1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: Tarzwell CM (1969). Proc. Joint Conf. on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, sponsored by API and EPA

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

Appropriate volumes of a 1% solution of the test item were placed in the test vessels. Artificial seawater was added to provide a total volume of 100 ml.

Test organisms (species):

Artemia salina

Details on test organisms:

- Source/supplier: dried eggs from Carolina Biological Supply Co.,  Burlington, N.C.
- Breeding method: aeration in synthetic seawater until hatching was  completed; settling out of unhatched eggs, concentration of shrimps in  beam 
of light and transport to separate container
- Control group: synthetic seawater
- Age: 48 hours

Test type:

static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

24 h

Test temperature:

24.5 degree C

Nominal and measured concentrations:

10, 18, 32, 56, 100 mg/l (nominal)

Details on test conditions:

- Renewal of test solution: no
- Exposure vessel type: 150 ml wide-mouth bottles, loosely capped
- Number of replicates, individuals per replicate: 1; 30-50

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

78 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

no data

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment. However, there is no information on the concentration range available

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Am. Soc. Test. Mater. (1980) and U.S. EPA (1975)

Deviations:

not specified

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: Am. Soc. Test. Mater. (1980) and U.S. EPA (1975)

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

not specified

Details on test solutions:

Dilution water:
Alkalinity: 120-125 mg/L as CaCO3
Hardness: 160-180 mg/L as CaCO3

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia pulex

Details on test organisms:

- Breeding method: Protocols as for test method
- Age: < 24 hours
- Feeding: Mixture of green algae from four single-species cultures  combined with a cerophyl infusion at a ration of 1:1:1:1:4; Chlorella  vulgaris, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlamydomonas  reinhardii
- Feeding during test: no

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Hardness:

160-180 mg/l as CaCO3

Test temperature:

20 degree C

Dissolved oxygen:

8-9 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

- Control group: water or solvent control (75 ug of acetone per 150 ml of reconstitued test water)
- Concentrations: series of 5 concentrations
- Renewal of test solution: no
- Exposure vessel type: beaker in water bath
- Number of replicates, individuals per replicate: 1 replicate with at  least 10 individuals

- TEST PARAMETER: immobilization (no movement when prodded

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

DDT

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

2.412 mg/L

Basis for effect:

mobility

Remarks on result:

other: SE +/- 0.9184 mg/l

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

ca. 0.8 mg/L

Remarks on result:

other: EC10 visually estimated

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The LC50 was determined as 2.412 mg/L indicating that the test substance may be toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Executive summary:

The 48-h acute toxicity of tetrahydronaphthalene to Daphnia pulex was studied under static conditions according to U.S. standard methods. Daphnids were exposed to the test item at five concentration levels for 48 h. Immobilisation was observed. The following endpoint was derived:

EC₅₀:  2.412 mg/L    (SE.: +/- 0.9184 mg/L)

This study is classified as "reliable with restrictions".

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method C.2 (Acute Toxicity for Daphnia)

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

The test item concentration was measured at all concentration levels after 0 and 48 h.

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

STOCK AND TEST SOLUTION AND THEIR PREPARATION
- Stock solution: 1 g/l stirred in synthetic fresh water for 18 hours and  filtered, no vehicle or solvent; measured concentration 99 mg/l

DILUTION WATER
- Source: Synthetic:
- CaCl2 x 2 H2O: 294 mg/l   
- MgSO4 x 7 H2O: 123 mg/l   
- NaHCO3: 63 mg/l   
- KCl: 5.5 mg/l
- Ca/Mg ratio: 4:1
- Na/K ratio: 10:1

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Strain: Daphnia magna Straus, clone 5
- Source/supplier: Hüls AG (inhouse)
- Breeding method: in 1 l beakers with M4 medium (Elendt, 1990), water renewal each 2-3 days, isolation of offspring for further breeding each  ca. 4 weeks
- Age: < 24 hours
- Feeding: Scenedesmus subspicatus, daily as much as consumed
- Pretreatment: Filtration of adults 24 h prior to testing
- Feeding during test: no

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Test temperature:

20 +/- 1 degree C

pH:

7.9 - 8.1 (no adjustment of pH)

Dissolved oxygen:

8.4 - 8.7 mg/l

Nominal and measured concentrations:

1.00, 1.7, 3.0, 4.9, 7.9, 14.0 mg/l (nominal)   
0.93, 1.7, 2.9, 4.8, 7.8, 14.0 mg/l (analysis at 0 hours)   
0.85, 1.5, 2.6, 4.4, 7.1, 12.0 mg/l (analysis at 48 hours)   

Since the geometric mean of the analytical concentrations after 0 and  48 hours deviated by less than 20% from the nominal concentrations, the  latter were used for the evaluation.

Details on test conditions:

- Control group: 2 reference substance controls (1.0 and 2.0 mg/L), one  blank
- Renewal of test solution: no
- Exposure vessel type: round-bottom test tubes with 10 mL
- Number of replicates, individuals per replicate:   4 replicates with 5 individuals each
- Aeration: none
- Photoperiod: dark
- TEST PARAMETER: immobilisation

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

potassium dichromate, CAS 7778-50-9

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

9.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Remarks on result:

other: 7.9-14

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC0

Effect conc.:

4.9 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

9.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Remarks on result:

other: 7.9-14

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC100

Effect conc.:

14 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Details on results:

- Effect data (Immobilisation): No. of immobile daphnia   
Control:    0 (24 h) /   0 (48 h)    
1.0 mg/l:  0 (24 h) /   0 (48 h)     
1.7 mg/l:  0 (24 h) /   0 (48 h)    
3.0 mg/l:  0 (24 h) /   0 (48 h)    
4.9 mg/l:  1 (24 h) /   1 (48 h)    
7.9 mg/l:  5 (24 h) /   5 (48 h)    
14.0 mg/l: 20 (24 h) /  20 (48 h)    

For mathematcal reasons (steep slope), the EC50 was determined graphically / visually. Thus the 95% confidence limit is very wide reducing the reliability of the data.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

1.0 mg/L: 45% immobilisation
2.0 mg/L: 100% immobilisation

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The LC50 was calculated to be 9.5 mg/L indicating that the test item may be toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Executive summary:

The 48-h acute toxicity of tetrahydronaphthalene to Daphnia magna was studied under static conditions by Scholz, N. (1994) according to EU method C.2.. Daphnids were exposed to the test item at six concentration levels ranging from 1.0 to 14.0 mg/l for 48 h. Immobilisation was observed. The following endpoint was derived:.

EC₅₀:  9.5 mg/L    (95% C.L.:  7.9 to 14.0 mg/L)

The study is classified as "reliable without restrictions".

Description of key information

The acute toxicity of the test item to Daphnia magna was determined in a static test (Scholz, 1994) conducted according to accepted guidelines (Directive 92/69/ECC, C.2). The EC50 (48h) calculated was 9.5 mg/L (based on nominal concentrations).
The acute toxicity of Tetrahydronaphthalene was also studied on Daphnia pulex in a static test (Smith et al., 1988) according to U.S. national guidelines. The EC50 (48h) was estimated to be 2.412 mg/L.
The acute effects of Tetrahydroanphthalene were also studied on the marine Brine shrimp (Price et al., 1974) in a 24 h static study. The results of such study indicates that the EC50 (24 h) was 78 mg/L.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

2.4 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

78 mg/L

Additional information

There are two studies with freshwater invertebrates available. Daphnia pulex was observed to be more susceptible to tetrahydronaphthalene than Daphnia magna and will be therefore considered for risk assessment purposes. There is also one study with marine water invertebrates investigating the effects of tetrahydronaphthalene on Artemia salina (brine shrimp).