3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

documentation insufficient for assessment

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

ANTIMUTAGENIC EFFECT OF PHENOLIC ACIDS

Author:

Birosova L., Mikulasova M., Vaverkova S.

Year:

2005

Bibliographic source:

Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2005, 149(2):489–91.

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

In the present study, the plate-incorporation test of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay was used to examine the effect of selected phenolic acids against 5NFAA and sodium azide mutagenicity.

GLP compliance:

no

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

EC Number:

205-749-9

EC Name:

3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

Cas Number:

149-91-7

Molecular formula:

C7H6O5

IUPAC Name:

3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

Test material form:

solid

Details on test material:

Name: gallic acid

Method

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

30, 60, 120, 250, 500 µg/plate

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

no

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

sodium azide

other: 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylic acid (5NFAA)

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

The inhibitory effect of phenolic acids on mutation induction by several positive mutagens was investigated with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 using pre-incubation method. 0.1 ml of the positive mutagen, 0.1ml of phenolic acid and 0.1 ml of bacterial culture (cultivation for 16 h at 37 °C, approximate cell density 2–5 × 108 cells/ml) were mixed and preincubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Soft agar (2 ml) was added and the mixture was poured onto minimal agar plates. After 48 h of incubation at 37 °C the number of revertants was counted. The results from the antimutagenicity studies represent the mean of three separate experiments, each run in triplicate, and they were statistically evaluated using the Student’s t-test. Antimutagenicity was expressed as percentage of mutagenicity inhibition following the formula: % mutagenicity = 100–[(X1/X2) × 100] where X1 = number of revertants per plate in the presence of mutagen and antimutagen, X2 = number of revertants per plate in the absence of antimutagen.

Statistics:

Results were statistically evaluated using the Student’s t-test.

Results and discussion

Test results

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

not specified

Genotoxicity:

other: Inhibition of the mutagenicity

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

not specified

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

not specified

Additional information on results:

The positive control of mutagen in each case was considered as 100 % mutagenicity. Gallic acid was the only phenolic acid successful in inhibiting the mutagenicity of 5NFAA by more then 50 % at the concentration of 500 μg/plate. All tested compounds (with the exception of cichoric acid) decreased the number of revertants induced by sodium azide by about 20–35 %. Similarly as in the case of 5NFAA, the effect of sodium azide was significantly reduced by gallic acid and within the concentration tested a marked dose-dependence was found. At the highest used concentration this phenolic acid inhibits mutagenic activity of sodium azide by 82 %.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

In the present study, the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA 100 was used in the plate-incorporation test to examine the antimutagenic potential of caffeic, ferulic and cichoric acids extracted from plant species of genera Echinacea (L) Moench, as well as of another phenolic acids, on 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylic acid (5NFAA) and sodium azide mutagenicity. All tested compounds possess antimutagenic activity. In the case of 5NFAA, the antimutagenic potency of tested compounds was in the order of gallic acid > ferulic acid > caffeic acid > syringic acid > vanillic acid.
The mutagenic effect of sodium azide was inhibited by tested phenolic acids by about 20–35 %. The most effective compound, gallic acid inhibits this effect by 82 % in the concentration of 500 μg/plate. The only exception from favourable properties of tested phenolic acids is cichoric acid, which in the contrary significantly increased the mutagenic effect of 5NFAA.

Executive summary:

In the present study, the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA 100 was used in the plate-incorporation test to examine the antimutagenic potential of caffeic, ferulic and cichoric acids extracted from plant species of genera Echinacea (L) Moench, as well as of another phenolic acids, on 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylic acid (5NFAA) and sodium azide mutagenicity. All tested compounds possess antimutagenic activity. In the case of 5NFAA, the antimutagenic potency of tested compounds was in the order of gallic acid > ferulic acid > caffeic acid > syringic acid > vanillic acid.

The mutagenic effect of sodium azide was inhibited by tested phenolic acids by about 20–35 %. The most effective compound, gallic acid inhibits this effect by 82 % in the concentration of 500 ?g/plate. The only exception from favourable properties of tested phenolic acids is cichoric acid, which in the contrary significantly increased the mutagenic effect of 5NFAA.