Yttrium

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Skin sensitisation - in vitro

An in vitro or in chemico skin sensitisation study does not need to be conducted because adequate data from an in vivo skin sensitisation study (initiated before October 11th 2016) is available.

Skin sensitisation - in vivo

No reliable skin sensitisation study is available for yttrium metal. Therefore, reliable data from the related substance yttrium oxide is used to cover this endpoint (Bertl, 2006, GPMT study) performed according to Directive 67/548/EEC, method B.6, and OECD guideline 406 respectively, (Klimisch 1). With the supporting substance, no signs of contact sensitisation were detected after the challenge exposure in guinea pigs previously exposed to the test item during the experiment. In the control and treated animals, the mean of the scores was 0.00 according to the 24- and 48-hour results. Under the conditions of the present assay, the substance was not shown to have skin sensitisation potential and is classified as a non-sensitiser, according to current EU-regulations. The same is assumed for yttrium metal. The read across justification is attached to IUCLID Section 13.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Skin sensitisation

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

from 2005-11-02 to 2006-01-31

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.6 (Skin Sensitisation)

Version / remarks:

Cited as Directive 96/54/EC, B.6

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of study:

guinea pig maximisation test

Justification for non-LLNA method:

The GPMT method is the preferred test method because there is an increased risk for false positive results when performing the LLNA. Additionally, insoluble inorganic substances, such as yttrium oxide, are often not able to penetrate the skin.

Species:

guinea pig

Strain:

Dunkin-Hartley

Sex:

female

Details on test animals and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland GmbH
- Age at study initiation: 4 - 6 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 321 - 393 g
- Housing: individually in Makrolon type-4 cages with standard softwood bedding
- Diet: pelleted standard Provimi Kliba 3418, ad libitum
- Water: community tap water from Füllinsdorf, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 12 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 22 +/- 3 °C
- Humidity: 30 - 70 %
- Air changes: 10 - 15 per hr
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light

IN-LIFE DATES: from 14-NOV-2005 to 08-DEC-2005

Route:

intradermal

Vehicle:

water

Concentration / amount:

25% w/w

Day(s)/duration:

day 1 of treatment

Route:

epicutaneous, occlusive

Vehicle:

water

Concentration / amount:

50% w/w

Day(s)/duration:

day 8 of treatment; 48 hours of exposure

No.:

#1

Route:

epicutaneous, occlusive

Vehicle:

water

Concentration / amount:

50% w/w

Day(s)/duration:

day 22 of treatment; 24 hours of exposure

No. of animals per dose:

15 (main study: 5 in control group, 10 in test group), 3 (pre-test)

Details on study design:

RANGE FINDING TEST
INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS: One guinea pig was intradermally injected into the clipped flank at concentrations of 25% and 15% (w/w) of the test item in purified water. Due to the high viscosity of the application dilution and the obstacle caused by the tissues, it was not technically possible to inject the liquid dilution at the concentration of 50% (w/w) into the intracellular space. Dermal reactions were assessed approximately 24 hours later. Based on the results, the test item concentration of 25% (w/w) was selected for intradermal induction in the main study.
EPIDERMAL APPLICATIONS: 4 patches of filter paper were saturated with the test item at 50% (technically the highest possible concentration to be applied sufficiently), 25%, 15% and 10% (w/w) in purified water and applied to the clipped and shaved flanks of 2 guinea pigs. The patches were covered by a strip of aluminum foil and firmly secured by elastic plaster wrapped around the trunk and covered with impervious adhesive tape. The dressings were removed after an exposure period of 24 hours. 21 hours after removal of the dressing the application site was depilated in order to visualise any resulting erythema. 3 hours later (48 hours from the epidermal application) the skin reaction was observed and recorded. After this observation a second observation (approximately 72 hours from the epidermal application) was made and once again recorded. Based on the results obtained the concentration selected for induction and challenge in the main study was 50% (w/w).

MAIN STUDY
A. INDUCTION EXPOSURE
- No. of exposures: 2 (intradermal injections + topical application)
- Type of epicutaneous induction: occlusive
- SLS application: yes (0.5 mL at 10% w/w in paraffinum perliquidum)
- Exposure period: on D1 (intradermal) and D8 (epidermal, 48-hr exposure)
- Test groups:
*Intradermal induction:
1) 1:1 (v/v) mixture of Freund's Complete Adjuvant and physiological saline
2) The test item at 25% (w/w) in purified water
3) The test item at 25% (w/w) in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of Freund's Complete Adjuvant and physiological saline
*Epidermal application: test item at 50% (w/w) in purified water
- Control group:
*Intradermal induction:
1) 1:1 (v/v) mixture of Freund's Complete Adjuvant and physiological saline
2) Purified water
3) 1:1 (w/w) mixture of purified water in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of Freund's Complete Adjuvant and physiological saline
*Epidermal application: purified water only
- Site: dorsal skin of the scapular region
- Frequency of applications: not applicable
- Duration: 8 days (total duration of induction period)
- Concentrations: 25% (w/w) by intradermal injection, 50% (w/w) by epidermal application

B. CHALLENGE EXPOSURE
- No. of exposures: 1 (epidermal application)
- Day of challenge: day 22
- Exposure period: 24 hours
- Test groups: test item in the vehicle only (+ vehicle only on the other flank)
- Control group: test item in the vehicle only (+ vehicle only on the other flank)
- Site: left (test item) and right (vehicle) flanks
- Concentrations: 50% (w/w)
- Evaluation: 48 and 72 hr after beginning of the challenge

- Statistics: Descriptive statistics were calculated for body weights. No inferential statistics were used.

Challenge controls:

50% (w/w) of test item in purified water was applied to the left side of the animals. The right shaved side of all animals was treated with purified water.

Positive control substance(s):

yes

Remarks:

hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (CAS No 101-86-0) (regularly controlled)

Positive control results:

Hexyl cinnamic aldehyde was tested in the same conditions as described above. Based on the findings, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde at 1% in PEG 300 was considered as a skin sensitiser. The positive control was not included in the study, but put in an other report as regular control.

Key result

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

test chemical

Dose level:

50% yttrium oxide (w/w) in purified water

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

none

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Key result

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

test chemical

Dose level:

50% yttrium oxide (w/w) in purified water

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

none

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

negative control

Dose level:

50% yttrium oxide (w/w) in purified water

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

5

Clinical observations:

none

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

negative control

Dose level:

50% yttrium oxide (w/w) in purified water

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

5

Clinical observations:

none

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

4

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

positive indication of skin sensitisation

Remarks:

first challenge

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

0.1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Remarks:

first challenge

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

1

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Remarks:

first challenge

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

0.1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Remarks:

second challenge

Reading:

rechallenge

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

7

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

positive indication of skin sensitisation

Reading:

rechallenge

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

0.1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

1

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Reading:

rechallenge

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

4

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

positive indication of skin sensitisation

Reading:

rechallenge

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

0.1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

1

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

No mortality, no sign of systemic toxicity and no effect on body weight was observed during the study.

Detailed results on animals are shown in the following tables:

Table 1: Control group – skin response after the challenge application of purified water (right flank)

Animal No.	Sex	REACTION AFTER REMOVAL OF BANDAGE
		24 hours	48 hours
262	female	0	0
263	female	0	0
264	female	0	0
265	female	0	0
266	female	0	0

 

Table 2: Control group – skin response after challenge application of yttrium oxyde, 50% (w/w) in purified water (left flank)

Animal No.	Sex	REACTION AFTER REMOVAL OF BANDAGE
		24 hours	48 hours
262	female	0	0
263	female	0	0
264	female	0	0
265	female	0	0
266	female	0	0

Approximately 3 hours prior to the 24-hour reading of the challenge the test sites were depilated.

  

Table 3: Test group – skin response after the challenge application of purified water (right flank)

Animal No.	Sex	REACTION AFTER REMOVAL OF BANDAGE
		24 hours	48 hours
267	female	0	0
268	female	0	0
269	female	0	0
270	female	0	0
271	female	0	0
272	female	0	0
273	female	0	0
274	female	0	0
275	female	0	0
276	female	0	0

  

Table 4: Test group – skin response after challenge application of yttrium oxyde, 50% (w/w) in purified water (left flank)

Animal No.	Sex	REACTION AFTER REMOVAL OF BANDAGE
		24 hours	48 hours
267	female	0	0
268	female	0	0
269	female	0	0
270	female	0	0
271	female	0	0
272	female	0	0
273	female	0	0
274	female	0	0
275	female	0	0
276	female	0	0

 

Approximately 3 hours prior to the 24-hour reading of the challenge the test sites were depilated.

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

The sensitisation potential of yttrium oxide was evaluated on Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs according to the maximisation method of Magnusson and Kligman, described in Directive 67/548/EEC, method B.6, and in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice. Ten test and five control guinea pigs were included in this study. Induction was carried out as following:
- On day one, animals were injected by the intracutaneous route with yttrium oxide (25% w/w in purified water) +/- Freund's Complete Adjuvant (treated group) or with purified water +/- Freund's Complete Adjuvant (control group) or with Freund's Complete Adjuvant alone (both groups).
- On day 7, the same region received a topical application of sodium lauryl sulfate (10% w/w in paraffinum perliquidum) in order to induce local irritation.
- On day 8, a 48-hour topical occlusive application was performed with yttrium oxide at 50% w/w in purified water (test animals) or the vehicle (controls).
- On day 22, the control and test animals were challenged by a cutaneous application of the test substance at 50% w/w in purified water to the left flank. The right flank served as control and received the vehicle only. The test substance and the vehicle were maintained under an occlusive dressing for 24 hours.
Skin reactions (erythema and oedema) were evaluated approximately 24 and 48 hours after removal of the dressing. No clinical signs and no deaths related to treatment were noted during the study. After the challenge application, at the 24-hour and 48-hour readings, no cutaneous reactions were noted. Based on the results of this study, yttrium oxide is not a dermal sensitiser.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

Data from the related substance yttrium oxide is used to cover this endpoint. The justification for read across is attached in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

test chemical

Dose level:

50% yttrium (w/w) in purified water

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

none

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Key result

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

test chemical

Dose level:

50% yttrium (w/w) in purified water

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

none

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Key result

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

negative control

Dose level:

50% yttrium (w/w) in purified water

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

5

Clinical observations:

none

Key result

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

negative control

Dose level:

50% yttrium (w/w) in purified water

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

5

Clinical observations:

none

Key result

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

4

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

positive indication of skin sensitisation

Remarks:

first challenge

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

0.1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Remarks:

first challenge

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

1

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Remarks:

first challenge

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

0.1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Remarks:

second challenge

Reading:

rechallenge

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

7

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

positive indication of skin sensitisation

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

0.1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

1

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Reading:

rechallenge

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

4

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

positive indication of skin sensitisation

Reading:

rechallenge

Hours after challenge:

72

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

0.1% (w/w) alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde in PEG 300

No. with + reactions:

1

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

no data

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

No study is available on the skin sensitation potential of yttrium metal. Therefore, read across is performed using a study from the related substance yttrium oxide. In this study, the sensitisation potential of yttrium oxide was evaluated on Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs according to the maximisation method of Magnusson and Kligman, described in Directive 67/548/EEC, method B.6, and in compliance with GLP. Ten test and five control guinea pigs were included in this study. Induction was carried out as following:
- On day one, animals were injected by the intracutaneous route with yttrium oxide (25% w/w in purified water) +/- Freund's Complete Adjuvant (treated group) or with purified water +/- Freund's Complete Adjuvant (control group) or with Freund's Complete Adjuvant alone (both groups).
- On day 7, the same region received a topical application of sodium lauryl sulfate (10% w/w in paraffinum perliquidum) in order to induce local irritation.
- On day 8, a 48-hour topical occlusive application was performed with yttrium oxide at 50% w/w in purified water (test animals) or the vehicle (controls).
- On day 22, the control and test animals were challenged by a cutaneous application of the test substance at 50% w/w in purified water to the left flank. The right flank served as control and received the vehicle only. The test substance and the vehicle were maintained under an occlusive dressing for 24 hours.
Skin reactions (erythema and oedema) were evaluated approximately 24 and 48 hours after removal of the dressing. No clinical signs and no deaths related to treatment were noted during the study. After the challenge application, at the 24-hour and 48-hour readings, no cutaneous reactions were noted. Based on the results of this study, yttrium oxide is not a dermal sensitiser. The same is assumed for yttrium metal. The read across justification is attached to IUCLID Section 13.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

skin sensitisation: in vitro

Data waiving:

study scientifically not necessary / other information available

Justification for data waiving:

other:

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (not sensitising)

Additional information:

Skin sensitisation - in vitro

An in vitro or in chemico skin sensitisation study does not need to be conducted because adequate data from an in vivo skin sensitisation study (initiated before October 11th 2016) is available.

Skin sensitisation - in vivo

No reliable study is available for yttrium metal. Data from the supporting substance yttrium oxide is used to cover this endpoint. A skin sensitisation study was performed in the guinea pig according to the Magnusson and Kligman

method, using a maximisation method with Freund's Complete Adjuvant to evaluate the sensitisation potential of the test item. The study was performed according to OECD guideline 406 and in compliance with GLP guidelines (Bertl 2006, Klimisch 1).

Based on the results of a preliminary test, 10 test animals were subjected to sensitisation procedures in a two-stage process, incorporating an induction phase using an intradermal treatment followed by a 48-hour topical application (dermal treatment under an occlusive dressing). The test item was used at a concentration of 50% (w/v) in distilled water for intradermal injections and at a concentration of 100% (undiluted, dampened with saline) for topical sensitisation treatment. Since the 100% (undiluted) test item was not a skin irritant in the dermal dose range-finding study, the test area was painted with 0.5 mL of 10% SDS in vaseline 24 hours prior to the topical induction application, in order to create local irritation. Five control guinea pigs were simultaneously exposed to 1% methylcellulose only during the sensitisation phase (intradermal treatment) and saline (dermal treatment). Two weeks after the last induction exposure, a challenge dose at a concentration of 100% (undiluted, dampened with saline) was dermally administered on the left side of all animals for 24 hours. The right side of the animals was treated with saline only. Skin reactions were measured 24 and 48 hours after patch removal. No test item-related signs of systemic toxicity were observed in any animal. With this supporting substance, no signs of contact sensitisation were detected after the challenge exposure in guinea pigs previously exposed to the test item during the experiment. In the control and treated animals, the mean of the scores was 0.00 according to the 24- and 48-hour results. Under the conditions of the present assay, yttrium oxide was shown to have no sensitisation potential, and is classified as a non-sensitiser, according to current EU-regulations. The same is assumed for yttrium metal.

The read across justification is attached to IU Section 13.

Respiratory sensitisation

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Justification for classification or non-classification

Skin sensitisation

The test item is considered to be non-sensitising, based on a read across approach using data from the supporting substance yttrium oxide, and is thus considered not to be classified according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation.

Respiratory sensitisation

No reliable study is available.