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EC number: 273-708-2 | CAS number: 69011-71-8 A scum formed on the surface of molten aluminum and molten aluminum alloys.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Absorption
The only data from which one can estimate the percentage of aluminium absorbed from inhalation exposure is from exposures in the occupational environment. As the percentage of aluminium estimated to be absorbed during inhalation exposure is greater than from oral aluminium intake, it seems unlikely that absorption from the GI tract accounts for the absorption of all inhaled aluminium.
The absorption of aluminium from the lung can be estimated from a few studies of occupational aluminium exposure. Daily urinary aluminium excretion by 12 aluminium welders, whose lung aluminium burden may have been approaching a steady state, averaged 0.1 mg. Daily aluminium deposition into their lungs was estimated to be 4.2 mg. This would suggest absorption of ~ 2.4% of the aluminium (Sjögren et al., 1997). Results from workers exposed to ~ 0.2 to 0.5 mg soluble Al/m3 in the air (particle size not described) suggest ~ 2% absorption (Pierre et al., 1995). Fractional absorption was similar in the workers in a second study (Gitelman et al., 1995) who were exposed to a similar air aluminium concentration containing 25% respirable (< 10 μm diameter) aluminium. The estimate of26Al absorption from inhalation of26Al oxide particles which had a MMAD of 1.2 μm by two subjects was 1.9% (Priest, 2004).
Distribution
The human whole body aluminium burden has been estimated to be 30 to 50 mg (ATSDR, 1999). One hr after ingestion of26Al citrate by one volunteer, 99% of the aluminium was in plasma (80% with transferrin (Tf) and 4% in a low molecular weight fraction) and the remaining 1% was in erythrocytes. The distribution of aluminium in blood taken 880 days after26Al citrate injection was 86% in plasma and 14% associated with erythrocytes (Day et al., 1994). The volume of distribution (Vd) of aluminium is initially consistent with the blood volume, and then increases with time. As bone is a major site of aluminium storage, prolonged urinary aluminium excretion may reflect a prolonged t1⁄2of aluminium in bone. A t1⁄2of 7 years was estimated in one human who had received an i.v. injection of26Al citrate 3.2 years earlier (Priest et al., 1995). An updated estimate in this individual, based on whole-body monitoring collected up to 3000 days after the injection, suggests the t1⁄2is ~ 50 years (Priest, 2004). This prolonged whole-body t1⁄2may largely reflect the t1⁄2of aluminium inbone.
Elimination
The t1⁄2of aluminium elimination positively correlated with the duration of exposure (Ljunggren et al., 1991). Elimination t1⁄2s of hours, weeks and years were seen after termination of short-term inhalation exposure, < 1 year exposure and upon retirement, respectively (Ljunggren et al., 1991). These results are consistent with more than one compartment of aluminium storage. This kinetic behaviour might result from retention of aluminium in a depot from which it is slowly eliminated. This depot is probably bone which stores ~ 58% of the human aluminium body burden. Multiple phases of elimination were seen in a study in which one human received i.v.26Al citrate suggesting multiple compartments of aluminium distribution. About 85 to 90% of the aluminium was eliminated in < 24 h. Four percent of the injected26Al remained after 3.2 years (Priest et al., 1995) and ~ 2% after 9.2 years (Priest, 2004). Calculations based on results up to 14 years after the injection suggested at least three components of the aluminium elimination with t1⁄2of 1.4, 40 and 1727 days, and a retention t1⁄2of ~ 50 years (Priest, 2004). This unusual kinetic behaviour might result from retention of an aluminium species other than that administered, creating a depot, probably in bone, from which the aluminium is slowly eliminated.
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