Potassium salts of [hexane-1,6-diylbis[nitrilobis(methylene)]]tetrakisphosphonic acid (4-7 K:1)

Phototransformation in water

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

phototransformation in water

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

Please refer to IUCLID Section 13 and Annex 7 of the CSR for justification of read-across within the HMDTMP category

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

% Degr.:

82

Sampling time:

17 d

Test condition:

Light conditions; pH 7 (in presence of ferric nitrate)

% Degr.:

12

Sampling time:

17 d

Test condition:

Light conditions; pH7

% Degr.:

52.7

Sampling time:

300 min

Test condition:

UV only

DT50:

ca. 100 d

Test condition:

(in absence of sensitisers)

Reference 2

Endpoint:

phototransformation in water

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Test procedure in accordance with national (draft) standard methods with acceptable restrictions.

Study type:

direct photolysis

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: other (measured)

GLP compliance:

no

Light source:

sunlight

Type of sensitiser:

water with additives

% Degr.:

12

Sampling time:

17 d

Test condition:

Light conditions; pH7

% Degr.:

82

Sampling time:

17 d

Test condition:

Light conditions with Ferric Nitrate; pH7

DT50:

ca. 100 d

Test condition:

Half-lives not determined in report but would be equivalent to approx 100 d in absence of sensitisers.

Transformation products:

yes

Details on results:

12% transformation (phosphonate to orthophosphate) was measured after 17 days at pH 7 (9% at pH 4 and 4% at pH10). Levels of degradation in the presence of ferric (Fe III) nitrate were higher, with 82% transformation after 17 days at pH 7 (64% at pH 4 and 19% at pH10). The effect of other metals (chromic, zinc and cupric ions) was insignificant.

Table 1 presents the results seen for Dequest 2051 under the various conditions of this study.

Table 1: Degradation results for Dequest 2051

Test condition	pH	% transformation to orthophosphate
		Day 3	Day 9	Day 17
Light conditions	4	2	6	9
	7	2	6	12
	9	0	1	4
Dark conditions	4			1
	7			0
	9			1
With Ferric nitrate (light)	4	32	47	64
	7	28	50	82
	9	3	12	19
With Ferric nitrate (dark)	4			2
	7			0
	9			3
With Chromic nitrate (light)	4			15
	7			14
	9			14
With Chromic nitrate (dark)	4			0
	7			0
	9			1
With Zinc nitrate (light)	4			13
	7			15
	9			13
With Zinc nitrate (dark)	4			0
	7			0
	9			1
With Cupric nitrate (light)	4			7
	7			11
	9			8
With Cupric nitrate (dark)	4			0
	7			0
	9			1

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Conclusions:

Direct photolysis of HMDTMP is not extensive in the absence of sensitisers. Sensitised photolysis was observed in the presence of ferric nitrate.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

phototransformation in water

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Study type:

other: both direct and sensitised photolysis were studied

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Study of photodegradation (5-hr duration) with UV light and catalyst Mn and H2O2 (at 1%). The degradation products phosphate (PO4), ammonium (NH4) and total organic carbon (TOC) were analyzed in order to indirectly verify the cleavage efficiency of the C-P bond and C-N bond.
Also, the influence of the concentration of the catalyst Mn was tested for HDTMP.

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical method:

other: spectrophotometry

Details on sampling:

The samples were collected after initial 10 minutes, then after 30 minutes and subsequently in an interval of 30 minutes until the end of the study (full duration 5 hours).

Light source:

other: lamp

Light spectrum: wavelength in nm:

200

Relative light intensity:

600

Details on light source:

450 W lamp with wavelength from 200 to 600 nm (Heraeus Noblelight, Germany)

Details on test conditions:

The liquid volume of 350 ml containing phosphonates were exposed to UV light in a reactor with quartz cooling jacket and a 450 W lamp with wavelength from 200 to 600 nm. Concentrations: 100 mg/L, 0.20 mmol of HDTMP were used.

The degradation products phosphate (PO4), ammonium (NH4) and total organic carbon (TOC) were analyzed in order to indirectly verify the cleavage efficiency of the C-P bond and C-N bond.

Also, the influence of the concentration of the catalyst Mn was tested for HDTMP. 40 ml of phosphonate (100 mg/L) were treated with Mn at concentrations, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%. The solutions were left continuously stirred for 24 hours and NH4 was measured after 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h and 24 h.

Duration:

5 h

% Degr.:

10.7

Sampling time:

10 min

Test condition:

UV only

% Degr.:

52.7

Sampling time:

300 min

Test condition:

UV only

% Degr.:

58.8

Sampling time:

10 min

Test condition:

UV with Mn

% Degr.:

63.5

Sampling time:

300 min

Test condition:

UV with Mn

% Degr.:

55.8

Sampling time:

10 min

Test condition:

UV with H2O2

% Degr.:

92.5

Sampling time:

300 min

Test condition:

UV with H2O2

% Degr.:

38.2

Sampling time:

10 min

Test condition:

UV with Mn and H2O2

% Degr.:

79.6

Sampling time:

300 min

Test condition:

UV with Mn and H2O2

DT50:

293.3 min

Test condition:

UV only

DT50:

14.9 min

Test condition:

UV in presence of Mn

DT50:

6.7 min

Test condition:

UV in presence of H2O2

DT50:

18.3 min

Test condition:

UV in presence of Mn and H2O2

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Reference 4

Endpoint:

phototransformation in water

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: The study was well documented and meets generally accepted scientific principles, but was not conducted in compliance with GLP.

Study type:

direct photolysis

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Concentrations of 1 mg/l (3.2 uM) irradiated by a middle pressure mercury lamp emitting between 190 and 600 nm. pH 3, 5-6 and 10. Effect of presence of iron at 3.6uM investigated, matching the encountered concentrations in the environment (between 0.2 and 2.5uM Fe in ocean water and an average of 12uM Fe in river). The degradation of phosphonates measured by the release of orthophosphates (PO4-P) and aminomethylphosphonic
acid (AMPA).

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical method:

high-performance liquid chromatography

other: UV-VIS

Light source:

other: mercury lamp

Light spectrum: wavelength in nm:

190 - 600

Details on light source:

- Emission wavelength spectrum: 190nm - 600 nm

- Filters used and their purpose: quartz glass

- Relative light intensity based on intensity of sunlight: similar intensity to natural light in the visible range.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM

- Type, material and volume of test apparatus/vessels: reactor is a round-bottomed 2L flask containing the mercury lamp. Flask is wrapped in aluminium foil to assure light-insulation.

TEST MEDIUM

- Kind and purity of water: distilled water

- Preparation of test medium: iron added to a concentration of 3.6µM

-pH range: 3-10

Duration:

1.5 h

Initial conc. measured:

1 mg/L

DT50:

15 min

Test condition:

pH3

DT50:

6 min

Test condition:

pH3 in presence of Fe

DT50:

18 min

Test condition:

pH5-6

DT50:

6 min

Test condition:

pH5-6 in presence of Fe

DT50:

50 min

Test condition:

pH10

DT50:

35 min

Test condition:

pH10 in presence of Fe

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Description of key information

Photodegradation in water (HMDTMP-H, CAS 23605-74-5): 12 -82% transformation (phosphonate to orthophosphate) after 17 days under a range of conditions.

Additional information

Three studies are available focussing on stability in water due to photodegradation mechanisms. Whilst this is not a conventional pathway for study it brings useful evidence for environmental fate in the real environment.

Photodegradation of HMDTMP-H (CAS 23605-74-5) in water was examined (Saeger, (undated, believed to be 1979), reliability 2). 12% transformation (phosphonate to orthophosphate) was measured after 17 days at pH 7 (9% at pH 4 and 4% at pH 10). Levels of degradation in the presence of ferric nitrate were higher, with 28% transformation by day 3 in the presence of ferric nitrate at pH 7 (by day 17: 82% at pH 7, 64% at pH 4 and 19% at pH 10). The effect of other metals (chromic, zinc and cupric ions) was insignificant.

In a separate test conducted with HMDTMP-xNa (Lesueur et al, 2005), half-lives less than 1 hour were measured in water at pH 3, pH 5-6 and at pH 10, irradiated by a middle pressure mercury lamp emitting between 190 and 600 nm. Half-lives were found to be shorter in the presence of iron ions at environmentally relevant concentrations. Degradation in the presence of ferric (Fe III) ions reflects the ability of that ion to absorb light, and because it can be strongly complexed by HMDTMP, that energy can be transferred to the complexing anion, resulting in degradation. It is possible that ferrous (Fe II) ions would be formed in this process, and, due to the presence of oxygen, ferric ions would be regenerated. The degradation product identified in this study is orthophosphate. No specific reaction pathway is proposed by the study authors.

In a third study conducted with HMDTMP-H (Brandenburg University of Technology, 2010), a half-life of approximately 5 hours was measured in water irradiated with a 450 W lamp with wavelength from 200 to 600 nm. In the presence of Mn ions and/ or peroxide, the half-lives were much shorter (6.7 to 18.3 minutes). The degradation product identified in this study is orthophosphate. No specific reaction pathway is proposed by the study authors.

Photodegradation in the presence of common metal ions has been observed. Based on evidence from a number of studies members of the HMDTMP category are considered to be partially degradable over short time periods, and with evidence of mineralisation, particularly in the light, over longer periods.

The acid, sodium and potassium salts in the HMDTMP category are freely soluble in water. The HMDTMP anion can be considered fully dissociated from its sodium or potassium cations when in dilute solution. Under any given conditions, the degree of ionisation of the HMDTMP species is determined by the pH of the solution. At a specific pH, the degree of ionisation is the same regardless of whether the starting material was HMDTMP-H, HMDTMP.4Na, HMDTMP.7K or another salt of HMDTMP.

1. HMDTMP is present as HMDTMP-H or one of its ionised forms. The degree of ionisation depends upon the pH of the media and not whether HMDTMP (4-7K) salt, HMDTMP (4-7Na) salt, HMDTMP-H (acid form), or another salt was used for dosing.

2. Disassociated potassium or sodium cations. The amount of potassium or sodium present depends on which salt was added.

3. It should also be noted that divalent and trivalent cations would preferentially replace the sodium or potassium ions. These would include calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺) and iron (Fe³⁺). These cations are more strongly bound by HMDTMP than potassium and sodium. This could result in HMDTMP-dication (e.g. HMDTMP-Ca, HMDTMP-Mg) and HMDTMP-trication (e.g. HMDTMP-Fe) complexes being present in solution.