Reaction mass of 5,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-(sec-C10-C13-alkyl)-benzoyl)-2H-chromen-2-one

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Study conducted to recognised testing guidelines with GLP certification

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

25 Oct 2018 - 15 Nov 2018

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Version / remarks:

July 21, 1997

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Identification: Esacure 3644
Physical Description: Light yellow solid
Purity/Composition: 99.96%
Storage Conditions: At room temperature protected from light

Target gene:

Strain Histidine mutation Mutation type
TA1537 hisC3076 Frameshift
TA98 hisD3052/R-factor* Frameshift
TA1535 hisG46 Base-pair substitutions
TA100 hisG46/R-factor* Base-pair substitutions
*: R-factor = plasmid pKM101 (increases error-prone DNA repair)

Each tester strain contained the following additional mutations:
rfa : deep rough (defective lipopolysaccharide cellcoat)
gal : mutation in the galactose metabolism
chl : mutation in nitrate reductase
bio : defective biotin synthesis
uvrB: loss of the excision repair system (deletion of the ultraviolet-repair B gene)

The Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strain detects base-pair substitutions. The strain lacks an excision repair system and is sensitive to agents such as UV. The sensitivity of the strain to a wide variety of mutagens has been enhanced by permeabilization of the strain using Tris-EDTA treatment

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

other: deep rough (defective lipopolysaccharide cellcoat); mutation in the galactose metabolism; mutation in nitrate reductase; defective biotin synthesis; loss of the excision repair system (deletion of the ultraviolet-repair B gene)

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Rat liver microsomal enzymes (S9 homogenate) characterized with the mutagens benzo-(a)-pyrene (Sigma) and 2-aminoanthracene

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Concentrations: 1.7, 5.4, 17, 52, 164, 512, 1600 and 5000 µg/plate

The highest concentration of Esacure 3644 used in the subsequent mutation assays was the level at which the test item exhibited limited solubility. At least five different doses (increasing with approximately half-log steps) of the test item were tested in triplicate in each strain in the absence and presence of S9-mix.

Vehicle / solvent:

DMSO

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

2-nitrofluorene

sodium azide

methylmethanesulfonate

other: ICR-191, 2-aminoanthracene

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL CULTURES
Samples of frozen stock cultures of bacteria were transferred into enriched nutrient broth (Oxoid LTD, Hampshire, England) and incubated in a shaking incubator (37 ± 1°C, 150 rpm), until the cultures reached an optical density of 1.0 ± 0.1 at 700 nm (109 cells/mL). Freshly grown cultures of each strain were used for a test.

AGAR PLATES
Agar plates (ø 9 cm) contained 25 mL glucose agar medium. Glucose agar medium contained per liter: 18 g purified agar (Oxoid LTD) in Vogel-Bonner Medium E, 20 g glucose (Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany). The agar plates for the test with the Salmonella typhimurium strains also contained 12.5 µg/plate biotin (Merck) and 15 µg/plate histidine (Sigma) and the agar plates for the test with the Escherichia coli strain contained 15 µg/plate tryptophan (Sigma).

TOP AGAR
Milli-Q water containing 0.6% (w/v) bacteriological agar (Oxoid LTD) and 0.5% (w/v) sodium chloride (Merck) was heated to dissolve the agar. Samples of 3 mL top agar were transferred into 10 mL glass tubes with metal caps. Top agar tubes were autoclaved for 20 min at 121 ± 3°C.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
All incubations were carried out in a controlled environment at a temperature of 37.0 ± 1.0°C (actual range 35.3 - 39.6°C). The temperature was continuously monitored throughout the experiment. Due to addition of plates (which were at room temperature) to the incubator or due to opening and closing the incubator door, temporary deviations from the temperature may occur. Based on laboratory historical data these deviations are considered not to affect the study integrity.

FIRST EXPERIMENT: DIRECT PLATE ASSAY
The above-mentioned dose-range finding study with two tester strains is reported as a part of the direct plate assay. In the second part of this experiment, the test item was tested both in the absence and presence of S9-mix in the tester strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA98. Top agar in top agar tubes was melted by heating to 45 ± 2°C. The following solutions were successively added to 3 mL molten top agar: 0.1 mL of a fresh bacterial culture (109 cells/mL) of one of the tester strains, 0.1 ml of a dilution of the test item in DMSO and either 0.5 ml S9-mix (in case of activation assays) or 0.5 mL 0.1 M phosphate buffer (in case of non-activation assays).
The ingredients were mixed on a Vortex and the content of the top agar tube was poured onto a selective agar plate. After solidification of the top agar, the plates were inverted and incubated in the dark at 37.0 ± 1.0°C for 48 ± 4 h. After this period revertant colonies (histidine independent (His+) for Salmonella typhimurium bacteria and tryptophan independent (Trp+) for Escherichia coli) were counted.

SECOND EXPERIMENT: PRE-INCUBATION ASSAY
The test item was tested both in the absence and presence of S9-mix in all tester strains. Top agar in top agar tubes was melted by heating to 45 ± 2°C. The following solutions were pre-incubated for 30 ± 2 minutes by 70 rpm at 37 ± 1°C, either 0.5 mL S9-mix (in case of activation assays) or 0.5 mL 0.1 M phosphate buffer (in case of non-activation assays), 0.1 mL of a fresh bacterial culture (109 cells/mL) of one of the tester strains, 0.1 mL of a dilution of the test item in DMSO. After the pre-incubation period the solutions were added to 3 mL molten top agar. The ingredients were mixed on a Vortex and the content of the top agar tube was poured onto a selective agar plate. After solidification of the top agar, the plates were inverted and incubated in the dark at 37.0 ± 1.0°C for 48 ± 4 h. After this period revertant colonies (histidine independent (His+) for Salmonella typhimurium bacteria and tryptophan independent (Trp+) for Escherichia coli) were counted.

Rationale for test conditions:

Selection of an adequate range of doses was based on a dose-range finding test with the strains TA100 and WP2uvrA, both with and without S9-mix. Eight concentrations, 1.7, 5.4, 17, 52, 164, 512, 1600 and 5000 µg/plate were tested in triplicate.

The highest concentration of Esacure 3644 used in the subsequent mutation assays was the level at which the test item exhibited limited solubility. At least five different doses (increasing with approximately half-log steps) of the test item were tested in triplicate in each strain in the absence and presence of S9-mix. The first experiment was a direct plate assay and the second experiment was a pre-incubation assay.

The negative control (vehicle) and relevant positive controls were concurrently tested in each strain in the presence and absence of S9-mix.

Evaluation criteria:

The revertant colonies were counted automatically with the Sorcerer Colony Counter. Plates with sufficient test item precipitate to interfere with automated colony counting were counted manually. Evidence of test item precipitate on the plates and the condition of the bacterial background lawn were evaluated when considered necessary, macroscopically and/or microscopically by using a dissecting microscope.

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

FIRST EXPERIMENT: DIRECT PLATE ASSAY

Esacure 3644 was initially tested in the tester strains TA100 and WP2uvrA as a dose-range finding test with concentrations of 1.7, 5.4, 17, 52, 164, 512, 1600 and 5000 µg/plate in the absence and presence of S9-mix. Based on the results of the dose-range finding test, the following dose-range was selected for the mutation assay with the tester strains, TA1535, TA1537 and TA98 in the absence and presence of S9-mix: 17, 52, 164, 512 and 1600 μg/plate.
PRECIPITATE
Precipitation of Esacure 3644 on the plates was observed at the start of the incubation period at concentrations of 1600 µg/plate and upwards in all tester strains and at 512 µg/plate and above at the end of the incubation period in tester strains TA100 and WP2uvrA and at the top dose level of 1600 µg/plate at the end of the incubation period in tester strains TA98, TA1535 and TA1537.
TOXICITY
To determine the toxicity of the test item, the reduction of the bacterial background lawn, the increase in the size of the microcolonies and the reduction of the revertant colonies were observed. No reduction of the bacterial background lawn and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants were observed. In strain TA1537 (absence and presence of S9-mix), fluctuations in the number of revertant colonies below the laboratory historical control data range were observed. However, since no dose-relationship was observed, these reductions are not considered to be caused by toxicity of the test item. It is more likely these reductions are caused by an incidental fluctuation in the number of revertant colonies.
MUTAGENICITY
In the direct plate test, no increase in the number of revertants was observed upon treatment with Esacure 3644 under all conditions tested.


SECOND EXPERIMENT: PRE-INCUBATION ASSAY

To obtain more information about the possible mutagenicity of the test item, a pre-incubation experiment was performed in the absence and presence of S9-mix. Based on the results of the first mutation assay, Esacure 3644 was tested up to the dose level of 1600 µg/plate in the tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA.
Precipitate
Precipitation of Esacure 3644 on the plates was observed at the start of the incubation period at the top dose level of 1600 µg/plate. At the end of the incubation period, the test item precipitated on the plates at the top dose of 1600 μg/plate in the absence and presence of S9-mix, except in tester strains TA1535 and TA98 in the absence of S9-mix where precipitate was observed at dose levels of 512 and 164 µg/plate and upwards, respectively.
TOXICITY
Cytotoxicity, as evidenced by a reduction of the bacterial background lawn was observed in tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 in the absence of S9-mix. No toxicity was observed in tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9-mix and in tester strain WP2uvrA in the absence and presence of S9-mix. In strain TA1537 (presence of S9-mix), a fluctuation in the number of revertant colonies below the laboratory historical control data range was observed. However, since no dose-relationship was observed, this reduction is not considered to be caused by toxicity of the test item. It is more likely this reduction is caused by an incidental fluctuation in the number of revertant colonies.
MUTAGENICITY
In the pre-incubation test, no increase in the number of revertants was observed upon treatment with the test item under all conditions tested.

Remarks on result:

other: Direct Plate Assay

Conclusions:

In conclusion, based on the results of this study it is concluded that Esacure 3644 is not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay and in the Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.

Executive summary:

In the dose-range finding study, the test item was initially tested up to concentrations of 5000 µg/plate in the strains TA100 and WP2uvrA in the direct plate assay.  Esacure 3644 precipitated on the plates at dose levels of 512 μg/plate and upwards.  The bacterial background lawn was not reduced at any of the concentrations tested and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants was observed.  Results of this dose-range finding test were reported as part of the first mutation assay.

In the first mutation experiment, the test item was tested up to concentrations of  1600 µg/plate in the strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA98.  The test item precipitated on the plates at the top dose level of 1600 μg/plate.  The bacterial background lawn was not reduced at any of the concentrations tested and no biologically relevant decrease in the number of revertants was observed.

In the second mutation experiment, the test item was tested up to concentrations of  1600 µg/plate in the tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA in the  pre-incubation assay.  The test item precipitated on the plates at the top dose of 1600 μg/plate, except in tester strains TA1535 and TA98 in the absence of S9-mix where precipitate was observed at dose levels of 512 and 164 µg/plate and upwards, respectively.  Cytotoxicity, as evidenced by a reduction of the bacterial background lawn was observed in tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 in the absence of S9-mix.  No toxicity was observed in tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9-mix and in tester strain WP2uvrA in the absence and presence of S9-mix.  

The negative and strain-specific positive control values were within the laboratory historical control data ranges indicating that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system functioned properly.

The test item did not induce a significant dose-related increase in the number of revertant (His+) colonies in each of the four tester strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100) and in the number of revertant (Trp+) colonies in tester strain WP2uvrA both in the absence and presence of S9-metabolic activation.  These results were confirmed in a follow-up experiment.

Based on the results of this study it is concluded that Esacure 3644 is not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay and in the Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Justification for classification or non-classification

Substance does not fulfil the CLP criteria for classification against this endpoint.