control, were observed in males treated at 20 mg/kg bw/day throughout the study. Females at 100 mg/kg bw/day showed a mean body weight loss during the first week of treatment, and a reduced body weight gain during the second week resulting in lower overall body weight gains during the pre-pairing phase, compared to controls. Lower body weight gains, compared to control, were apparent during the first week of gestation and, to a lesser extent, the rest of the gestation period and this pattern of lower body weight gain persisted throughout the lactation period. At 60 mg/kg bw/day, females showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) group mean body weight loss during the second week of treatment, resulting in lower overall body weight gain during the pre-pairing phase, compared to controls. Lower body weight gains, compared to control, were apparent during the first week of gestation, but subsequent body weight gains during gestation were similar to controls. During lactation, body weight gains were lower than control from Day 4 of lactation, resulting in lower overall body weight gain during the lactation period. These observations are commonly seen when dosing an irritant test item/formulation and are considered not to be toxicologically significant as they do not specifically relate to systemic toxicity of the test item. There was no effect of treatment on body weights gains in females treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
Male food consumption at 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day was generally lower in relation to controls from Week 2 of treatment onwards. The food conversion efficiency showed a similar trend to the male body weight changes and food intake, as males treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day values were generally lower than controls. No such effects were detected for males treated with 20 mg/kg bw/day.
There were no adverse effects noted on food consumption during the pre-pairing phase, however, food conversion efficiency showed a similar trend to the female body weight changes, as females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day generally showed lower efficiency than controls. However, throughout gestation females treated with 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day showed statistically significantly lower food intake. This trend continued during lactation in females treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day. In contrast, females treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day showed signs of recovery during lactation as food consumptions were only slightly lower than controls. No effect was detected for 20 mg/kg bw/day females during pre-pairing, gestation or lactation. These observations are commonly seen when dosing an irritant test item/formulation and are considered not to be toxicologically significant as they do not specifically relate to systemic toxicity of the test item. Daily visual assessment of water consumption did not reveal any significant intergroup differences.
There was no effect of treatment with the test item at any dose level on the nature of estrous cycle with most females showing regular cycles over the pre-pairing phase of the study. There were also no intergroup differences in the stage of estrus on the day of necropsy. No treatment-related effects were detected in mating performance. No treatment-related effects were detected in fertility. Gestation lengths in treated animals were essentially similar to control. There was considered to be non adverse effect on litter size and offspring survival from implantation to birth and subsequently to termination on Day 13 of age in any treatment group. Sex ratios across all treatment groups was comparable to controls and did not indicate any selective effect of maternal treatment on survival for either sex. Live birth index and offspring viability in treated females was also comparable to controls. Offspring body weight and offspring body weight gains for 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day litters were lower when compared to controls between days 4 and 13 post partum. Litter weights were lower throughout lactation in animals treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day and were lower in animals treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day from day 4 of lactation. However, the observation of lower body weights of offspring (males and females) from the mid- and high-dose groups compared to the control group is not considered adverse since there was an increase in body weights throughout the study for all groups, regardless of lower maternal food consumption in the mid- and high-dose groups compared to control group. Moreover, the lower offspring body weights were not considered as a direct effect of the test item but a secondary non-specific effect as a result of lower maternal (female) food consumption and body weight in the mid- and high-dose groups compared to control group. Ano-genital distance, visible nipple count in male offspring on Day 13 post partum, and clinical signs up to day 13 for all treated litters was generally comparable to controls.
At 100 mg/kg bw/day males had a statistically significant increase (p<0.01) in neutrophils and platelet count in relation to controls, without a dose related response, and also exhibited a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in hematocrit. Females treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day showed a statistically significant increase in neutrophil count (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) compared to controls in a dose related response. These females also showed a statistically significant increase in lymphocyte counts (p<0.05) in a dose related response. Both factors contributed to the statistically significant increase in the total leukocyte count (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) in a dose related manner.
Test item treated males and females showed a dose related increase in reticulocyte count, attaining statistical significance for males treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.01) and females at 100 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.05).
Although some liver enzymes were statisticaly significantly altered, the differences and patterns observed were considered not to be biologically relevant due to the contradictions in the effects seen. Additionally, the pattern for these enzymes (AST elevated in males at 100 mg/kg bw/day but not females; ALT reduced in females at 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day but not males; ALP reduced in males at 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day but not females) was not consistent with adverse cellular damage. Macroscopic necropsy findings for offspring on the study were typical for the age observed and neither the incidence nor the distribution of these observations indicated any adverse effect of maternal treatment on offspring development at 20, 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day. There were no treatment-related abnormalities detected at necropsy.
The evaluation of Thyroxine (T4) in adults showed a dose related reduction attaining statistical significance (p<0.001) for adult males treated with 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. Organ weight observations showed that males treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day showed statistically significant increases (p<0.01) in liver weights both absolute and relative to terminal body weight. The majority of individual values exceeded the background control ranges. Males treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day showed statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) absolute liver weights and a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in relative liver weights to terminal body weight. A dose related increase was noted for the relative liver weights.
Vacuolation was observed in numerous tissues for both sexes treated at 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day, with vacuolation and hypertrophy of the choroid plexus being apparent within the brain. Macrophage vacuolation was also apparent within the spleen, thymus at these dosages and uterus at 100 mg/kg bw/day. The exact cause of the vacuolation could not be determined, but where this vacuolation occurred alone, with no degenerate changes and at a minimal level, it may be considered to be non-adverse. As vacuolation is seen as part of a degeneration process and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes was observed in the liver of both sexes at 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day, the study director considered this effect to be toxicologically significant and adverse. This interpretation is complemented by an expert statement prepared by the sponsor. The vacuoles observed are considered transient and non-adverse based on scientific peer-reviewed literature regarding weakly basic aliphatic amines (which can be primary, secondary or tertiary amines) and supporting evidence from similar compounds within the same chemical family of aliphatic amines (Smith et al., 2019, internal document). With regards to degeneration of hepatocytes in the liver for males and females, there are no other parameters within the study that supports this observation as being adverse or progressive (i.e., clinical pathology or hematology/clinical blood chemistry). Cytoplasmic vacuolization is a well-known morphological phenomenon observed in mammalian cells after exposure to bacterial or viral pathogens as well as to various natural and artificial low-molecular-weight compounds. Vacuolization often accompanies cell death. Hence, the vacuolization observed in the numerous tissues from the study was considered to be excessive and of potential toxicological concerns due to the number of tissues where the pathological findings was observed.
It can be demonstrated that aliphatic amines, such as the test item induce clear cytoplasmic vacuoles. That the induced vacuolization is most likely the result of osmotic effects associated with disturbed ionic balance in the organelles rather than an impact on proteins controlling cellular functions. These osmotic effects are considered to be transient in nature and thus non-adverse.
Reduced hematopoiesis in the spleen was present in all males and females treated with the test substance. The significance of this finding is unclear but unlikely to be significant. A further male treated with the test substance at 100 mg/kg bw/day had cellular depletion.
Atrophy of the thymus was present in two males and one female treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day.
To conclude, within this study, the oral administration of the test item to rats at dose levels of 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day was associated with vacuolation in numerous tissues, vacuolation and hypertrophy of the choroid plexus of the brain and macrophage vacuolation within the spleen, thymus and uterus. The significance of the vacuolation for many of these tissues is unclear, and can be attributed to the test item characteristics. The NOAEL for systemic and reproductive toxicity is considered to be 100 mg/kg bw/day.
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
In a key, K1 Prenatal Developmental toxicity study (OECD 414; Crane, 2022) in rats, dose levels up to and including 75 mg/kg/day did not adversely affect maternal performance or fetal survival, growth and development. Therefore, NOAEL is considered to be 75 mg/kg/day.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 2021-05-19 - to be determined
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.3700 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Test Data for Registration of Agricultural Chemicals, 12 Nohsan No. 8147, Agricultural Production Bureau,
- Version / remarks:
- 24 November, 2000
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the test substance on embryo-fetal survival and development when administered during the organogenesis and fetal growth phases of pregnancy in the Han Wistar rat.
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Chemical name: 2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-N-(2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)ethyl)-Nmethylethanamine
- Lot/batch number of test material: PFW200553
- Expiry date: 2022-11-06
- Appearance: Clear colorless liquid
- Purity: 98%
- Purity test date: CoA not yet available)
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: At ambient temperature (15 to 25 °C) in the dark and protected from air (e.g., nitrogen blanket).
- Stability and homogeneity of the test material in the vehicle/solvent under test conditions (e.g. in the exposure medium) and during storage: The homogeneity and stability of formulations at 2 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL were confirmed as part of another study, (Covance GLP Study HB11QL); samples were shown to be stable for 15 days when refrigerated (2 to 8°C). - Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Remarks:
- RccHan®:WIST rat
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: 90 female RccHan®:WIST rats from Envigo RMS Limited.
- Age at start of the study (day 0 of gestation): 78 to 84 days old.
- Weight at start of the study (day 0 of gestation): 184 to 226 g.
- Fasting period before study: not indicated
- Housing: Cages comprised of a polycarbonate body with a stainless steel mesh lid; changed at appropriate intervals. Solid (polycarbonate) bottom cages were used during the acclimatization and gestation periods. Grid bottomed cages were used during pairing. Cages were suspended above absorbent paper which was changed daily during pairing. The cages constituting each group were blocked by group and mounted in batteries. Solid bottom cages contained softwood based bark-free fiber bedding, which was changed at appropriate intervals each week. A soft white untreated wood block; provided to each cage throughout the study and replaced when necessary. Plastic shelter was provided to each cage throughout the study (except during pairing) and replaced at the same time as the cages.
- Number of animals per cage: up to four (acclimatization), one (stock) male and one female (during pairing), one female (gestation)
- Diet: ad libitum, SDS VRF1 Certified pelleted diet. The diet contained no added antibiotic or other chemotherapeutic or prophylactic agent.
- Water: ad libitum, Potable water from the public supply via polycarbonate bottles with sipper tubes. Bottles were changed at appropriate intervals.
- Acclimation period: Six days before commencement of pairing.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-24°C
- Humidity (%): 40-70%
- Air changes (per hr): minimum 15 supply air changes per hour, filtered fresh air which was passed to atmosphere and not recirculated
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 2021-05-19 To: 2021-06-15 to 2021-06-20 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Remarks:
- purified
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
- Method of preparation: A series of formulations at the required concentrations were prepared by dilution of individual weighings of the test item. For each required concentration, approximately 50% of the final volume of vehicle was added to the pre-weighed test item and magnetically stirred until uniformly mixed. The formulation was then made up to final volume with further quantities of vehicle and magnetically stirred until homogenous.
- Frequency of preparation: weekly, may have been prepared in advance of the first day of dosing
- storage of formulation: refrigerated (2 to 8°C)
- Formulations were stirred using a magnetic stirrer before and throughout the dosing procedure.
- Route: oral gavage using a suitable graduated syringe and a flexible cannula inserted via the mouth
- individual dose volume: calculated from the most recently recorded scheduled body weight
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): not applicable (vehicle is water).
- Concentration in vehicle: 0, 3, 5, 7.5 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): Group 1, 3 and 4: 10 mL/kg/ body weight, Group 2: 5 mL/kg body weight.
- Purity: not specified - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Samples of each formulation prepared for administration in the first and last weeks of treatment were analyzed for achieved concentration of the test item. Details for sampling the ‘First Week’ formulations were as follows:
*Group 2 and 4 formulations (stability assessment required). As soon as practicable after preparation, four 10 mL samples were taken from the Group 2 and 4 formulations. Two samples were stored in a refrigerator (2 to 8°C) and the other two were be stored at ambient temperature (15 to 25°C). After a minimum period of 24 hours the ambient samples were placed in refrigerated storage.
*Group 1 and 3 formulations (no stability assessment required). As soon as practicable after preparation, two 10 mL samples were taken from the Group 1 and 3 formulations and stored in a refrigerator (2 to 8°C). - Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- M/F ratio per cage: 1:1 with identified stock males.
- Vaginal smears-determination of estrus: To assist in controlling the number of animals that mate on any given day, a wet vaginal smear was taken from all females for at least three days prior to pairing and on the day of pairing, to establish the stage of the estrous cycle. Pre-pairing smears continued until all females were paired. This data was not reported but was retained with the study data.
- Females expected to mate, i.e. in proestrus, were paired. A colony of stud males was maintained specifically for the purpose of mating; these animals were not part of the study and were maintained as stock animals.
- Length of cohabitation: 5 days
- Daily checks for evidence of mating: Ejected copulation plugs in cage tray and vaginal smears were checked for the presence of sperm.
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug/sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy. Only females showing at least two copulation plugs were allocated.
- day 0 of gestation: when positive evidence of mating was detected - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Females were treated from Day 6 to Day 19 (inclusive) after mating.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily at approximately the same time each day.
- Duration of test:
- 20 days
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Control group
- Dose / conc.:
- 15 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Group 1
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Group 2
- Dose / conc.:
- 75 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Group 3
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 20 females/dose
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: The dose levels of 0, 15, 50 and 75 mg/kg bw/day were selected for this study based on the results of the OECD 422 study (Covance Study No. HB11QL) in which the rats were dosed at 20, 60 or 100 mg/kg bw/day. In the OECD 422 study females at 100 mg/kg bw/day showed mean body weight loss during the first week of treatment, and reduced body weight gain during the second week resulting in lower overall body weight gains during the pre-pairing phase, compared to controls. Lower body weight gains, compared to control, were apparent during the first week of gestation and, to a lesser extent, the rest of the gestation period and this pattern of lower body weight gain persisted throughout the lactation period. Females at 60 mg/kg bw/day, showed mean body weight loss during the second week of treatment, resulting in lower overall body weight gain during the pre-pairing phase, compared to controls. Lower body weight gains, compared to control, were apparent during the first week of gestation, but subsequent body weight gains during gestation were similar to controls. During lactation, body weight gains were lower than control from Day 4 of lactation, resulting in lower overall body weight gain during the lactation period. Offspring body weight and offspring body weight gains for 60 and 100 mg/kg bw/day litters were lower when compared to controls between Days 4 and 13 post partum. Litter weights were lower throughout lactation in animals treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day and were lower in animals treated with 60 mg/kg bw/day from Day 4 of lactation. The histopathological examination of the male and female parental animals showed extensive vacuolization in several organs that were considered adverse. The NOEL (No observed effect level) for for reproductive toxicity was 20 mg/kg bw/day and the NOAEL (No observed adverse effect level) was 100 mg/kg bw/day. Because female body weight loss was more prominent in the first and second week of treatment at 100 and 60 mg/kg bw/day and this had an impact on the offspring body weight, the high dose of 75 mg/kg bw/day was selected for this OECD 414 study in view of causing some adversity but avoiding severe suffering or death of test animals.
- Rationale for animal assignment/allocation : On the day of positive evidence of mating (Day 0). Only females showing at least two copulation plugs were
allocated. To group and cage position in the sequence of mating. Females mating on any one day were evenly distributed amongst the groups. Allocation was controlled to prevent any stock male from providing more than one mated female in each treatment group.
- Rationale for route of administration: Oral gavage using a suitably graduated syringe and a flexible cannula inserted via the mouth.
- Fasting period before blood sampling for (rat) dam thyroid hormones: No overnight deprivation of food.
- Time of day for (rat) dam blood sampling: not indicated - Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Animals were inspected visually at least twice daily for evidence of ill-health or reaction to treatment. Cages were inspected daily for evidence of animal ill-health amongst the occupant. Any deviation from normal was recorded at the time in respect of nature and severity, date and time of onset, duration and progress of the observed condition, as appropriate. During the acclimatization period, observations of the animals and their cages were recorded at least once per day.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule:
*Detailed observations were recorded daily during the treatment period at the following times in relation to dose administration: Pre-dose observation, One
to two hours after completion of dosing of all groups, As late as possible in the working day.
*A detailed physical examination was performed on each animal on Days 0, 5, 12, 18 and 20 after mating to monitor general health.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: The weight of each adult was recorded on Days 0, 3, 6 to 20 after mating.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes
- Time schedule: The weight of food supplied to each adult, that remaining and an estimate of any spilled was recorded for the periods Days 0-2, 3-5, 6-7, 8-10, 11-13, 14-16 and 17-19 after mating inclusive.
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No
THYROID HORMONE ANALYSIS: yes
- Blood samples were collected at the following occasion: At termination (necropsy) in all adults.
- Sequence of blood sampling on each occasion: To minimize any potential confounding effect of the time of day of blood sampling, the time of blood sampling was controlled to allow satisfactory inter-group comparisons.
- Fasting: no overnight deprivation of food
- Blood sample site: Sublingual vein.
- Anesthetic: Isoflurane.
- Anticoagulant: None.
- Blood volume: 1.0 mL.
- Treatment of samples: Samples were kept at ambient temperature (15 to 25°C) for a minimum of 30 minutes prior to centrifugation.
- Tubes: Greiner Minicollect tubes with clotting activator.
- Centrifugation conditions: At 2000g for ten minutes at 4°C.
- Parameters: Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Number of aliquots: Two per animal. Aliquot 1: 0.2 mL serum for T3/T4
Aliquot 2: residual serum for TSH
- Final storage conditions: Deep frozen (approximately -60°C to -80°C) pending analysis.
- Fate of samples: Aliquot 1 (T3 and T4): dispatched to the department of LCMS/MS Bioanalysis, Labcorp.
Aliquot 2: dispatched to the Department of Biomarkers, Bioanalysis and Clinical Sciences, Labcorp.
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Method of kill for all adult animals: Carbon dioxide asphyxiation.
- Schedule: Animals were killed on Day 20 after mating.
- Sequence: to allow satisfactory inter-group comparison
- All adult animals were subject to a detailed necropsy. After a review of the history of each animal, a full macroscopic examination of the tissues was performed. All external features and orifices were examined visually. Any abnormality in the appearance or size of any organ and tissue (external and cut surface) was recorded and the required tissue samples preserved in appropriate fixative.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
- For bilateral organs, left and right organs were weighed together. Requisite organs were weighed for animals killed at scheduled intervals.
- Organs examined: Adrenals, Brain (cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain), Gravid uterine weight (including cervix and ovaries), Heart (including auricular and ventricular regions), Kidneys, Liver (section from two lobes), Pituitary, Spleen, Thymus, Thyroid with parathyroid, Uterus with cervix.
- Fixation : Tissues were routinely preserved in 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin. Eyes were fixed in Davidsons Fluid.
HISTOLOGY
- Tissue samples were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned at a nominal four to five micron thickness. For bilateral organs, sections of both organs were prepared. A single section was prepared from each of the remaining tissues required.
- Dose group examined: All adult animals.
- Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
- Organs examined: Adrenals, Aorta, Brain (cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain), Cecum, Colon, Duodenum, Esophagus, Eyes, Heart (including auricular and ventricular regions), Ileum, Jejunum, Kidneys, Liver (section from two lobes), Lungs (section from two major lobes including bronchi), Pancreas, Pituitary, Spleen, Stomach, Thymus, Thyroid with parathyroid, Trachea, Urinary bladder, Uterus with cervix.
HISTOPATHOLOGY:
- Tissues from all animals from all groups are examined at scheduled kill
Findings were either reported as 'present' or assigned a severity grade. In the latter case one of the following five grades was used - minimal, slight, moderate, marked or severe. A reviewing pathologist undertook a peer review of the microscopic findings.
- Tissues examined: Abnormalities, Adrenals, Aorta, Brain (cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain), Cecum, Colon, Duodenum, Esophagus, Eyes, Heart (including auricular and ventricular regions), Ileum, Jejunum, Kidneys, Liver (section from two lobes), Lungs (section from two major lobes including bronchi), Pancreas, Pituitary, Spleen, Stomach, Thymus, Thyroid with parathyroid, Trachea, Urinary bladder, Uterus with cervix. - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: fetuses (live and dead) - Blood sampling:
- - Plasma: No data
- Serum: No data
- Blood samples were collected at the following occasion: At termination (necropsy) in all adults.
- Sequence of blood sampling on each occasion: To minimize any potential confounding effect of the time of day of blood sampling, the time of blood sampling was controlled to allow satisfactory inter-group comparisons.
- Blood sample site: Sublingual vein.
- Anesthetic: Isoflurane.
- Anticoagulant: None.
- Blood volume: 1.0 mL.
- Treatment of samples: Samples were kept at ambient temperature (15 to 25°C) for a minimum of 30 minutes prior to centrifugation.
- Tubes: Greiner Minicollect tubes with clotting activator.
- Centrifugation conditions: At 2000g for ten minutes at 4°C. - Fetal examinations:
- - Method of kill for fetuses: Chilling on a cool plate (approximately 0°C).
- Examination of nominally 50% of fetuses in each litter: Sexed internally and eviscerated.
- Examination of all viable fetuses and placentae: Dissected from the uterus, individually weighed and identified within the litter using a coding system based on
their position in the uterus. Fetuses examined externally with abnormalities recorded:
- External examinations: Yes, half per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes, half per litter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes, half per litter
- Head examinations: Yes, half per litter
Findings observed were classified, according to severity and incidence, as:
*Major abnormalities: normally rare, definitely detrimental to normal subsequent development, possibly lethal, e.g. ventricular septal defect.
* Minor abnormalities: minor differences from normal that are detected relatively frequently considered to have little detrimental effect and may be a transient stage in development e.g. bipartite centrum, dilated ureter.
* Variants: alternative structures or stages of development occurring regularly in the control population, e.g. number of ribs, incomplete ossification of 5th and 6th sternebrae.
- Anogenital distance of all live rodent pups: The sex and ano-genital distance of each fetus was recorded.
- Fixation: Fetuses eviscerated were fixed in Industrial Methylated Spirit (IMS). Remaining fetuses were fixed whole in Bouin’s fluid.
- Processing: Bouin’s fixed fetuses were subject to free-hand serial sectioning. IMS fixed fetuses were processed and stained with Alizarin Red.
- Bouin’s fixed fetuses Serial sections were examined for visceral abnormalities, Alizarin Red stained fetuses Assessed for skeletal development and abnormalities. - Statistics:
- See section 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables'
- Indices:
- Reproductive Assessment:
- Prenatal losses are separated into pre- and post-implantation phases. Pre-implantation loss was considered to reflect losses due to non-fertilization of ova and failure to implant.
Pre-implantation loss (%) = (Number of corpora lutea - Number of implantations)/ Number of corpora lutea x 100
where the number of implantations exceeded the number of corpora lutea observed, pre-implantation loss was assumed to be zero (ie no pre-implantation loss was considered to have occurred)
- Post-implantation loss (%) = (Number of implantations - Number of live fetuses)/ Number of implantations x 100
All group values and SD were calculated from the individual litter values. - Historical control data:
- available in the full study report
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no signs observed at the detailed physical examination that were considered attributable to treatment and there were no deaths. At 50 mg/kg bw/day (two females) or 75 mg/kg bw/day (one female) piloerection was observed shortly after commencement of treatment however this finding was no longer apparent by Gestation Day 9. When considering the short duration and low incidence of this finding, a relationship to treatment is not inferred. At 75 mg/kg bw/day, one female was seen to be swaying her head from side to side following the first dose with the test item (Day 6 of gestation); this sign was not observed again thereafter.
See data tables for detailed information - Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- There were no signs observed at the detailed physical examination that were considered attributable to treatment and there were no deaths.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 15 mg/kg bw/day, overall mean body weight gain (Day 6-20) was statistically significantly high when compared with Controls. At 75 mg/kg bw/day, overall mean body weight gain was low when compared with Controls however, as the magnitude of difference from Control is small and demonstrates no dose related trend, these body weight changes were not considered to be adverse. On Day 20 of gestation, body weight gain was adjusted to discount the weight of the gravid uterus revealing for females treated at 75 mg/kg bw/day, significantly reduced body weight gain (52% of Controls). The weight of the gravid uterus revealed no treatment related changes
Oral administration of the test item at dose levels of 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day from Day 6 to 19 of gestation was generally well tolerated with no adverse effects on g body weight gain.
See data tables for detailed information - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Food consumption was low for females treated at 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day from Day 8 of gestation; this reduction in food intake was slight but attained statistical significance.
Oral administration of the test item at dose levels of 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day from Day 6 to 19 of gestation was generally well tolerated with no adverse effects on food consumption.
See data tables for detailed information - Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Endocrine findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mean serum T3 and T4 concentrations in females treated with the test substance at 75 mg/kg bw/day were slightly low when compared with Controls, although statistical significance was not attained. Serum TSH levels in females treated with the test substance revealed no treatment related changes when compared with Controls (See section Attachments for tables with results).
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- On Day 20 of gestation, the mean weight of the adrenals from females treated at 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day were high when compared with Controls, attaining statistical significance at all dose levels. Mean heart and spleen weights were low when compared with Controls; statistical significance was attained at 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day.
Mean adrenal weights from females treated at 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day were high, and mean heart and spleen weights were low when compared with Controls; it is possible that the decrease in heart weights and the increase in adrenal weights could be associated to the T3/T4 disruption in treated females, however in the absence of any associated increase in Serum TSH levels or macroscopic correlate, these changes were not considered to be adverse (See section Attachments for tables with results). - Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Macroscopic examination revealed no treatment related changes.
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- On Day 20 of gestation, treatment related microscopic findings were present in the liver; minimal to slight centrilobular vacuolation was present in females administered 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day with higher incidence and severity present in females administered 75 mg/kg bw/day.
Treatment related microscopic findings were present in the liver with minimal to slight centrilobular vacuolation observed in females administered 50 or 75 mg/kg/day; these changes was considered to be an adaptive response to the metabolism of the test item and was considered non-adverse. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Number of abortions:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The number of resorptions, post implantation losses, number of live young and the number of male and female offspring were subsequent unaffected by maternal treatment at any dose level.
- Pre- and post-implantation loss:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Although the mean number of corpora lutea was similar in all groups, mean pre-implantation loss was lower than control for females at 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day resulting in lower numbers of implantations for these dose groups. As these events were established prior to the commencement of dosing, they were clearly unrelated to maternal treatment. The number of resorptions, post implantation losses, number of live young and the number of male and female offspring were subsequent unaffected by maternal treatment at any dose level.
See data tables for detailed information - Total litter losses by resorption:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The number of resorptions, post implantation losses, number of live young and the number of male and female offspring were subsequent unaffected by maternal treatment at any dose level.
See data tables for detailed information - Early or late resorptions:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The number of resorptions, post implantation losses, number of live young and the number of male and female offspring were subsequent unaffected by maternal treatment at any dose level.
See data tables for detailed information - Dead fetuses:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The number of resorptions, post implantation losses, number of live young and the number of male and female offspring were subsequent unaffected by maternal treatment at any dose level.
See data tables for detailed information - Changes in pregnancy duration:
- not specified
- Changes in number of pregnant:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- All animals were pregnant. The reproductive evaluation was therefore made using 20 Control females and 20 females each at 15, 50 and 75 mg/kg bw/day.
- Other effects:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mean placental weight was low for females treated at 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day (86% or 92% of Control, respectively).
See data tables for detailed information - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 75 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Fetal body weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Total litter weight and overall fetal weight was unaffected by treatment.
See data tables for detailed information - Reduction in number of live offspring:
- not specified
- Changes in sex ratio:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The number of resorptions, post implantation losses, number of live young and the number of male and female offspring were subsequent unaffected by maternal treatment at any dose level.
- Changes in litter size and weights:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Total litter weight and overall fetal weight was unaffected by treatment.
- Anogenital distance of all rodent fetuses:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Ano-genital distance of offspring from maternal females treated at 75 mg/kg bw/day were slightly increased when compared with Control, attaining statistical significance in male offspring.
- Changes in postnatal survival:
- not examined
- External malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no major findings identified amongst the litters of females treated at 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day. All findings were considered incidental and not an effect of maternal treatment.
See data tables for detailed information - Skeletal malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no major findings identified amongst the litters of females treated at 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day. All findings were considered incidental and not an effect of maternal treatment.
See data tables for detailed information - Visceral malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no major findings identified amongst the litters of females treated at 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day. All findings were considered incidental and not an effect of maternal treatment.
See data tables for detailed information - Other effects:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 75 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 75 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Treatment related:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Based on these results, it is concluded within the context of this study, that dose levels up to and including 75 mg/kg/day did not adversely affect maternal performance or fetal survival, growth and development. Therefore, the No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is considered to be 75 mg/kg/day.
Reference
Formulation analysis
The mean concentrations of the test item in test formulations were analyzed during the study and these are the results:
Analysis number | nominal concentration (mg/mL) | mean concentration found | |
(mg/mL) | (expressed as % of nominal) | ||
1 | 0 | ND | - |
3 | 3.17 | 106 | |
5 | 4.823 | 96 | |
7.5 | 7.49 | 100 | |
2 | 0 | ND | - |
3 | 3.25 | 108 | |
5 | 5.45 | 109 | |
7.5 | 8.78 | 117 |
The mean concentrations of all test item formulations analyzed for the study were within +/- 20% of nominal concentrations, confirming accurate formulation.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 75 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- Klimisch 1 study, according to OECD guideline and GLP-compliant
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Prenatal developmental toxicity study in rat as first species
A Prenatal development toxicity study (K1; OECD 414; Crane, 2022) in rats was conducted. Three groups of 20 females Wistar rats received the test item at doses of 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day by oral gavage administration, from Day 6 to 19 after mating. A similarly constituted Control group received the vehicle, purified water. At gestation day 20, the animals were sacrificed for reproductive assessment and fetal examination. Administration of the test item at dose levels of 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day was generally well tolerated with no adverse signs observed at the detailed physical examinations or in association with dosing. There were no findings observed at macroscopic examination, that were considered attributable to treatment. Mean serum T3 and T4 concentrations in females treated at 75 mg/kg bw/day were slightly low, when compared with Controls, but failed to attain statistical significance. Mean Serum TSH levels were unaffected by treatment. Some minor changes in body weight and food consumption were noted, primarily in females treated at 75 mg/kg bw/day however, these slight changes are of an uncertain relationship to treatment and are considered non-adverse. Body weight gain was adjusted to discount the weight of the gravid uterus revealing for females treated at 75 mg/kg bw/day, significantly reduced body weight gain (52% of Controls). Mean adrenal weights from females treated at 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day were high when compared with Controls and mean heart and spleen weights were low when compared with Controls. Treatment related microscopic findings were present in the liver with minimal to slight centrilobular vacuolation observed in females administered 50 or 75 mg/kg/day. Mean placental weight was low for females treated at 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day (86% or 92% of Control, respectively), however there was no effect on fetal survival and growth. Ano-genital distance of offspring from maternal females treated at 75 mg/kg bw/day were slightly increased when compared with Control; attaining statistical significance in male offspring.
There were no major findings identified amongst the litters of females treated at 15, 50 or 75 mg/kg bw/day. All findings were considered incidental and not an effect of maternal treatment.
Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that dose levels up to and including 75 g/kg/day did not adversely affect maternal performance or fetal development and growth. Therefore, the NOAEL is considered to be 75 mg/kg/day.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the results, the test substance is considered not to be classified as reproductive toxicant, according to the criteria laid down in the CLP regulation.
Additional information
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