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EC number: 923-400-5 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
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- Auto flammability
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- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
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- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
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- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
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- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
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- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
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- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 17.63 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 881.6 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- No inhalation study is available. According to ECHA Guidance – Chapter R8 (p25): “in the absence of route-specific information on the starting route, to include a default factor of 2 (i.e. the absorption percentage for the starting route is half that the end route) in the case of oral-to inhalation extrapolation”. Therefore, as no data is available on oral or inhalation absorption, the oral absorption is estimated to 50% and the inhalation absorption to 100%. The correction factor is 0.5 (50/100).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- OECD 422 is 6 weeks exposure
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- remaining differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 5 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- no extrapolation NOAEL DERMAL = NOAEL ORAL
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- OECD 422 Exposure 6 weeks.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
2 Inhalation DNEL for long term systemic effects/Workers :
The relevant study to be selected for derivation of the DNEL is the OECD 422 combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction test (2012).
Step 1) Relevant dose-descriptor:NOAEL, rat = 1000 mg/kg bw/d
Step 2) Modification of starting point:
The starting point was modified to get the correct starting point for DNEL derivation. As a first step, route-to-route extrapolation was performed as recommended in the "Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, p. 26 f.:
The oral rat NOAEL was converted into the inhalative human NOAEC corrected for differences between the 8-hour standard inhalation volume of rats versus humans, for differences between oral absorption in rats and inhalative absorption in humans (50% and 100%, respectively), and for differences between the 8-hour inhalation volume of workers in rest versus workers in light activity, by multiplying with the corresponding factors (1000x 1/0.38 m³/kg/d x 50%/100% x 6.7 m³/10 m³).
The resulting corrected starting point for inhalation DNEL derivation for workers is equal to 881.6 mg/m³.
For DNEL derivation, the following assessment factors (AF) were applied to the corrected starting point:
Step 3) Assessment factors:
* Interspecies: 2.5
* Intraspecies : 5(factor for workers)
* Exposure duration : 4 (subchronic to chronic exposure)
* Dose response: 1 (LOAEL > NOAEL)
* Quality of database: 1
AF total = 2.5x5x4x1x1 = 50
Step 4) DNEL calculation:
DNEL value = 881.6 / 50 = 17.61 mg/m3
DNEL Long-term Inhalation value for long term systemic effects in workers is 17.61 mg/m3
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 8.81 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 881.6 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- No inhalation study is available. According to ECHA Guidance – Chapter R8 (p25): “in the absence of route-specific information on the starting route, to include a default factor of 2 (i.e. the absorption percentage for the starting route is half that the end route) in the case of oral-to inhalation extrapolation”. Therefore, as no data is available on oral or inhalation absorption, the oral absorption is estimated to 50% and the inhalation absorption to 100%. The correction factor is 0.5 (50/100)
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.5 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 400
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- The dermal absorption is 100% by default as no information is available of dermal absorption.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.5 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- None
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
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