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EC number: 200-579-1 | CAS number: 64-18-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Comparable to GLP guideline study.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 999
- Report date:
- 1999
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 002
- Report date:
- 2002
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 453 (Combined Chronic Toxicity / Carcinogenicity Studies)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium formate(1:2)
- EC Number:
- 243-934-6
- EC Name:
- Potassium formate(1:2)
- Cas Number:
- 20642-05-1
- Molecular formula:
- CH2O2.1/2K
- IUPAC Name:
- potassium formate(1:2)
- Test material form:
- solid
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): "Formi LHS-Super"
- Substance type: salt
- Physical state: powder
- Analytical purity: 98.44 and 99%.
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Crl:HanWist(Glx:BRL)BR
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Test animals
- Species: rat.
- Strain: Crl:HanWist(Glx:BRL)BR.
- Sex: male and female.
- Age: approx. 8 weeks at commencement of the experiment.
- Body weight: males: 186 to 275 g; females: 132 to 200 g.
- Number of animals: 20 per sex and dose group in the chronic toxicity study
- Housing: in groups of 5, in stainless steel mesh cages.
- Environment: routinely 19 to 25°C, relative humidity 40 to 70%,
- Air changes: 15 air changes/hour.
- Photo period: 12-h light/dark cycle.
Treatment
- Dosing: TS mixed into the diet.
- Diet: ground diet SQC Rat and Mouse Maintenance Diet No. 1, free access to feed and tap water.
- Stability of TS in diet: examined; at least 7 days.
- Dose levels: 0, 50, 400, 2000 mg/kg bw/day.
- Dose selection: based on results from preliminary studies including a 13-week study in rats
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- other: feed
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING FEED:
DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): weekly
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): ground diet; mixed with TS in a mortar to give a premix, to which further diet was added as required and mixed in a blendor for five minutes.
- Storage temperature of food: at room temperatur ein sealed containers
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Analysis was performed in week 1, and at 12 or 13 week intervals thereafter
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 52 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- 7 days/week
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 50, 400, and 2000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 20
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: based on the results of a 13-week study
- Positive control:
- not required
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Mortality: recorded twice daily. Clinical signs: observed daily.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Detailed physical examination of each animal was performed at weekly intervals.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: recorded before first treatment, at weekly intervals for 16 weeks, once every 4 weeks thereafter and before necropsy.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal group determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes. Determined weekly for the first 16 weeks, then one week in every 4 weeks thereafter.
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: investigation in all animals pre-treatment and in all control and high dose animals in Week 50
- Dose groups that were examined: investigation in all animals pre-treatment and in all control and high dose animals in Week 50
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: weeks 26, 52 and 103
- Method: 0.5 ml samples were withdrawn from 10 animals per group and sex in Weeks 26 and 52. Blood was taken from the lateral caudal vein of fasted animals and from decedents where possible.
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: 10/sex/dose; all at termination
- Parameters examined: hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, total and differential white blood cell count, mean cell hemoglobin, and platelet count was performed and clotting times were determined.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: weeks 26 and 52, and 103
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: 10/sex/dose; all at termination
- Parameters examined: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, total cholesterol, glucose, urea, total bilirubin, creatinine.
URINALYSIS: Yes / No / No data
- Time schedule for collection of urine: samples were collected from 10 animals per group and sex in Weeks 25, 51 and 102. Where possible, urine and blood samples were taken from the same animals.
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Animals fasted: Yes
- Parameters examined: microscopy of sediment, volume, specific gravity, urobilinogen. Semi-quantitatively: pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, blood, reducing substances.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No
OTHER:
PATHOLOGY:
all animals killed at termination in Week 52 or found dead during the scheduled terminal necropsy period were considered to have completed the study, and any data collected was treated as such. All animals including decedents were necropsied. Animals were weighed and tissues were preserved:
------------------------------------------------------------
Adrenals#, aorta, brain#, cecum#, colon#, duodenum#, eyes#, femur with marrow and articular surface, gross lesions#, Harderian glands*, head, heart#, ileum#, jejunum#, kidneys#, lacrimal glands*, larynx, liver#, lungs with mainstem bronchi#, mammary (females)#, mandibular lymph nodes#, mesenteric lymph nodes#, muscle quadriceps, nasal turbinates*, nasopharynx*, esophagus#, optic nerves#, ovaries#, pancreas#, pituitary#, prostate#, rectum, salivary glands#, sciatic nerves#, seminal vesicles, skin#, spinal cord (cervical, lumbar, thoracic)#, spleen#, sternum with bone marrow#, stomach#, testes and epididymides#, thymus#, thyroids and parathyroids#, tissue masses#, tongue, trachea#, urinary bladder#, uterus#, vagina#, Zymbal glands*.
------------------------------------------------------------
(# = microscopically examined; * = retained in situ with the head)
HISTOPATHOLOGY:
Histopathology was performed on gross lesions, tissue masses and stomach from all animals and tissues denoted by (#) in the tissue list from control and high dose animals, and decedents from all groups. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes - Statistics:
- Data from treated animals were compared with control data. In-life data: body weight gains, organ weights, food consumption and hematology variables were analyzed using ANOVA, separately for each sex. Dunnett's multiple test was used for comparison between control and treated group. A regression test was performed to determine whether there was a linear relationship between increasing dose and response.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
Clinical signs: There were no clinical signs related to treatment.
Mortalities: The distribution of deaths at the end of Week 52 is tabulated below. There was no pattern to indicate that the test substance had any effect on survival. Also, the incidence and pattern of morbidity observed in this strain was not changed by the test substance.
==============================
Dose level Males Females
(mg/kg bw/d) [number of deaths (% survival)]
----------------------------------------------
0 1 (95) 2 (90)
50 0 (100) 0 (100)
400 1 (95) 3 (85)
2000 0 (100) 1 (95)
==============================
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Body weight ands body weight gain for low and intermediate dose animals were comparable with that of the controls. High dose animals had significantly reduced body weights at week 52, and at week 104 (lower by 27% in males, lower by 19% in females; up to p0 0.001).
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study)
Food consumption was comparable between all groups.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
There was no effect on the eye noted.
HAEMATOLOGY
There was no consistent pattern of variation to indicate an effect of treatment.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
There was no consistent pattern of variation to indicate an effect of treatment.
URINALYSIS
There was no consistent pattern of variation to indicate an effect of treatment.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
There was no consistent pattern of variation to indicate an effect of treatment.
GROSS PATHOLOGY
The only treatment-related finding was an increase in the number of high dose animals with thick stomach when compared with the controls.
Group incidence of findings in the stomach, Week 52
======================================
Males Females
Group 1M 2M 3M 4M 1F 2F 3F 4F
mg/kg/day 0 50 400 2000 0 50 400 2000
---------------------------------------------------------
n 20 20 19 20 20 20 18 20
Thick 4 2 2 16 0 0 1 13
stomach
======================================
n = number of animals examined
HISTOPATHOLOGY:
NON-NEOPLASTIC
The spectrum of microscopic findings was generally consistent with that expected for rats of this strain.
Treatment-related changes were noted in the stomach and the salivary gland of high dose animals. For details see table under "Remarks on results".
In the stomach, basal cell hyperplasia was restricted to the squamous epithelium of the limiting ridge and appeared to correlate with the necropsy finding of thick stomach. Foveolar epithelial hyperplasia was seen in both high dose animal groups, as were slightly increased incidences of hyperkeratosis.
Acinar cell hypertrophy of the salivary gland was considered to be a minor cytological change and as a physiological response with no toxicological significance.
Increased incidences of pancreas lobular atrophy were noted in the high dose groups; however, the incidences were comparable between the controls and the high dose groups in the 104 Week study.
The incidence of non-neoplastic histopathology findings in other tissues was generally comparable with the control group and did not indicate a systemic target organ toxicity.
NEOPLASTIC LESIONS:
The spectrum of tumors was generally consistent with that expected in rats of this strain. There were no tumors of unusual nature or incidence indicative of specific target organ carcinogenicity in the stomach or any other tissue.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- ; local and systemic
- Effect level:
- 400 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: absence of systemic and local adverse effects
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- ; local and systemic
- Effect level:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Statistically reduced body weight at 52 weeks. At 104 weeks, lowered by 27% (males) an d19% (females). Increased incidences of foveolar epithelium and sqaumous cell hyperplasia in the stomach.
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Analysis
of formulations:
the target homogeneity of the test substance in the diet (85 to 115%)
was sufficiently met (within +10 and -15% of nominal concentrations).
Formulations were stable for up to 7 days at room temperature in the
dark.
Test
substance consumption:
TS
consumption for the first 52 weeks was generally close (within 1%) to
the nominal target dose level:
Target dose (mg/kg bw/d) |
Consumption of TS (mg/kg bw/d) |
|
|
males |
females |
50 |
50.1 |
50.2 |
400 |
401.1 |
402.1 |
2000 |
2013.3 |
2015.3 |
Histopathology:
Group incidences of selected microscopic findings at Week 52
|
Males |
Females |
||||||
Dose group (mg/kg bw/day) |
0 |
50 |
400 |
2000 |
0 |
50 |
400 |
2000 |
Stomach n |
20 |
20 |
19 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
18 |
20 |
Basal/squamous cell hyperplasia |
0 |
0 |
1 |
12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
12 |
Foveolar epithelium hyperplasia |
0 |
1 |
0 |
14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
Erosion /ulcer |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
parakeratosis |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salivary gland n |
20 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
20 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
Acinar cell hypertrophy |
0 |
|
|
7 |
0 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pancreas n |
20 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
20 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
Lobular atrophy |
5 |
|
|
10 |
0 |
|
|
2 |
n=
number of animals examined
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
The oral administration of potassium formate (1:2) in a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study (equivalent to OECD guideline No. 453 and under GLP) for 52 weeks to rats at dose levels of 50, 400, and 2000 mg/kg bw/day was well tolerated without effects on clinical condition or survival. Treatment related findings were noted at 2000 mg/kg bw/day and included a statistically significant depression of body weight gain and, at terminal kill, a thickening of the stomach confirmed as basal cell hyperplasia or foveolar epithelium hyperplasia in the majority of the high dose animals. These changes were less pronounced than in a previous 90-day rat study. There was no evidence of systemic target organ toxicity due to test substance administration, including the eyes.
The spectrum of tumors was generally consistent with that expected in rats of this strain. There were no tumors of unusual nature or incidence indicative of specific target organ carcinogenicity in the stomach or any other tissue.
The local and the systemic toxicity NOAEL for 52 weeks of treatment was considered to be 400 mg potassium diformate/kg bw/day, based on the local effects in the stomach and reduced body weight of the high dose rats.
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