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EC number: 227-575-2 | CAS number: 5894-60-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- Please refer to attached justification for grouping of substances in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- >= 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 15 Feb - 08 Mar 2017
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2012
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Staatliches Gewerbeaufsichtsamt Hildesheim, Germany
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Remarks:
- LC-MS/MS and TOC
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: Control, 10 mg/L (nominal)
- Sampling for determination of the test item: at least once within 7 d in fresh media at the start of an exposure interval and in old media at the end of an exposure interval (48 or 72 h). Furthermore once during the test, samples of the saturated solution and the control taken during the preparation phase of the saturated solution and during the exposure phase (i.e. at 24, 20, 0 and 48 h) were analyzed via LC-MS/MS and also via TOC-analysis to demonstrate the establishment of an equilibrium of the test item concentration.
- Sampling for the analytical monitoring: during the preparation of the saturated solution and at the start of an exposure interval, samples of the fresh media were taken at 24 h (after addition of the test item and a few minutes of stirring), at 20 h (approx. 4 h after the start of the stirring period during the preparation of the saturated solution) and at 0 h (after preparation of the saturated solution). At the end of an exposure interval (48 or 72 h), samples for analyses were taken from the test vessels. For analysis of the TOC, separate replicates of the saturated solution and the control were prepared without daphnids and food algae and analyzed. For the longest exposure interval of 72 h, samples were taken at the start (0 h) and at the end of the exposure interval (72 h) once within the test period.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: all samples were stored at room temperature until sample preparation and in an autosampler until start of analysis, if necessary - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: the solution was prepared with a nominal concentration of 10 mg/L in Elendt M4 medium one day prior to the start of each exposure interval. 22.48 µL test item were slowly added by pipette to 2L Elendt M4 medium. The mixture was stirred slowly for 24 h with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. Subsequently the solution was allowed to stand for 1 h for separation of the phases and then the saturated solution was removed from the center of the aqueous phase. Once during the test the establishment of an equilibrium of the test item concentration was shown by analysis during the preparation phase (0 and 4 h after stirring) and during the exposure phase (0 and 48 h). - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: water flea
- Strain/clone: clone 5
- Source: daphnids were bred at the test facility (origin: Institut für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene (WaBoLu), 14195 Berlin, Germany)
- Culturing conditions: in glass vessels (2 - 3 L) with approx. 1.8 L medium (Elendt M4), at approx. 20 °C, in an incubator, 16 h illumination; light intensity of max. 1500 Lux. Daphnids were fed at least 5 times per week ad libitum with a mix of unicellular green algae with an algae cell density of > 10^6 cells/mL
- Age of daphnids at test start: < 24 h. Juvenile daphnids were removed from the culture vessels at the latest 24 h before the start of the exposure and discarded. The juveniles born within this period of max. 24 h preceding the exposure were used for the test. No first brood progeny was used for the test.
- Feeding during test: yes
- Food type and amount: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (1.06 - 1.40 mL) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (0.623 -0.786 mL) suspension was provided as food corresponding to 0.2 mg C per Daphnia and day. There was variation according to the density of the algae suspension, but it was the same for all test groups on each feeding day.
- Frequency: daily
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: non necessary since culture medium same as test medium - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Hardness:
- 158 - 172 mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- 19.8 - 20.4 °C (water temperature)
- pH:
- 7.06 - 8.45
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.63 - 9.64 mg/L
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal loading rate: 10 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 100 mL glass beakers
- Type (delete if not applicable): beakers were loosely covered with watch glasses
- Fill volume: 50 mL
- Aeration: no
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): three times per week
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10 (1 daphnid per replicate was used in the control)
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 10
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Elendt M4, according to OECD 211
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: once within 7 d, in fresh media at the start of an exposure interval (0 h) and in old media at the end of an exposure interval (48 or 72 h), in one replicate of the control and the saturated solution. The water quality parameters in fresh media were measured in an additional replicate without daphnids of the saturated solution and the control. At the end of an exposure interval, the water quality parameters of the old media were measured in a test vessel of the saturated solution and the control, which contained daphnids and food algae. The temperature in the incubator was recorded throughout the test.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16/8 h light/dark cycle
- Light intensity: 1500 Lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: immobile daphnids were observed and recorded once per day and offspring was counted. Dead specimens were removed. The neonates were removed after counting and before addition of algae. The number of aborted eggs or dead offspring was recorded. Abnormalities (e.g. swimming behavior, number of males and winter eggs) were observed and recorded daily. At the end of the test, the total length excluding the anal spine of each survived parental daphnid and the mean dry weight of the survived parental daphnids of the saturated solution and the control were determined (these information were not used for determination of a NOEC). The time to first brood, the intrinsic rate of population increase and the number and size of first brood per animal were reported, but not used for endpoint calculations.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study: yes (static conditions, 48 h, 2 replicates)
- Test concentrations: control, 2 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: no mortalities were observed in the range finding test - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- >= 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- - Observations on body length and weight: the mean values of the body length (excluding the anal spine) of the parental daphnids in the saturated solution were 4.20 mm per daphnid and 4.50 mm per daphnid in the control group. The mean values of the dry weight of the parental daphnids were 0.80 mg per daphnid in the saturated solution and 0.64 mg per daphnid in the control.
- Other biological observations: stillborn juveniles and aborted eggs produced by the parental daphnids after 21 days was 0. No males were observed in the control or in the test groups during the test. No ephippia were observed in the control or in the test groups during the test.
- Mortality of control: no - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? yes
- Relevant effect levels: EC50 (24 h) = 2 mg/L (95% CI: 1.8 - 2.28 mg/L) - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Since no mortality appeared in this study, statistical evaluation for the adult mortality was not necessary. Further information on statistics can be found in the field any other information on results incl. tables.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- For further details please refer to “Any other information on results incl. tables".
- Conclusions:
- The study conducted according to the OECD guideline 211 and GLP did not show any long term effects to the test organism Daphnia magna resulting in a NOELR (21 d) >= 10 mg/L (nominal).
Referenceopen allclose all
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
The measured concentrations of the test item determined via LC-MS/MS during the preparation phase of the saturated solution and during the exposure were all below the LOQ (152 µg/L) of the analytical method. The measured TOC concentrations were around the LOQ of 2 mg C/L in all analyzed samples. This indicates that the test item is hardly soluble as well as completely hydrolyzed during the exposure. Since the test item concentrations could not be quantified, the nominal concentration of the test item was used for the evaluation of the NOEC and LOEC.
Table 1: Measured TOC Concentrations during the Definitive Test
Sampling date |
Day 0 Fresh media (0 h) |
Day 2 Old media (48 h) |
Day 9 Fresh media (0 h) |
Day 12 Old media (72 h) |
Day 13 Preparation of the saturated solution |
Day 13 Preparation of the saturated solution |
Day 14 Fresh media (0 h) |
Day 16 Old media (48 h) |
Nominal test item concentration [mg/L] |
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) |
|||||||
Measured concentration [mgC/L] |
||||||||
10.0 (saturated solution) |
2.70 |
< 2.00 |
< 2.00 |
< 2.00 |
< 2.00 |
3.65 |
< 2.00 |
< 2.00 |
Control |
2.66 |
< 2.00 |
3.02 |
< 2.00 |
< 2.00 |
< 2.00 |
< 2.00 |
< 2.00 |
BIOLOGICAL RESULTS
Table 2: Effects on Reproduction for all parental Daphnids
Nominal test item concentration |
Mean number of offspring per survived / introduced parental daphnid |
||
[mg/L] |
Mean |
SD |
CV |
10.0 |
82.7 |
9.89 |
12.0 |
Control |
93.7 |
13.6 |
14.5 |
Table 3: First Appearance of Living Juveniles and Mean Number of Broods in the Individual Groups
Nominal test item concentration [mg/L] |
Day of first appearance of living juveniles at the parental daphnid in replicate no. |
First |
|||||||||
appearance |
|||||||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
mean day |
|
10.0 (saturated solution) |
8 |
8 |
8 |
9 |
8 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
8 |
8 |
8.4 |
Control |
9 |
9 |
8 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
8 |
8 |
8.7 |
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
No statistically significant difference of the reproductive output in comparison to the reproductive output in the control was determined at the saturated solution.
Adult mortality was not observed in this study. Therefore, no statistical evaluation was carried out for this parameter.
Number of living juveniles per survived parental Daphnid:
- Shapiro-Wilk's test on normal distribution: normality check was passed (p > 0.01).
- Levene's Test on variance homogeneity (with Residuals): the Levene test indicates variance homogeneity (p <= 0.010). Variance homogeneity check was passed (p > 0.01). Normal-distribution and variance-homogeneity requirements are fulfilled.
- Two-sample Welch-t-test Procedure (two sided test) with cumulative offspring per survived parent at 21 d: two-sample comparison of treatments with "Control". Significance was Alpha = 0.050, two-sided; Mean: arithmetic mean; n: sample size; s: standard deviation; MDD: minimum detectable difference to Control (in percent of Control); t: sample t; p(t): probability of sample t for ; the differences are significant in case p(t) <= Alpha (Control(c) and treatment(t) variance was applied: s^2(c)/nc + s^2(t)/nt, each).
Table 4: Two-sample Welch-t-test Procedure
Treatm. [mg/L] | mean | s | df | %MDD | t | t* | sign. |
control | 93.7 | 13.58 | |||||
10 | 82.7 | 9.89 | 16 | 12 | -2.07 | 0.55 | non-sign. |
VALIDITY CRITERIA
Table 5: Validity criteria
Criterion from the guideline |
Outcome |
Validity criterion fulfilled |
The mortality of the parent animals (female Daphnia) does not exceed 20% at the end of the test. |
% mortality of the Adult Daphnids after 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure was 0. |
yes |
The mean number of living offspring produced per parent animal surviving at the end of the test is ≥ 60. |
The average number of living juveniles at the end of the test after 21 days per survived parental daphnid was 93.7 in the control group |
yes |
Description of key information
NOELR (21 -d) ≥ 10 mg/L (nominal, Daphnia magna, OECD 211, based on read-across to CAS No. 16415-12-6)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect concentration:
- >= 10 mg/L
Additional information
Measured chronic data on the toxicity towards aquatic invertebrates was not available for trichloro(hexadecyl)silane (CAS No. 5894-60-0), therefore data was read-across from the structural analogue substance trimethoxy(hexadecyl)silane (CAS No. 16415-12-6) for the assessment of chronic toxicity towards aquatic invertebrates. Both substances hydrolyse in the aquatic environment, but with very different hydrolysis rates (DT50 << 2 min at room temperature and pH 7 (target); DT50 > 14 d at pH 7 (source)). However, both form the same silanol hydrolysis product hexadecylsilanetriol. The second hydrolysis product of the target substance is hydrochloric acid, while the second hydrolysis product of the source compound is methanol. Hydrochloric acid and methanol are both well described substances in the public domain literature and both are not expected to contribute to the overall aquatic toxicity of target and source substances (OECD SIDS, 2002; OECD SIDS 2004). Therefore, hydrochloric acid and methanol can be disregarded in the environmental hazard assessment. Further information can be found in an attached read-across justification in Section 13 of IUCLID.
The study with trimethoxy(hexadecyl)silane (CAS No. 16415-12-6) was performed according to OECD guideline 211 and GLP. Semi-static conditions were applied with a renewal rate of three times per week. Daphnia magna was exposed to one single nominal concentration of 10 mg/L (saturated solution) and a control for 21 d. The solution was prepared by adding the appropriate amount of the test item into medium and stirring slowly for 24 h. After 1 h standing (for separation of the phases), the saturated solution was removed from the center of the aqueous phase. Two analytical methods were applied in order to monitor the concentrations in the media – LC-MS/MS and TOC. TOC was determined during preparation of the saturated solution (stirring phase) at time points 0 and 4 h. Additionally, the TOC was measured at the exposure time points of 0 h (fresh medium), 48 h and 72 h (both old medium). Trimethoxy(hexadecyl)silane was measured by LC-MS/MS in the fresh and old media as well as during the preparation time of the solutions. The measured concentrations of the test item determined via LC-MS/MS were in all cases below the LOQ (152 µg/L). The measured TOC concentrations on the other hand were around the LOQ of 2 mg C/L in all samples. This verifies that the substance is hardly soluble. Since the test item concentrations could not be quantified, the nominal concentrations were used for the expression of the effect values. The study did not indicate any toxic effects by the substance to the reproduction of Daphnia magna resulting in a NOELR of ≥ 10 mg/L (equivalent to 9 mg/L when expressed in terms of the silanol hydrolysis product hexadecylsilanetriol).
In view of slow hydrolysis rate and exposure regime it is likely that the test organisms were exposed predominantly to the parent of the tested substance.
References:
OECD, 2002. Hydrogen Chloride - SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM 15, Boston, USA: UNEP Publications.
OECD SIDS, 2004. Methanol - SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 19, Berlin, Germany: UNEP Publications.
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