Potassium perchlorate

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

25 March 2008 to 24 February 2009

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.17 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the thymidine kinase gene

Target gene:

TK (thymidine kinase) locus

Species / strain / cell type:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9 mix

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Since the test item was freely soluble and non-toxic in the preliminary test, the highest dose-level selected for the main test was 5000 µg/mL.
Using a treatment volume of 100 µL/20 mL, the selected dose-levels were 156.3, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 µg/mL for both mutagenicity
experiments with and without S9 mix.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle used: Water for injection; batch number IVE14A, supplied by Fresenius-Kabi (92316 Sèvres, France).
- Justification for choice of vehicle: Solubility (the substance is freely soluble in water)

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

vehicle only

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

cyclophosphamide

methylmethanesulfonate

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: preincubation; in suspension;

DURATION
- Preincubation period: one week
- Exposure duration: 3 hours and 24 hours
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 hours
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 2 days
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): 2 days

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): N/A
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): N/A
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): N/A

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 2 per dose concentration including negative and positive controls

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED:
Viability plates:
An average of 1.6 cells/well (two 96-well plates/culture = four plates/dose-level) to define the number of viable cells (CE2). After at least 7 days of
incubation at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air, the clones were counted.
Mutant plates:
2000 cells/well (four 96-well plates/culture = eight plates/dose-level) to select the TFTR (trifluo
rothymidine resistant) mutant cells (for the
determination of CEmutant). After 11-12 days of incubation at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of
5% CO2/95% air in the presence of 4 µg TFT/mL of culture medium, the clones were counted, differentiating small and large colonies:
· size of small colonies: < 25% of the diameter of the well,
· size of large colonies: > 25% of the diameter of the well.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth (adjusted)
For scoring of colonies in mutant plates, the following parameters were considered:
· Well containing mutant colony (small or large),
· Well not containing mutant colony,
· When both small and large colonies are present in the same well both mutant colonies were counted (one small and one large).

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy:
- Determination of endoreplication:

Evaluation criteria:

at least at one dose-level the mutation frequency minus the mutation frequency of the vehicle control equals or exceeds the global evaluation factor
(126 x 10-6 for the microtiter method),
· and a dose-related trend is demonstrated by a statistically significant trend test.
Unless considered as clearly positive, the reproducibility of a positive effect should be confirmed.
Noteworthy increases in the mutation frequency observed only at high levels of cytotoxicity (RTG lower than 10%), but with no evidence of
mutagenicity at dose-levels with RTG between 10 and 20%, is considered as positive result. A test
item may be determined to be non-mutagenic when there is no culture showing an Adj. RTG value
between 10-20% if (e):
· there is at least one negative data point between 20 and 25% Adj. RTG and no evidence on mutag
enicity in a series of data points between 100 to 20% Adj. RTG,
· there is no evidence of mutagenicity in a series of data points between 100 to 25% and there is also a negative data point between 10 and
1% Adj. RTG.

Statistics:

No statistical analyses were performed.

Species / strain:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

with

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

other: slight at 5000 µg/mL in the second experiment shown by a a 39% decrease in adjusted relative total growth

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: No effects; the pH values were equivivalent to those of the vehicle control culture
- Effects of osmolality: No effects; the osmalality values were equivalent to those of the vehicle control culture
- Evaporation from medium: Not reported
- Water solubility: The test substance is freely soluble in water
- Precipitation: None
- Other confounding effects: None

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
Using a treatment volume of 100 µL/20mL of culture medium, the final dose-level of 5000 µg/mL
showed no precipitate. At this dose-level, the pH was approximately 7.4 (as for the vehicle control) and the osmolality equal to 344 mOsm/kg H2O (296 for the vehicle control).
The dose-levels used for treatment were 10, 100, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 µg/mL.

No noteworthy toxicity was noted, either following the 3- and 24-hour treatments without S9 mix or following the 3-hour treatment with S9 mix.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA:
Control data were included as an appendix in the Report, which covered experiments during the the period April 2005 to September 2006. It includedresults from 12 experiments without metabolic
activation (S9 mix) and 24 experiments with metabolic activation using negative controls and using the positive controls methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) and cyclophosphamide (CPA). The results are in line with those of the current study.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
Not reported

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

 Experiments without S9 mix: Cytotoxicity: Following the 3-hour treatment and the 24-hour treatment, no noteworthy toxicity was noted. Mutagenicity: No significant increase in the mutation frequency was noted, either following the 3-hour treatment or following the 24-hour treatment.  Experiments with S9 mix: Cytotoxicity: In the first experiment, no noteworthy toxicity was noted. In the second experiment, a slight toxicity was noted at the dose-level of 5000 µg/mL, as shown by 39% decrease in Adj. RTG. Mutagenicity: No significant increase in the mutation frequency was noted following the 3-hour treatment in either experiment.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative
Under the experimental conditions, the test item ANHYDROUS SODIUM PERCHLORATE (batch No. "
Lot moyen du 10/01/08 test"; purity: 98.21%) did
not show any mutagenic activity in the mouse lymphoma assay.

Executive summary:

A study was performed at CIT Laboratories France to investigate the potential of Anhydrous Sodium Perchlorate to induce mutations at the TK (thymidine kinase) locus in L5178Y mouse lymphomacells. The study was performed according to the international guidelines (OECD 476 and Commission Directive No. B17) and in compliance with the Principles of Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Aftera preliminary toxicity test, Anhydrous Sodium Perchlorate was tested in two independent experiments,in the absence and presence of a rat liver metabolising system (S9 mix). Cytotoxicity was measuredby assessment of adjusted relative total growth (Adj. RTG) and relative suspension growth (Adj. RSG)as well as cloning efficiency following the expression time (CE2). The number of mutant clones(differentiating small and large colonies) were checked after the expression of the mutant phenotype.Using a treatment volume of 100 µL/20 mL, the selected dose-levels were 156.3, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500and 5000 µg/mL for both mutagenicity experiments with and without the S9 mix. Following the 3-hourtreatment and the 24-hour treatment without S9 mix, no noteworthy cytotoxicity was found. Similarlythere was no evidence of mutagenicity, either following either the 3-hour or the 24-hour treatment. Experiments with the S9 mix revealed no noteworthy cytotoxicity in the first experiment but the second experiment showed evidence of slight toxicity at the highest doselevel (5000 µg/mL), shown by a 39% decrease in Adj. RTG. However, there was no significant mutationfrequency noted following the 3-hour treatment in either experiment. Under the experimental conditions,the test item did not show any mutagenic activity in the mouse lymphoma assay.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

25 March 2008 to 24 February 2009

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

In water, potassium perchlorate will rapidly dissolve and completely dissociate into the perchlorate anion and the corresponding cation. Toxicity is determined only by the perchlorate moiety of the salt. as potassium is known to be non-toxic. Based on that, read-across is possible to other perchlorate salt dissociating in water without any toxic cation.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.17 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the thymidine kinase gene

Target gene:

TK (thymidine kinase) locus

Species / strain / cell type:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9 mix

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Since the test item was freely soluble and non-toxic in the preliminary test, the highest dose-level selected for the main test was 5000 µg/mL.
Using a treatment volume of 100 µL/20 mL, the selected dose-levels were 156.3, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 µg/mL for both mutagenicity
experiments with and without S9 mix.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle used: Water for injection; batch number IVE14A, supplied by Fresenius-Kabi (92316 Sèvres, France).
- Justification for choice of vehicle: Solubility (the substance is freely soluble in water)

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

vehicle only

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

cyclophosphamide

methylmethanesulfonate

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: preincubation; in suspension;

DURATION
- Preincubation period: one week
- Exposure duration: 3 hours and 24 hours
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 hours
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 2 days
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): 2 days

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): N/A
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): N/A
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): N/A

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 2 per dose concentration including negative and positive controls

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED:
Viability plates:
An average of 1.6 cells/well (two 96-well plates/culture = four plates/dose-level) to define the number of viable cells (CE2). After at least 7 days of
incubation at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air, the clones were counted.
Mutant plates:
2000 cells/well (four 96-well plates/culture = eight plates/dose-level) to select the TFTR (trifluo
rothymidine resistant) mutant cells (for the
determination of CEmutant). After 11-12 days of incubation at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of
5% CO2/95% air in the presence of 4 µg TFT/mL of culture medium, the clones were counted, differentiating small and large colonies:
· size of small colonies: < 25% of the diameter of the well,
· size of large colonies: > 25% of the diameter of the well.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth (adjusted)
For scoring of colonies in mutant plates, the following parameters were considered:
· Well containing mutant colony (small or large),
· Well not containing mutant colony,
· When both small and large colonies are present in the same well both mutant colonies were counted (one small and one large).

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy:
- Determination of endoreplication:

Evaluation criteria:

at least at one dose-level the mutation frequency minus the mutation frequency of the vehicle control equals or exceeds the global evaluation factor
(126 x 10-6 for the microtiter method),
· and a dose-related trend is demonstrated by a statistically significant trend test.
Unless considered as clearly positive, the reproducibility of a positive effect should be confirmed.
Noteworthy increases in the mutation frequency observed only at high levels of cytotoxicity (RTG lower than 10%), but with no evidence of
mutagenicity at dose-levels with RTG between 10 and 20%, is considered as positive result. A test
item may be determined to be non-mutagenic when there is no culture showing an Adj. RTG value
between 10-20% if (e):
· there is at least one negative data point between 20 and 25% Adj. RTG and no evidence on mutag
enicity in a series of data points between 100 to 20% Adj. RTG,
· there is no evidence of mutagenicity in a series of data points between 100 to 25% and there is also a negative data point between 10 and
1% Adj. RTG.

Statistics:

No statistical analyses were performed.

Species / strain:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

with

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

other: slight at 5000 µg/mL in the second experiment shown by a a 39% decrease in adjusted relative total growth

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: No effects; the pH values were equivivalent to those of the vehicle control culture
- Effects of osmolality: No effects; the osmalality values were equivalent to those of the vehicle control culture
- Evaporation from medium: Not reported
- Water solubility: The test substance is freely soluble in water
- Precipitation: None
- Other confounding effects: None

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
Using a treatment volume of 100 µL/20mL of culture medium, the final dose-level of 5000 µg/mL
showed no precipitate. At this dose-level, the pH was approximately 7.4 (as for the vehicle control) and the osmolality equal to 344 mOsm/kg H2O (296 for the vehicle control).
The dose-levels used for treatment were 10, 100, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 µg/mL.

No noteworthy toxicity was noted, either following the 3- and 24-hour treatments without S9 mix or following the 3-hour treatment with S9 mix.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA:
Control data were included as an appendix in the Report, which covered experiments during the the period April 2005 to September 2006. It includedresults from 12 experiments without metabolic
activation (S9 mix) and 24 experiments with metabolic activation using negative controls and using the positive controls methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) and cyclophosphamide (CPA). The results are in line with those of the current study.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
Not reported

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

 Experiments without S9 mix: Cytotoxicity: Following the 3-hour treatment and the 24-hour treatment, no noteworthy toxicity was noted. Mutagenicity: No significant increase in the mutation frequency was noted, either following the 3-hour treatment or following the 24-hour treatment.  Experiments with S9 mix: Cytotoxicity: In the first experiment, no noteworthy toxicity was noted. In the second experiment, a slight toxicity was noted at the dose-level of 5000 µg/mL, as shown by 39% decrease in Adj. RTG. Mutagenicity: No significant increase in the mutation frequency was noted following the 3-hour treatment in either experiment.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative
Under the experimental conditions, the test item ANHYDROUS SODIUM PERCHLORATE (batch No. "
Lot moyen du 10/01/08 test"; purity: 98.21%) did
not show any mutagenic activity in the mouse lymphoma assay.

Executive summary:

A study was performed at CIT Laboratories France to investigate the potential of Anhydrous Sodium Perchlorate to induce mutations at the TK (thymidine kinase) locus in L5178Y mouse lymphomacells. The study was performed according to the international guidelines (OECD 476 and Commission Directive No. B17) and in compliance with the Principles of Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Aftera preliminary toxicity test, Anhydrous Sodium Perchlorate was tested in two independent experiments,in the absence and presence of a rat liver metabolising system (S9 mix). Cytotoxicity was measuredby assessment of adjusted relative total growth (Adj. RTG) and relative suspension growth (Adj. RSG)as well as cloning efficiency following the expression time (CE2). The number of mutant clones(differentiating small and large colonies) were checked after the expression of the mutant phenotype.Using a treatment volume of 100 µL/20 mL, the selected dose-levels were 156.3, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500and 5000 µg/mL for both mutagenicity experiments with and without the S9 mix. Following the 3-hourtreatment and the 24-hour treatment without S9 mix, no noteworthy cytotoxicity was found. Similarlythere was no evidence of mutagenicity, either following either the 3-hour or the 24-hour treatment. Experiments with the S9 mix revealed no noteworthy cytotoxicity in the first experiment but the second experiment showed evidence of slight toxicity at the highest doselevel (5000 µg/mL), shown by a 39% decrease in Adj. RTG. However, there was no significant mutationfrequency noted following the 3-hour treatment in either experiment. Under the experimental conditions,the test item did not show any mutagenic activity in the mouse lymphoma assay.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

01 April - 01 July 2008

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

In water, potassium perchlorate will rapidly dissolve and completely dissociate into the perchlorate anion and the corresponding cation. Toxicity is determined only by the perchlorate moiety of the salt. as potassium is known to be non-toxic. Based on that, read-across is possible to other perchlorate salt dissociating in water without any toxic cation.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

The selected treatment dose-levels were:
· 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate, for the first and the second mutagenicity experiments with and without S9 mix,
· 625, 1250, 2500, 3750 and 5000 µg/plate, for the third mutagenicity experiment with S9 mix.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle used: Water for injections; Batch Nos. IVE 14A and IVK 26A
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: highly soluble in water

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: See table 1

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium; in agar (plate incorporation); preincubation; in suspension; as impregnation on paper disk


DURATION
- Preincubation period: 60 minutes
- Exposure duration: 72 hours
- Expression time (cells in growth medium):
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent):
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells):



DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: on the basis of the observation of any decrease in the number of revertant colonies and any thinning of the bacterial lawn.

Evaluation criteria:

A reproducible 2-fold increase (for the TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 strains) or 3-fold increase (for the TA 1535 and TA 1537 strains) in the number of revertants compared with the vehicle controls, in any strain at any dose-level and/or evidence of a dose-relationship was considered as
a positive result. Reference to historical data, or other considerations of biological relevance may also be taken into account in the evaluation of the
data obtained.

Statistics:

No statistical analyses were performed.

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: None
- Effects of osmolality: None
- Evaporation from medium: None
- Water solubility: None
- Precipitation: No precipitate was observed in the Petri plates when scoring the revertants at any dose-levels.
- Other confounding effects: None


RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:


COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: N/A


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

The number of revertants for the vehicle and positive controls was as specified in the acceptance criteria. The study was therefore considered valid. Since the test item was freely soluble and non-toxic, the highest dose-level was 5000 µg/plate, according to the criteria specified in the international guidelines.

No precipitate was observed in the Petri plates when scoring the revertants at any dose-levels. No noteworthy toxicity was noted in any strains, either with or without S9 mix. No noteworthy increase in the number of revertants, which could be considered to be biologically significant, was noted in any tester strains, in any experiments, with and without S9 mix.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative

Under the experimental conditions, the test item ANHYDROUS SODIUM PERCHLORATE (purity: 98.21%) did not show any mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test with the recommended Salmonella typhimurium tester strains.

Based on the read-across justification potassium perchlorate can be considered as not genetic toxic.

Executive summary:

The study was conducted at CIT Laboratories France to evaluate the potential of the test item (Anhydrous Sodium Perchlorate) to induce reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium. The study was designed in accordance with OECD guideline No. 471 and EU Method B.13/.14. The evaluation of the toxicity was performed on the basis of the observation of any decrease in the number of revertant colonies and any thinning of the bacterial lawn using five strains of the bacteria. No noteworthy increase in the number of revertants, which could be considered to be biologically significant, was noted in any tester strains, in any experiments, with and without a metabolic activation system (S9 mix). Under the experimental conditions, Anhydrous Sodium Perchlorate did not show any mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test with recommended Salmonella typhimurium tester strains.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

01 April - 01 July 2008

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

The selected treatment dose-levels were:
· 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate, for the first and the second mutagenicity experiments with and without S9 mix,
· 625, 1250, 2500, 3750 and 5000 µg/plate, for the third mutagenicity experiment with S9 mix.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle used: Water for injections; Batch Nos. IVE 14A and IVK 26A
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: highly soluble in water

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: See table 1

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium; in agar (plate incorporation); preincubation; in suspension; as impregnation on paper disk


DURATION
- Preincubation period: 60 minutes
- Exposure duration: 72 hours
- Expression time (cells in growth medium):
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent):
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells):



DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: on the basis of the observation of any decrease in the number of revertant colonies and any thinning of the bacterial lawn.

Evaluation criteria:

A reproducible 2-fold increase (for the TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 strains) or 3-fold increase (for the TA 1535 and TA 1537 strains) in the number of revertants compared with the vehicle controls, in any strain at any dose-level and/or evidence of a dose-relationship was considered as
a positive result. Reference to historical data, or other considerations of biological relevance may also be taken into account in the evaluation of the
data obtained.

Statistics:

No statistical analyses were performed.

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

not examined

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

True negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: None
- Effects of osmolality: None
- Evaporation from medium: None
- Water solubility: None
- Precipitation: No precipitate was observed in the Petri plates when scoring the revertants at any dose-levels.
- Other confounding effects: None


RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:


COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: N/A


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

The number of revertants for the vehicle and positive controls was as specified in the acceptance criteria. The study was therefore considered valid. Since the test item was freely soluble and non-toxic, the highest dose-level was 5000 µg/plate, according to the criteria specified in the international guidelines.

No precipitate was observed in the Petri plates when scoring the revertants at any dose-levels. No noteworthy toxicity was noted in any strains, either with or without S9 mix. No noteworthy increase in the number of revertants, which could be considered to be biologically significant, was noted in any tester strains, in any experiments, with and without S9 mix.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative

Under the experimental conditions, the test item ANHYDROUS SODIUM PERCHLORATE (purity: 98.21%) did not show any mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test with the recommended Salmonella typhimurium tester strains.

Executive summary:

The study was conducted at CIT Laboratories France to evaluate the potential of the test item (Anhydrous Sodium Perchlorate) to induce reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium. The study was designed in accordance with OECD guideline No. 471 and EU Method B.13/.14. The evaluation of the toxicity was performed on the basis of the observation of any decrease in the number of revertant colonies and any thinning of the bacterial lawn using five strains of the bacteria. No noteworthy increase in the number of revertants, which could be considered to be biologically significant, was noted in any tester strains, in any experiments, with and without a metabolic activation system (S9 mix). Under the experimental conditions, Anhydrous Sodium Perchlorate did not show any mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test with recommended Salmonella typhimurium tester strains.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

With ammonium perchlorate no test-material-related changes in bone marrow micronucleus formation or polychromatic erythrocyte/normochromatic erythrocyte ratio were observed in both sex groups after 90 days of treatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. The perchlorat moiety of ammonium perchlorate can be stated as non-genotoxic. As potassium perchlorate dissociated rapidly and potassium in known to be non-genotoxic, an eqivalent dose of 11.8 mg/kg/day potassium perchlorate can be stated as non-genotoxic.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)