2,5-xylenol

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2008-02-22 - 2008-03-06

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Acute Immobilization Test "Standard Pertaining to the Testing facility at Which Tests on New Chemical Substances, Etc.

Version / remarks:

” Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency Notification No. 1121003 on November 21, 2003, Manufacturing Industries Policy No. 3 on November 17, 2003, and the Ministry of Environment, the Environmental Policy Office Notification No. 031121004 (Final revision on April 1, 2005).

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

dechlorinated water

Details on test solutions:

- Test concentration
As the results of preliminary examination (Report No. NCAS 07-223NG), a set concentration of 0.100, 0% immobilization in 1.00 mg/L area and 100% immobilization in the 10.0 mg/L area were observed. Thereby, tests were conducted in five concentrations (a common ratio of 2.0), which were 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00, and 16.0 mg/L in set concentration.

- Preparation of the test solution
50.0 mg of the test substance was weighed [and placed] in a 1000-mL measuring flask, added with dechlorinated water, and dissolved by an ultrasonic treatment (for ten minutes) to prepare a test stock solution 50.0 mg/L. 20.0, 40.0, 80.0, 160, and 320 mL of these test stock solutions were each sorted out in a 1000-mL volumetric flask and kept at a constant volume with dechlorinated water to prepare test solutions of 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00, and 16.0 mg/L. These test solutions were poured into four test containers 100 mL each. Dechlorinated water was used in the control area.

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Generic name: Daphnia magna
- Scientific name: Daphnia magna
- Procured from: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan (the organisms procured on May 25, 2005 were subcultured in this office)
- Growth stage: Larvae born from grown crustacean 17-18 days old (less than 24 hours old, this test)
- Susceptibility: 48-hour EC50 background data according to the standard substance in this facility (potassium dichromate: reagent grade, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.): 0.20-0.36 mg/L (n = 6, July 2005 to December 2007), immediate 48-hour EC50: 0.25 mg/L (Report no. NCAS 07-203, implemented in December 2007)

BREEDING CONDITIONS OF PARENT DAPHNIA TO OBTAIN TEST ORGANISMS
Only adult Daphnia were taken out from the subcultured Daphnia using a Komagome-type pipette and placed in a beaker, and the larvae born up to the next day were divided to separate beakers. These larvae (born on February 14-15, 2008) were bred as the parents of the test organisms. When the larvae were born, they were thinned at a rate of more than twice in a week. Only adult carrying eggs were used on the day before exposure, and the larvae born thereafter (less than 24 hours old) were used for the test (exposure started on March 4, 2008). During the breeding period, the death rate of parent Daphnia was 0%, and no dormant eggs, generation of male, and other abnormalities were observed.

- Water used for breeding: Dechlorinated water
- Breeding density: 25 daphnids (added at the start of breeding)/1 L of water used for breeding
- Breeding container: 1-L glass container
- Water temperature: 20.0ºC
- pH: 7.9-8.0
- Total hardness: 67-69 mg/L (in terms of hardness as CaCO3)
- Dissolved oxygen concentration: 8.7 mg/L (saturated concentration of 99% or higher)
- Illumination: Fluorescent lamp (715 Lux), 16 hours light/8 hours dark

FEEDING DURING BREEDING
- Feed: Unicellular green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, raw chlorella V12, Chlorella Industries)
- Feed volume: The feed was given at a rate of 0.1-0.2 mg-C per one Daphnia (organic carbon equivalent)/day. (The fish were fed by a peristaltic pump and a timer during holidays. Before the birth of larvae, the feed was given at the appropriate amount for the fish to consume.)
- Exchange of water used for breeding: More than once a week.

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Hardness:

69 mg/L (in terms of hardness as CaCO3)

Test temperature:

20.2ºC (Immersed in a constant temperature water tank installed in an immersion thermostat)
Water temperature inside the constant temperature water tank during the exposure period: 20.1-20.5ºC

pH:

7.8 - 7.9

Dissolved oxygen:

8.6 - 8.7 mg/L (98% or higher with respect to the saturated concentration)

Salinity:

not applicable

Conductivity:

not applicable

Nominal and measured concentrations:

1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00, and 16.0 mg/L in set concentration

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test container: Glass beaker with 100-mL capacity
- Number of stations: Four container/concentration area
- Number of test organisms: 20 daphnids/concentration area (5 daphnids per one container x 4 containers)
- Feed: No feeding

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
Dechlorinated water: We used tap water from Odawara city that has been treated with activated carbon to remove the residual chlorine, etc. and continuously and sufficiently aerated with an air pump. We confirmed that the quality of this water complied with the standard grade 3 fishery water (report no. NCAS 07-227NG on December 12, 2007). The total hardness before the experiment was measured and confirmed that it was in the range of 67-69 mg/L in terms of hardness as CaCO3

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
As the results of preliminary examination (Report No. NCAS 07-223NG), a set concentration of 0.100, 0% immobilization in 1.00 mg/L area and 100% immobilization in the 10.0 mg/L area were observed. Thereby, tests were conducted in five concentrations (a common ratio of 2.0), which were 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00, and 16.0 mg/L in set concentration.

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

Potassium dichromate

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

5.2 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

9 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Details on results:

Number of organisms immobilized and immobilization rate
The immobilization rate after 24-hour exposure was 0% in the control area, and in the 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 mg/L area; 40% in the 8.00 mg/L area, and 100% in the 16.0 mg/L area. The immobilization rate 48 hours after exposure was 0% in the control area and the 1.00 mg/L area; 10% in the 2.00 mg/L area, 25% in the 4.00 mg/L area, 75% in the 8.00 mg/L area, and 100% in the 16.0 mg/L area. No Daphnia was found immobilized on the water surface in the control area.

Median immobilization concentration (EC50) and 95% confidence limit
EC50 at 24-hour exposure was 9.0 mg/L as calculated by the plotting method.
EC50 at 48-hour exposure was 5.2 mg/L as calculated by the Probit analysis, and its 95% confidence limit was in the range of 4.2-6.4 mg/L.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

Background data of 48-hour EC50: 0.20-0.36 mg/L

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Confirmation of the linearity of the calibration curve
The square (r2) of the correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was obtained, and the linearity of the calibration curve was confirmed.

Table 1: EC₅₀and its 95% confidence limit throughout the 24- and 48-hour exposure

Exposure period	EC50(mg/L)	95% confidence limit (mg/L)
24 hours	9.0*	Not calculated due to plotting method
48 hours	5.2**	4.2-6.4

*Plotting method

**Probit analysis

Confirmation of the test substance

The spectrum described matched with the spectrum measured; therefore, the test substance was confirmed to be 2,5-xylenol.

Confirmation of stability of the test substance

The spectrum measured before the start of exposure matched [with the spectrum measured after the end of exposure], so the test substance was determined to be stable during the storage period.

Analytical method confirmation test of the concentration of the test substance in the test solution

The square of the correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9996 at the start of exposure and 1.0000 at the end of exposure. Thereby, it was determined that the linearity of the calibration curve was excellent.

In the confirmation of the repeatability, the concentration of the test substance in the test solution with 1.00 mg/L in set concentration was 1.00 mg/L in average (n = 3, 1.00, 0.989, and 1.01 mg/L), and the coefficient of variation was 1.05%. The concentration of the test substance in the test solution with 16.0 mg/L in set concentration was 15.9 mg/L in average (n = 3, 15.5, 15.7, and 16.6 mg/L), and the coefficient of variation was 3.68%. The coefficient of variation of the concentrations of the test substance in three stations was within 5%. No peak that could interfere with the quantification was observed at the detection position of the test substance in the HPLC chromatogram in the control area.

Based on these results, this analytical method was deemed reasonable as the method of measuring the concentration of the test substance in the test solution.

Evaluation of solubility of the test substance

As the result of confirmation by visual inspection that 100 mg of test substance was dissolved in 1 L of dechlorinated water, the solubility of the test substance was determined to be 100 mg/L or higher.

Concentration of the test substance in the test solution

The concentrations of the test substance in the test solution in each concentration area at the start of exposure were 1.00, 2.10, 3.96, 8.08, and 15.9 mg/L, which were 97.5-105% of the set concentration (1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00, and 16.0 mg/L). The concentration of the test substance in the test solution in each concentration area 48 hours after exposure were 0.935, 1.95, 3.91, 7.91, and 15.8 mg/L, which were 93.5-98.9% of the set concentration.

Thereby, the variations in the concentration of the test substance at the start and the end of exposure with respect to the set concentration were less than ± 20%; therefore, the set concentration was used as the concentration of the test substance during the exposure period

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The median immobilisation concentration (EC50) after 48 hours was determined to be 5.2 mg/L.

Executive summary:

A GLP- acute immobilization test (static) of 2,5-xylenol on Daphnia magna in a 48-hour exposure was carried out in accordance with the acute immobilization test described in "Methods of Tests pertaining to New chemical Substances, Etc" and comparable to OECD Guideline 202.

20 daphnids per concentration area (5 daphnids/ container) were exposed to 2,5-xylenol at static conditions and at test concentrations of 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00 and 16.0 mg/L.

The concentrations of the test substance in the test solutions were 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00, 16.0 mg/L and in set concentrations were 1.00, 2.10, 3.96, 8.08, and 15.6 mg/L at the start of exposure and 0.935, 1.95, 3.91, 7.91, and 15.8 mg/L 48 hours after exposure. The proportion with respect to the set concentration was in the range of 97.5 - 105% at the start of exposure and 93.5 - 98.9% 48 hours after exposure, and the variation was less than ± 20% in either case. Thereby, the median immobilization concentration (EC₅₀) was calculated using the set concentration as the concentration of the test substance during the exposure period.

EC₅₀and its 95% confidence limit throughout the 24- and 48-hour exposure periods were shown below.

 

Exposure period	EC50(mg/L)	95% confidence limit (mg/L)
24 hours	9.0*	Not calculated due to plotting method
48 hours	5.2**	4.2-6.4

* Plotting method

** Probit analysis

The median immobilisation concentration (EC50) after 48 hours was determined to be 5.2 mg/L.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Incubation of fertilized sea-urchin eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

daily

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.

Test organisms (species):

other: Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (sea urchin)

Details on test organisms:

Fertilized eggs were exposed.

Test type:

static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Remarks on exposure duration:

Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization.

Test temperature:

5 °C

Nominal and measured concentrations:

control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)

Details on test conditions:

- single layer of eggs were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

several other test substances

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Executive summary:

The toxicity of 2,5-xylenol to the freshly fertilized eggs of the marine sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis was determined by a static test. The EC50 (96 h) is 5 mg/L.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

ISO 6341 (Water quality - Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea))

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

Acetone

Details on test solutions:

- Method: diluted with AFNOR (1974) reconstituted hard water
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): Acetone
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution(s) or suspension(s) including control(s)): < 0.1 mL/L of reconstituted water (ISO, 1980)

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: water flea
- Source: from IRCHA Laboratory and cultured parthenogenetically in Pasteur Institute Laboratory since 1975
- Feeding during culture: Chlorella vulgaris (1.0 x 10^6 cells/daphnid/h)
- Feeding during test: no

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

24 h

Hardness:

200 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

20 ± 1 °C

pH:

7.8 - 8.2

Nominal and measured concentrations:

not given

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed tubes (covered with plastic stoppers)
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: tubes filled with 10 mL test solution
- Aeration: no
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): assayed in duplicate with a minimun of 3 replicates
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): controls conducted, number of replicates not stated
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): vehicle controls conducted, number of replicates not stated

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Intervals of water quality measurement: 24 h (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature)

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: continuous darkness

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): immobilization

VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes

RANGE-FINDING STUDY: yes
- Test concentrations: 0.1, 0.35, 1, 3.5, 10, 35, 100, and 350 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: concentrations were chosen to include concentrations which had given 0, 10, 90, and 100% immobilization

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

potassium dichromate

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

IC50

Effect conc.:

11.36 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Remarks on result:

other: Effect value originally given as 0.093 mmol/L and converted to mg/L

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Description of key information

EC50 (48 h): 5.2 mg/L (measured, initial)

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

5.2 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

5 mg/L

Additional information

The assessment of the short-term toxicity of 2,5-Xylenol to aquatic invertebrates is based on three available studies.
The key study was conducted with Daphnia magna in accordance with the acute immobilization test described in "Methods of Tests pertaining to New chemical Substances, Etc" and which is comparable to OECD Guideline 202. Twenty Daphnids per concentration (5 Daphnids/container) were exposed to 2,5-Xylenol under static conditions and at test concentrations of 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00 and 16.0 mg/L. The test concentrations were analytically verified by HPLC. Measured concentrations were 1.00, 2.10, 3.96, 8.08, and 15.6 mg/L at the start of exposure and 0.935, 1.95, 3.91, 7.91, and 15.8 mg/L 48 hours after exposure. Mobility of the Daphnids was recorded every 24 hours. At the end of the exposure period an EC50 (48 h) of 5.2 mg/L based on measured concentrations (initial) was determined.

Comparable results were obtained in a supporting study on the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna conducted according to ISO 6341 (Devillers, 1988). The Daphnids were exposed to the test substance for 24 hours in a static system. The determined IC50 (24 h) was 11.36 mg/L.

The toxicity of 2,5-Xylenol to fertilized eggs of sea-urchin eggs Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis was investigated in a static test(Falk-Petersen, et al. 1985). The fertilized eggs were exposed to nominal test concentrations of 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal) for 96 hours.The organisms were checked for mortality, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects at day 1, 2 and 4.The determined EC50 (96 h) was ca. 5 mg/L (nominal) based on death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects.