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Toxicological information

Toxicity to reproduction

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
two-generation reproductive toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
September 2011 - November 2012
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2013
Report date:
2013

Materials and methods

Test guidelineopen allclose all
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 416 (Two-Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EPA OPPTS 870.3800 (Reproduction and Fertility Effects)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Test Data for Registration of Agricultural Chemicals, 12 Nohsan No. 8147, Agricultural Production Bureau
Version / remarks:
November 20, 2000.
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Limit test:
no

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
-
EC Number:
471-480-0
EC Name:
-
Cas Number:
1645-83-6
Molecular formula:
Hill formula: C3H2F4 CAS formula: C3H2F4
IUPAC Name:
(1E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene

Test animals

Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River (UK) Ltd
- Age at study initiation: (P) 40 - 46 days; (F1) 21 days
- Weight at study initiation: (P) Males: 180 - 262 g; Females: 123 - 193 g; (F1) Males: x-x g; Females: x-x g
- Fasting period before study: none
- Housing: barriered facility, plycarbonate cages w/bedding or stainless steel grid floor cages during mating. Animals were housed up to 4 per cage (by sex) during acclimation and pre-mating, one male and one female/cage during the mating period, and one female/cage during gestation and lactation (one dam with litter/cage)
- Use of restrainers for preventing ingestion (if dermal): no
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 18 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 to 25
- Humidity (%): 29 to 70
- Air changes (per hr): none, supplied with filtered fresh air, passed to atmosphere with no re-circulation
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

IN-LIFE DATES: From: To: 2011-09-15 to 2012-06-13

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
inhalation: gas
Type of inhalation exposure (if applicable):
whole body
Vehicle:
unchanged (no vehicle)
Details on exposure:
GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: Whole body exposure chamber: 0.75 m3 chamber of stainless–steel and glass construction
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: Individual stainless steel mesh compartments
- Source and rate of air: From in-house compressed air system – breathing quality 147 to 149 L/minute
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: In-line flowmeters monitored continuously for generation feeds and diluent airflows. Chamber pressure differential monitored by Magnahelic set between 1 to 5 mm/H2O to ensure a slight negative pressure within the chamber to equate to 150 L/minute.
Details on mating procedure:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Length of cohabitation: up to 2 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug or sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): Individually in polycarbonate cages with wood bedding
- Any other deviations from standard protocol: No
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
Gas chromotography
Duration of treatment / exposure:
6 hr/day
Frequency of treatment:
The F0 generation received HFO-1234ze 6 hr/day, 7 days/week for ten weeks before pairing, throughout pairing, gestation, lactation and until termination. The F1 generation received HFO-1234ze from weaning for a minimum of 10 weeks before pairing, throughout pairing, gestation and lactation and until termination. Exposure of pregnant females was not performed from gestation Day 20 to lactation Day 4.
Details on study schedule:
- F1 parental animals not mated until 10 weeks after selected from the F1 litters.
- Selection of parents from F1 generation when pups were 21 days of age.
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
Dose / conc.:
2 000 ppm (nominal)
Remarks:
Group 2: Low dose
Dose / conc.:
5 000 ppm (analytical)
Remarks:
Group 3: Mid dose
Dose / conc.:
20 000 ppm (analytical)
Remarks:
Group 4: High dose.
No. of animals per sex per dose:
P0 generation: 28
F1 generation: 24
Control animals:
yes, sham-exposed
Details on study design:
- Dose selection rationale: Based on the 90 day study in rat where the high dose (15000 ppm) was considered a LOAEL for cardiac effects. A high dose of 20000 ppm was selected to better evaluate these and any other toxic effects. For details on cardiac effects reference is made to the section on details of materials and methods.

Examinations

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: No

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Daily during the first week of treatment, twice weekly during Weeks 2 to 4 (middle and end of each week) and weekly thereafter, detailed observations were recorded at the following times in relation to dose administration: Pre-exposure observation, During dosing, Post exposure, up to 1.5 hours after dosing

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: One week before treatment started, on the day treatement started, weekly during treatment, and on the day of necropsy. Females were also weighed on gestation Days 0, 7, 1, and 20 and on lactation Days 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 25.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean weekly diet consumption calculated as g food/rat/week: Yes

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No

OTHER:
Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
Vaginal smears taken daily for 22 days before pairing (including the day of pairing)
Sperm parameters (parental animals):
Parameters examined in p and F1 male parental generations: testis weight, epididymis weight, sperm count in testes, sperm count in epididymides, enumeration of cauda epididymal sperm reserve, sperm motility, sperm morphology
Litter observations:
STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: yes
- If yes, maximum of 10 pups/litter (5/sex/litter as nearly as possible); excess pups were killed and discarded.

PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 / F2 offspring: number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, physical or behavioural abnormalities

GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS: yes, for external and internal abnormalities
Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals when the majority of litters had been weaned.
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals after their respective litter was weaned.

GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera.

HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
The tissues indicated below were prepared for microscopic examination and weighed*, respectively.
Adrenals*
Brain*
Epididymis (right)*
Heart*
Ovaries*
Pituitary*
Prostate*
Sciatic nerves (females only)
Seminal vesicles
Spinal cord
Spleen
Testis (right)*
Uterus with cervix and oviducts*
Vagina
Other organs and tissues showing any abnormalities
Postmortem examinations (offspring):
SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring not selected as parental animals and all F2 offspring were sacrificed at 30 days of age.
- These animals were subjected to postmortem examinations (macroscopic and/or microscopic examination) as follows:

GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera.

HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGTHS
The tissues indicated below were prepared for microscopic examination (but not evaluated) and weighed*, respectively.
Brain*
Epididymides
Ovaries
Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Spleen*
Testes
Thymus*
Uterus with cervix and oviducts
Vagina
Other tissues or organs with macroscopic abnormalities
Reproductive indices:
Pre-cital inerval: time elapsing between initial pairing and mating
Percentage mating = Number animals mating/ Animals paired x 100
Conception rate (%) = Number animals achieveing pregnancy/Animals mated x 100
Fertility index (%) = Number of aniamls achieveing pregnancy/Animals pairing x 100
Gestation length: number of gestation days up to and including the day on which the first offspring are observed
Gestation index (%) = Number of live litters born/Number pregnant x 100
Post implanatation survival index (%) = Total number of offspring born/Total number of uterine implantation sites X 100
Live birth index (%) = Number of live offspring on Day 1 after littering/Total number of offspring born X 100
Viability index (%) = Number of live offspring on Day 4 before culling/Number live offspring on Day 1 after littering x100
Lactation index (%) = Number of live offspring on Day 21 after littering/Number of live offspring on Day 4 (after culling)
Percentage males = Number of males in litter/Total number of offspring in litter x 100
Offspring viability indices:
Offspring viability indices
- number of pups delivered (live- and stillborn)
- number of live pups (daily)
- number of pups lost measured as above (daily)
- number of litters lost entirely
- number of male pups at day 1,4, 21
- number of implantation sites
- number of lost implantations

Results and discussion

Results: P0 (first parental generation)

General toxicity (P0)

Clinical signs:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
mortality in the highest dose group
Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
not examined
Mortality:
mortality observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence):
Mortality in the F0 generation:
There were 9 female decedents in the F0 generation, 1 at 2000 ppm and 8 at 20000 ppm.
The decedent at 2000 ppm (no 151) was sacrificed following prolonged parturition. In isolation and in the absence of any effects on parturition at higher concentrations of HFO-1234ze, this is considered unrelated to the test article.
At 20000 ppm one female (no 208) was sacrificed on Day 19 of gestation due to poor condition and apparent blood in the vagina. Marked centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis was seen in the liver histologically and this was identified as a factor contributing to death. No other findings were noted in other animals in this group at late gestation so in isolation this death is considered to be unrelated to the test article.
The remaining 7 decedents at 20000 ppm are considered to be due to the test article and all occurred in late lactation (between Days 11 and 21 post partum). Four animals at 20000 ppm were found dead (no.s 212, 213, 215 and 216); a factor contributory to death was undetermined histologically for these 4 females. Three animals at 20000 ppm were sacrificed due to limited use of hindlimbs (no.s 201, 202 and 218). In female 201, marked neuronal necrosis, moderate swelling of astrocytes with vacuolation of the neuropil, slight haemorrhage and moderate gliosis were seen in the cerebellum with moderate gliosis, moderate vacuolation of the neuropil and moderate neuronal loss of the lumbar spinal cord, along with moderate murine progressive cardiomyopathy with an atrial thrombus in the heart; the factor contributing to death was brain lesions. Minimal or slight murine progressive cardiomyopathy was seen in the hearts of females 218 and 202, with minimal neuronal necrosis and neuronal loss seen in the brain of female 202, but the factor contributing to death was undetermined in these females. Clinically loss/limited use of hindlimbs accompanied by abnormal gait and underactive behaviour was seen in some or all these animals.
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
not examined
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
not examined
Clinical biochemistry findings:
not examined
Endocrine findings:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Treatment related findings were observed in the heart, brain and spinal cord of females at 20000 ppm
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
not specified
Other effects:
not examined

Reproductive function / performance (P0)

Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
no effects observed
Reproductive function: sperm measures:
no effects observed
Reproductive performance:
no effects observed

Effect levels (P0)

open allclose all
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOEL
Effect level:
> 20 000 ppm
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: No effects on any reproductive parameter
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOEL
Effect level:
5 000 ppm
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: Systemic toxicity / mortality

Results: F1 generation

General toxicity (F1)

Clinical signs:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
mortality in the highest dose group
Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
not examined
Mortality / viability:
mortality observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Mortality in the F1 generation:
There were 3 female decedents in the F1 generation at 20000 ppm, all occurring in the lactation phase. Two females (no.s 471 on Day 14 post partum and 470 on Day 15 post partum) were found dead in the cage at the initial animal check. No clinical signs had been noted previously. No factors contributing to death were established in these females. A third female (no 475) was sacrificed on Day 24 post partum due to poor condition. This death occurred 12 days after treatment had been terminated; no factor contributing to death was determined and due to the timing of the death of this female not replicating those seen in the F0 generation, this is considered unrelated to HFO-1234ze.
Following the deaths of females 470 and 471, administration of HFO-1234ze to the remaining females at 20000 ppm was terminated, as the effects seemed to replicate those in the F0 generation females during lactation.


Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Bodyweight gain of the F1 generation up to weaning at 20000 ppm from Day 7 for males and Day 4 for females was slightly lower than the Controls. Slightly lower bodyweights persisted throughout the F1 generation.

Bodyweight of males and females F1 generation offspring derived from parents exposed at 20000 ppm was slightly reduced from Day 7 for male offspring and Day 4 post cull for female offspring (up to 0.90 X Control for males and 0.88X Control for females).
There were considered to be no effects on bodyweight at the lower exposure concentrations; whilst group mean bodyweight was lower than the controls at 2000 ppm, there was no difference at 5000 ppm and as such the lower weights at 2000 ppm are considered unrelated to HFO-1234ze.
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
not examined
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
not examined
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
not examined
Clinical biochemistry findings:
not examined
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Sexual maturation:
no effects observed
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
no effects observed
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings:
no effects observed

Effect levels (F1)

Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOEL
Generation:
F1
Effect level:
> 20 000 ppm
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: No effects on any reproductive parameter

Overall reproductive toxicity

Key result
Reproductive effects observed:
not specified

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
In this study, groups of 28 CD rats/sex/group were exposed to the test substance by inhalation to 0 (sham control), 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm and 20000 ppm for two generations. There were no effects on reproductive indexes, food consumption, clinical observations, organ weights or histopathological observations in the parental animals. There were no effects on development, sexual maturation, litter size, litter survival, litter sex ratio, clinical observations, organ weights or macroscopic findings in the pups from either generation. At 20000 ppm, there were 7 F0 generation female decedents during late lactation (between Day 11 to 21), and 2 F1 generation female decedents during late lactation (Day 14 and 15). Three of the F0 generation decedents were sacrificed following hindlimb paralysis. Brain lesions were established as the cause of death in one F0 generation female. The cause of death for the remaining females was not determined. Due to the fact that mortality was only observed in the high exposure level group, this was considered to be related to the exposure to the test article. The NOEL for paternal (systemic) toxicity was therefore considered to be 5000 ppm. The NOEL for fertility and development was 20000 ppm, because no adverse effects on fertility parameters or offspring were observed.
Executive summary:

In this study, groups of 28 CD rats/sex/group were exposed to the test substance by inhalation to 0 (sham control), 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm and 20000 ppm for two generations. There were no effects on reproductive indexes, food consumption, clinical observations, organ weights or histopathological observations in the parental animals. There were no effects on development, sexual maturation, litter size, litter survival, litter sex ratio, clinical observations, organ weights or macroscopic findings in the pups from either generation. At 20000 ppm, there were 7 F0 generation female decedents during late lactation (between Day 11 to 21), and 2 F1 generation female decedents during late lactation (Day 14 and 15). Three of the F0 generation decedents were sacrificed following hindlimb paralysis. Brain lesions were established as the cause of death in one F0 generation female. The cause of death for the remaining females was not determined. Due to the fact that mortality was only observed in the high exposure level group, this was considered to be related to the exposure to the test article. The NOEL for paternal (systemic) toxicity was therefore considered to be 5000 ppm. The NOEL for fertility and development was 20000 ppm because no adverse effects on fertility parameters or offspring were observed.