Ammonium dodecylbenzenesulphonate

Biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation tests

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

biodegradation in water: sediment simulation testing

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 308 (Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD 314

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Remarks:

The P&G Environ Science Lab is in the process of attaining formal GLP status. This expt was conducted in accordance with GLP's, by scientists with years of environ testing expertise. P&G helped develop and write the OECD protocol for this test method.

Radiolabelling:

yes

Oxygen conditions:

aerobic

Inoculum or test system:

natural sediment

Details on source and properties of sediment:

Sediment was collected from Lytle Creek located in Wilmington, Ohio. Surficial (top 2-3 cm) sediment and overlying water was collected using a plastic scoop at a site immediately below the Wilmington Wastewater Treatment Plant outfall. The plant services a population of about 17,000 and receives about 90% of its waste from domestic sources. The sediment was placed in plastic jars and kept on ice during transport, and then stored in a 4 C cold room prior to the test. The sediment was characterized by the University of Wisconsin, Madison Soil & Plant Analysis Laboratory. The sediment type was sandy comprised of 95% sand, 2% silt, and 3% clay. Organic content was 2.1%, total nitrogen content was 0.02%, and pH was 7.9.

Details on inoculum:

Source of inoculum: see description of source and properties of sediment above

Duration of test (contact time):

148 d

Initial conc.:

1.5 other: mg/Kg dry weight

Based on:

act. ingr.

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

CO2 evolution

test mat. analysis

other: Metabolites... (see attached file)

Details on study design:

OVERVIEW of EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The radiolabeled test substance was incubated with biotic and abiotic sediment samples under static conditions. The sediment for the abiotic treatment was autoclaved for 90 min and amended with mercuric chloride at 1 g/L to inhibit microbial activity. The test systems consisted of replicate 1 ml samples of sediment with 0.1 ml overlying water in test tubes, which were individually dosed with the test substance at a final added concentration of 4.1 mg/Kg dry weight.
Four replicate samples for the biotic treatment were prepared per sampling interval and all the biotic samples were incubated together in a sealed dessicator, which contained a 50 ml beaker containing 20 ml of 1.5 N KOH to trap any evolved 14CO2 in the headspace. In addition, the dessicator was continuously purged with CO2-free air to maintain aerobic conditions, and the effluent gas was passed through a gas trapping system consisting of one empty trap followed by three base traps containing 100 ml of 1.5 N KOH to recover any 14CO2 not collected by the internal trap. See the study report for diagrams of the test system and the analysis scheme.

TEST CONDITIONS
- Volume of test solution/treatment: 1 ml sediment with 0.1 ml overlying water
- Composition of medium: natural sediment, overlying water
- Additional substrate: no
- Solubilising agent: not used
- Test temperature: not specified in the study report
- pH: not specified in the study report
- pH adjusted: no
- Aeration of dilution water: N/A
- Suspended solids concentration: N/A
- Continuous darkness: not specified in the study report
- Any indication of the test material adsorbing to the walls of the test apparatus: no

TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: test tubes
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 4 at each time point
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: CO2-free air continuously pumped through test system
- Measuring equipment: see details on analytical methods
- Test performed in closed vessels: yes (CO2-free air purged through system to measure evolved 14CO2 in traps)
- Details of trap for CO2: see overview of experimental design above.

SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: Biotic treament sampled after 15 min, and after 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 14, 33, 92, and 148 days. The abiotic treatment was sampled less frequently.
- Sampling method: At each sampling, the dessicator was opened to change the internal base trap, and to recover sufficient samples for dissolved 14CO2, and for characterizing residual radioactivityf.
- Sample storage before analysis: not specified in study report

STATISTICAL METHODS: The parent loss and mineralization data were fit to a variety of first order decay and production equations using nonlinear regression. Regression analysis was performed using Jandel Table Curve 2D software (version 4.01).

Compartment:

other: sediment, material (mass) balance

% Recovery:

101

St. dev.:

0.3

% Degr.:

60.8

St. dev.:

0.3

Parameter:

CO2 evolution

Sampling time:

148 d

Remarks on result:

other: Mean of biotic flasks; aerobic

% Degr.:

14.4

St. dev.:

0.7

Parameter:

other: associated with solids

Sampling time:

148 d

Remarks on result:

other: Mean of biotic flasks; aerobic

% Degr.:

1.4

St. dev.:

0.6

Parameter:

other: metabolites

Sampling time:

148 d

Remarks on result:

other: Mean of biotic flasks; aerobic

% Degr.:

24.5

St. dev.:

0.05

Parameter:

other: parent

Sampling time:

148 d

Remarks on result:

other: Mean of biotic flasks; aerobic

Compartment:

sediment

DT50:

0.4 d

St. dev.:

0.1

Type:

other: two compartment first order model

Remarks on result:

other: Primary biodegradation; aerobic; compartment 1

Compartment:

sediment

DT50:

99 d

St. dev.:

4.2

Type:

other: two compartment first order model

Remarks on result:

other: Primary biodegradation; aerobic; compartment 2

Compartment:

sediment

DT50:

11.6 d

St. dev.:

1.5

Type:

other: first order

Remarks on result:

other: Mineralization; aerobic

Other kinetic parameters:

first order rate constant

Transformation products:

yes

No.:

#1

Details on transformation products:

Metabolites were not identified, other than by position on RAD-TLC:
Rf 0.36 parent
Rf 0.57 metabolite

Evaporation of parent compound:

no

Volatile metabolites:

not measured

Residues:

yes

Details on results:

Primary degradation was best described by a two compartment first order model (r2 > 0.99). The process was biphasic with two pools (compartments) of material exhibiting different degradation rates. Pool A (compartment 1) presumably was readily bioavailable test material, in the aqueous phase. Pool B (compartment 2) presumably was less bioavailable test material, bound to solids (sorbed).

Amount in pool A: 42.2%
Amount in pool B: 64.8%

Mineralization (14CO2 production) was best described by a First Order Model (r2 > 0.99), indicating that parent and metabolites were equally bioavailable to undergo mineralization.

Mass balance of abiotic flasks was 110.6% (107.5% parent, 3.0% associated with solids).

Fate of C12-LAS (C12-linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) in Aerobic Sediment: Die-Away Study using Lytle Creek Sediment (study 68316)

Time (days)	Parent (Rf 0.36)	Non-Polar Metabolite (Rf 0.57)	Solids	CO2	Total Recovery
0.01	108.6	1.4	4.0	Not sampled	113.2
1	72.9	5.7	22.9	10.4	108.9
2	69.5	0.0	20.3	20.2	110.0
3	60.9	1.3	23.9	18.8	104.9
6	61.8	4.0	22.8	19.4	106.0
9	64.5	1.7	19.8	21.5	106.7
14	56.7	1.9	18.9	31.9	108.4
33	39.5	1.0	18.6	46.5	105.4
61	26.7	0.7	16.9	53.5	97.8
148	24.5	1.4	14.4	60.8	101.0
Abiotic (n=5)	107.5	ND	3.0	Not analyzed	110.6

% of dosed radioactivity recovered as parent, metabolites, associated with extracted solids, or mineralized to CO2 as a function of time in Lytle Creek aerobic sediment.

Sediment dosed with [14C-U-ring] C12 linear alkylbenzene sulfonate.

Standard deviations are available in the study report.

ND = not detected.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

C12LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) was aerobically biodegraded in sediment (Lytle Creek). After 148 days, 60.8% was mineralized, 14.4% was associated with solids, 1.4% was metabolites, and 24.5% remained as parent. The rate constants for primary biodegradation and mineralization were 1.5 day-1 and 0.06 day-1, respectively.

Executive summary:

The biodegradation of C12LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) in sediment was evaluated in an aerobic die-away study using sediment from Lytle Creek, Wilmington, Ohio. Radiolabeled test material (14C) was used in a test design that was similar to OECD 308 and OECD 314. The test material was added to the sediment at 1.5 mg/Kg dry weight. The die-away study continued for 148 days. The test material was comprised of C10 -C13 alkyl chainlengths with an average chainlength of 11.6.

C12 -LAS was aerobically biodegraded in sediment from Lytle Creek. After 148 days:

60.8% was mineralized,

14.4% was associated with solids,

24.5% remained as parent, and

1.4% was metabolites.

Primary degradation was best described by a two compartment first order model (r2 > 0.99). The process was biphasic with two pools of material exhibiting different degradation rates. Pool A was presumably the more readily bioavailable test material in the aqueous phase. Pool B was presumably the less bioavailable test material bound to solids (sorbed). The rate constants for primary degradation were:

1.5 day-1 (pool A)

0.007 day-1 (pool B)

Mineralization (14CO2 production) was best described by a First Order Model (r2 > 0.99), indicating that parent and metabolites were equally bioavailable to undergo mineralization. The rate constant for mineralization was 0.06 day-1.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

biodegradation in water: sediment simulation testing

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

92 days

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study without detailed documentation

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 308 (Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD 314

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Radiolabelling:

yes

Oxygen conditions:

aerobic

Inoculum or test system:

natural sediment

Details on source and properties of sediment:

Sediment was collected from the Ohio River near Cincinnati, Ohio at approximately river mile 476-477. The sediment was collected using a dredge and the (top 2-3 cm layer of sediments was retained. The sediment was placed in plastic jars and kept on ice during transport, and then stored in a 4 C cold room prior to the test. The sediment was characterized by the University of Wisconsin, Madison Soil & Plant Analysis Laboratory. The sediment consisted of 55% sand, 36% silt, and 9% clay. Organic content was 2.4%, total nitrogen content was 0.1%, and pH was 7.6.

Details on inoculum:

Source of inoculum: see description of source and properties of sediment above.

Duration of test (contact time):

92 d

Initial conc.:

1.5 other: mg/Kg dry weight

Based on:

act. ingr.

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

CO2 evolution

test mat. analysis

other: Metabolites... (see attached file)

Details on study design:

OVERVIEW of EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The radiolabeled test substance was incubated with biotic and abiotic sediment samples under static conditions. The sediment for the abiotic treatment was autoclaved for 90 min and amended with mercuric chloride at 1 g/L to inhibit microbial activity. The test systems consisted of replicate 1 ml samples of sediment with 0.1 ml overlying water in test tubes, which were individually dosed with the test substance at a final added concentration of 4.1 mg/Kg dry weight.
Four replicate samples for the biotic treatment were prepared per sampling interval and all the biotic samples were incubated together in a sealed dessicator, which contained a 50 ml beaker containing 20 ml of 1.5 N KOH to trap any evolved 14CO2 in the headspace. In addition, the dessicator was continuously purged with CO2-free air to maintain aerobic conditions, and the effluent gas was passed through a gas trapping system consisting of one empty trap followed by three base traps containing 100 ml of 1.5 N KOH to recover any 14CO2 not collected by the internal trap. See the study report for diagrams of the test system and the analysis scheme.

TEST CONDITIONS
- Volume of test solution/treatment: 1 ml sediment with 0.1 ml overlying water
- Composition of medium: natural sediment, overlying water
- Additional substrate: no
- Solubilising agent: not used
- Test temperature: not specified in the study report
- pH: not specified in the study report
- pH adjusted: no
- Aeration of dilution water: N/A
- Suspended solids concentration: N/A
- Continuous darkness: not specified in the study report
- Any indication of the test material adsorbing to the walls of the test apparatus: no

TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: test tubes
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 4 at each time point
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: CO2-free air continuously pumped through test system
- Measuring equipment: see details on analytical methods
- Test performed in closed vessels: yes (CO2-free air purged through system to measure evolved 14CO2 in traps)
- Details of trap for CO2: see overview of experimental design above.

SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: Biotic treament sampled after 15 min, and after 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 15, 36, and 92 days. The abiotic treatment was sampled less frequently.
- Sampling method: At each sampling, the dessicator was opened to change the internal base trap, and to recover sufficient samples for dissolved 14CO2, and for characterizing residual radioactivityf.
- Sample storage before analysis: not specified in study report

STATISTICAL METHODS: The parent loss and mineralization data were fit to a variety of first order decay and production equations using nonlinear regression. Regression analysis was performed using Jandel Table Curve 2D software (version 4.01).

Compartment:

other: sediment, material (mass) balance

% Recovery:

75.8

St. dev.:

2

% Degr.:

42.1

St. dev.:

2.7

Parameter:

CO2 evolution

Sampling time:

92 d

Remarks on result:

other: Mean of biotic flasks; aerobic; normalized to 100% mass balance.

% Degr.:

28.5

St. dev.:

3.7

Parameter:

other: associated with solids

Sampling time:

92 d

Remarks on result:

other: Mean of biotic flasks; aerobic; normalized to 100% mass balance.

% Degr.:

0

Parameter:

other: metabolites

Sampling time:

92 d

Remarks on result:

other: Mean of biotic flasks; aerobic

% Degr.:

29.8

St. dev.:

6.7

Parameter:

other: parent

Sampling time:

92 d

Remarks on result:

other: Mean of biotic flasks; aerobic; normalized to 100% mass balance.

Compartment:

sediment

DT50:

1.4 d

St. dev.:

0.2

Type:

other: two compartment first order model

Remarks on result:

other: Primary biodegradation; aerobic; compartment 1

Compartment:

sediment

DT50:

77 d

St. dev.:

0.001

Type:

other: two compartment first order model

Remarks on result:

other: Primary biodegradation; aerobic; compartment 2

Compartment:

sediment

DT50:

11.6 d

St. dev.:

1.9

Type:

other: first order

Remarks on result:

other: Mineralization; aerobic

Other kinetic parameters:

first order rate constant

Transformation products:

yes

No.:

#1

No.:

#2

Details on transformation products:

Metabolites were not identified, other than by position on RAD-TLC:
Rf 0.45 parent
Rf 0.70 non-polar metabolite
Rf 0.90 non-polar metabolite

Evaporation of parent compound:

no

Volatile metabolites:

not measured

Residues:

yes

Details on results:

Primary degradation was best described by a two compartment first order model (r2 > 0.99). The process was biphasic with two pools (compartments) of material exhibiting different degradation rates. Pool A (compartment 1) presumably was readily bioavailable test material, in the aqueous phase. Pool B (compartment 2) presumably was less bioavailable test material, bound to solids (sorbed).

Amount in pool A: 49.3%
Amount in pool B: 49.9%

Mineralization (14CO2 production) was best described by a First Order Model (r2 > 0.99), indicating that parent and metabolites were equally bioavailable to undergo mineralization.


Mass balance of abiotic flasks was 105.8% (99.5% parent, 5.5% associated with solids).

Fate of C12-LAS (C12-linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) in Aerobic Sediment: Die-Away Study using Ohio River Sediment (study 68315)

Time (days)	Parent (Rf 0.45)	Non-Polar Metabolite (Rf 0.70)	Non-Polar Metabolite (Rf 0.90)	Solids	CO2	Total Recovery
0.01	91.2	1.4	2.6	6.6	1.2	102.7
1	60.1	0.8	1.6	22.8	5.9	91.2
2	64.8	0.9	2.4	24.6	7.9	100.5
3	60.7	0.9	1.5	24.1	9.0	96.1
7	58.0	0.4	1.3	25.8	10.0	95.5
10	45.6	0.0	0.9	28.7	11.7	86.9
15	31.4	4.7	0.0	23.7	19.1	78.8
36	36.7	0.0	0.0	23.9	27.9	88.4
92	22.6	0.0	0.0	21.6	31.6	75.8
Abiotic (n=10)	99.5	ND	ND	5.5	Not analyzed	105.8

% of dosed radioactivity recovered as parent, metabolites, associated with extracted solids, or mineralized to CO2 as a function of time in Ohio River aerobic sediment.

Sediment dosed with [14C-U-ring] C12 linear alkylbenzene sulfonate.

Standard deviations are available in the study report.

ND = not detected.

Biodegradation results in biotic flasks at 92 days were normalized to 100% mass balance as follows:

Mineralization: 31.6% to 42.1%

Solids: 21.5% to 28.5%

Metabolites: 0% to 0%

Parent: 22.6% to 29.8%

Mass Balance: 75.8% to 100%

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

C12LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) was aerobically biodegraded in sediment (Ohio River). After 92 days, 42.1% was mineralized, 28.5% was associated with solids, 0% was metabolites, and 29.8% remained as parent. The rate constants for primary biodegradation and mineralization were 0.5 day-1 and 0.06 day-1, respectively.

Executive summary:

The biodegradation of C12LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) in sediment was evaluated in an aerobic die-away study using sediment from the Ohio River, Cincinnati, Ohio. Radiolabeled test material (14C) was used in a test design that was similar to OECD 308 and OECD 314. The test material was added to the sediment at 1.5 mg/Kg dry weight. The die-away study continued for 92 days. The test material was comprised of C10 -C13 alkyl chainlengths with an average chainlength of 11.6.

C12 -LAS was aerobically biodegraded in sediment from the Ohio River. After 92 days (normalized to 100% mass balance):

42.1% was mineralized,

28.5% was associated with solids,

29.8% remained as parent, and

0% was metabolites.

Primary degradation was best described by a two compartment first order model (r2 > 0.99). The process was biphasic with two pools of material exhibiting different degradation rates. Pool A was presumably the more readily bioavailable test material in the aqueous phase. Pool B was presumably the less bioavailable test material bound to solids (sorbed). The rate constants for primary degradation were:

0.5 day-1 (pool A)

0.009 day-1 (pool B)

Mineralization (14CO2 production) was best described by a First Order Model (r2 > 0.99), indicating that parent and metabolites were equally bioavailable to undergo mineralization. The rate constant for mineralization was 0.06 day-1.

Description of key information

The water and sediment simulation test does not need to be conducted as the substance is readily biodegradable, but data on similar substances are available.

Additional information

The biodegradation of LAS-IPA may be further described by the biodegradation of LAS-Na and IPA according to the read-across statement in which full dissociation of the LAS-IPA in water is supported. LAS-IPA, LAS-Na and IPA are all readily biodegradable, so water and sediment simulation tests are not required.

However, available information is given below:

For IPA no relevant data are available.

Biodegradation of LAS-Na in sediment is rapid.Mineralization (14CO2 production) was best described by a First Order Model (r2 > 0.99), indicating that parent and metabolites were equally bioavailable to undergo mineralization. The rate constant for mineralization was 0.06 day-1.