2,3-epoxypropyl isopropyl ether

Toxicological Summary

Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

1.1 mg/m³

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

225

Dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEC

Value:

246.7 mg/m³

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for dose response relationship:

3

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

1

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for intraspecies differences:

5

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

no remaining uncertainties

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

0.156 mg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

900

Dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEL

Value:

140 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for dose response relationship:

3

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for intraspecies differences:

5

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

no remaining uncertainties

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

low hazard (no threshold derived)

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

low hazard (no threshold derived)

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:

medium hazard (no threshold derived)

Additional information - workers

The calculation of the DNELs is performed in accordance with the principles given in ECHA (2008) “Guidance of Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health.” and performed when enabled with the tool, by using the IUCLID 6 DNEL calculator.

 

Available dose descriptors:

For IPGE, DNELs are needed for chronic exposure by the oral (only for consumers), dermal (for workers and consumers) and inhalation routes of exposure (workers and consumers). Inhalation is not a relevant route of exposure due to the physical properties in combination with precautionary measures of the substance. Since IPGE does not represent an acute hazard, i.e. is not highly toxic and there is no potential for high peak exposures, no DNELs for acute systemic toxicity need to be derived.

No DNELs are needed for local effects because long-term systemic DNELs cover sufficiently local effects.

From all currently available data for the different human health endpoints it can be presumed that IPGE exerts its effect by a threshold mode of action. Thus, DNELs can be calculated for the different threshold endpoints based on the most relevant dose descriptors per endpoint. DNELs are derived based on the available toxicity data for the substance, reflecting the routes, duration and frequency of exposure. DNELs are derived for workers and the general population. The general population includes consumers and humans exposed via the environment. There are following annotations for each endpoint:

 

- Since IPGE is not highly toxic and there is no potential for high peak exposures, no DNELs for acute systemic toxicity need to be derived.

- Acute DNELs for inhalation (systemic and local) are not necessary since there is no acute toxic hazard by inhalation as IPGE is not highly toxic and there is no potential for high peak exposures.

- A qualitative approach in hazard assessment for eye and skin irritation/corrosion and skin sensitization is used because no quantitative dose descriptors are available on these endpoints.

- There is no animal data on repeated dermal or inhalation exposure. To cover this endpoint, data from an oral repeated dose / reproductive toxicity study in rats as most sensitive endpoint has been used to calculate the long-term DNELs.

- As no NOAEL for reproductive toxicity could be derived, but a dose-dependence was observed, the DNELs are delineated from the LOAEL of the OECD 422 study applying an additional uncertainty factor.

First of all, available dose descriptors were converted into a correct starting point to take into account differences in routes of exposure between experimental animals and humans and differences in human and animal exposure conditions. Consecutively, the assessment factors have been applied to the correct starting point to obtain the endpoint specific DNELs. Assessment factors (AFs) correct uncertainties and variability within and between species in the effect data.

The assessment factors are applied in accordance with R.8 ECHA guidance document.

 

Modification of the relevant dose descriptors to the correct starting point:

 

Bioavailability (absorption)

A dermal absorption rate of 100% is considered for the target substance as outlined in the subchapter “Basic Toxicokinetics”, based on the available physico-chemical and toxicological properties of the substance. The dermal absorption in rats and in humans is assumed to be the same since no experimentally determined values are available for dermal absorption of the target chemical in rats and in humans. In case of oral to inhalation extrapolation, 100% absorption is assumed for oral absorption in rats and 100% absorption for inhalation is assumed in humans.

 

Route-to-route extrapolation:

Oral-to-inhalation extrapolations are performed to assess long-term inhalation effects in humans, as well as oral-to-dermal extrapolations are conducted to assess long-term dermal effects in humans. This is due to the fact that only oral studies are available, because oral exposure in general is the most suitable administration route to assess systemic toxicity.

 

Exposure conditions:

Exposure time differs in workers and in the subacute oral study in rats. Rats were exposed to the test substance once a day via gavage, while workers are exposed 8h daily (5 days/week). However, the dose descriptor (the LOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw/d) was not adjusted to 8h exposure because exposure time is not really relevant for the systemic dose resulting from only dermal exposure. However, assuming a dose- and not concentration-dependent NOAEL, as further described in the Manual for the SECO-DNEL Tool 1.0 issued by the Swiss EAER, Differences experimental and human exposure conditions are taken into account as follows: Animals are dosed with the test item in repeated dose toxicity studies daily 7 days a week, whereas workers are only exposed 5 days a week on working days. Hence, the starting NOAEL is corrected with the factor 7 days / 5 days = 1.4.

 

Respiratory volumes:

Differences in the respiratory volumes between experimental animals and humans were used when an oral rat NOAEL from the subacute oral study in rats was used to assess inhalation exposure in humans. 0.38 m³/kg/day is the standard respiratory volumes in rats during 8h exposure. 6.7 and 10 m³ are standard respiratory volumes for workers under normal conditions and by light activity, respectively.

 

Applying of assessment factors:

 

Interspecies differences:

No allometric scaling factor is applied in case of oral-to-inhalation extrapolation.

An additional assessment factor of 2.5 is applied for remaining interspecies differences in toxicodynamics between rats and humans.

 

Intraspecies differences:

An assessment factor of 5 is applied for workers for all endpoints and for all exposure routes. The factor of 10 is used in the process of DNEL-calculation for general population due to the greater intra-species variations.

 

Extrapolation of duration:

An assessment factor of 6 was applied in case of the subacute oral repeated dose toxicity study. This is a default assessment factor for subacute to chronic extrapolation according to ECHA’s guidance R.8 and no reason for deviation was identified.

 

Quality of whole data base:

An assessment factor for uncertainties in the quality of the data base is regarded to be 1, because no concern was indicated upon the quality of the provided data.

 

Issues related to dose response:

An assessment factor of 3 was used because the starting value is not a NOAEL but LOAEL. There were no indications for deviation from the default value, as a clear dose-response was observed for the effects seen in the OECD 422 study.

 

Remaining uncertainties:

An assessment factor of 1 was applied here because no remaining uncertainties were identified, as the chosen LOAEL was the lowest of the available values.

 

 

Calculation of endpoint-specific DNELs for workers

Long-term exposure - systemic effects (dermal)

The oral LOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was converted into the dermal LOAEL: Dermal LOAEL = oral LOAEL x (ABS oral-rat/ABS dermal-human) x 1.4 = 100 mg/kg bw x (100%/100%) x 1.4= 140 mg/kg bw.

DNEL = 140 mg/kg bw/(3 x 6 x 4 x 2.5 x 5 x 1 x 1) = 0.156 mg/kg bw.

Assessment factors are: 3 – dose response (clear dose response, but LOAEL was the starting point), 6 – study duration (subacute to chronic), 4 – interspecies, allometric scaling, 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 5 – intraspecies (workers), 1 – quality of data base, 1 – remaining uncertainties (none remaining).

 

Long-term exposure - systemic effects (inhalation)

The oral LOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was converted into the inhalation LOAEC:

Inhalation LOAEC = oral LOAEL x (1/sRVrat) x (ABS oral-rat/ABS inhal-human) x (6.7 m³/10 m³) x 1.4 = 100 mg/kg bw x (1/0.38 m³/kg/day) x (100%/100%) x (6.7/10) x 1.4 = 246.7 mg/m³

DNEL = 246.7 mg/m³/(3 x 6 x 1 x 2.5 x 5 x 1 x 1) = 1.1 mg/m³.

Assessment factors are: 3 – dose response (clear dose response, but LOAEL was the starting point), 6 – study duration (subacute to chronic), 1 – interspecies, no allometric scaling required for oral to inhalation exposure, 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 5 – intraspecies (workers), 1 – quality of data base, 1 – remaining uncertainties (none remaining).

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

0.164 mg/m³

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

450

Dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEC

Value:

74 mg/m³

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for dose response relationship:

3

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

1

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

no remaining uncertainties

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

55.6 µg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

1 800

Dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for dose response relationship:

3

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

no remaining uncertainties

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

low hazard (no threshold derived)

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

low hazard (no threshold derived)

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

55.6 µg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

1 800

Dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

LOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for dose response relationship:

3

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

Default (DNEL calculator)

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

no remaining uncertainties

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:

medium hazard (no threshold derived)

Additional information - General Population

The principles of the DNEL calculation for the general population are the same as already described for workers. However, there are additional considerations or deviations for:

 

Modification of the starting point:

 

Bioavailability (absorption)

The oral absorption in rats and in humans is assumed to be the same since no information for oral absorption for target chemical in rats and in humans is available.

 

Respiratory volumes:

No differences in the respiratory volumes under normal conditions and by light activity in humans were taken into account. A default respiratory volume of 1.35 m³/kg bw for rats, relevant for consumers with an assumed body weight of 60 kg (instead of 70 kg for workers), was used to convert oral NOAEL into inhalation NOAEC.

 

Applying of assessment factors:

A higher assessment factor of 10 (instead of 5 for workers) for intraspecies variation/differences of human population was used.

 

Calculation of endpoint-specific DNEL for general population

 

Long-term exposure - systemic effects (oral)

The oral LOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was not modified for differences in absorption by oral route since no substance- and route specific information is available: Oral LOAEL rat = oral LOAEL human = 100 mg/kg bw.

DNEL = 100 mg/kg bw/(3 x 6 x 4 x 2.5 x 10 x 1 x 1) = 55.6 µg/kg bw.

Assessment factors are: 3 – dose response (clear dose response, but LOAEL was the starting point), 6 – study duration (subacute to chronic), 4 – interspecies, allometric scaling, 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 10 – intraspecies (general population), 1 – quality of data base, 1 – remaining uncertainties (none remaining).

 

Long-term exposure - systemic effects (dermal)

The oral LOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was converted into the dermal LOAEL: Dermal LOAEL = oral LOAEL x (ABS oral-rat/ABS dermal-human) = 100 mg/kg bw x (100%/100%) = 100 mg/kg bw.

DNEL = 100 mg/kg bw/(3 x 6 x 4 x 2.5 x 10 x 1 x 1) = 55.6 µg/kg bw.

Assessment factors are: 3 – dose response (clear dose response, but LOAEL was the starting point), 6 – study duration (subacute to chronic), 4 – interspecies, allometric scaling, 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 10 – intraspecies (general population), 1 – quality of data base, 1 – remaining uncertainties (none remaining).

 

Long-term exposure - systemic effects (inhalation)

The oral LOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was converted into the inhalation LOAEC:

Corrected inhalation LOAEC = oral rat LOAEL x (1/1.35 m³/kg bw/day) x (ABS oral-rat/ABS inhal-human), where 1.35 m³/kg bw is standard respiratory volume of rats during 24 h, ABS is absorption (values are the same as described for workers).

Corrected Inhalation LOAEC = 100 mg/kg bw x (1/1.35 m³/kg/day) x (100%/100%) = 74 mg/m³

DNEL = 74 mg/m³/(3 x 6 x 1 x 2.5 x 10 x 1 x 1) = 0.164 mg/m³.

Assessment factors are: 3 – dose response (clear dose response, but LOAEL was the starting point), 6 – study duration (subacute to chronic), 1 – interspecies, no allometric scaling required for oral to inhalation exposure, 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 10 – intraspecies (general population), 1 – quality of data base, 1 – remaining uncertainties (none remaining).