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EC number: 288-284-4 | CAS number: 85711-26-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Freshwater
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Marine water
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
STP
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Sediment (freshwater)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Sediment (marine water)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for air
Air
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Soil
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for predators
Secondary poisoning
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no potential for bioaccumulation
Additional information
Alcohols, C9-11 branched and linear (CAS 85711-26-8) is a multi-constituent long-chain aliphatic alcohol (LCAA) liquid substance composed of approximately 10-30% C9, 30-50% C10, and 30-50% C11. It has an estimated whole substance water solubility of 44 mg/l as a water accommodated fraction (WAF) at a loading rate of 1000 mg/l, at 20°C. Whilst water solubility for a multi-constituent or UVCB substance is not meaningful scientifically for the purpose of assessment of exposure or risk, an indicative value is useful for reference. Exposure and risk are assessed on the basis of water solubility of the individual constituents. Water solubility values of 128 mg/l, 39.5 mg/l and 8.0 mg/l were obtained (literature source values used in exposure modelling) for the constituents C9, C10 and C11, respectively.
The whole substance has a partition coefficient in the range of 3.8 - 4.7. Similar to water solubility, partition coefficient for a multi-constituent or UVCB substance is not meaningful scientifically for the purpose of assessment of exposure or risk. Exposure and risk are assessed on the basis of log Kow of the individual constituents. Log Kow values of 3.77, 4.57 and 4.72 were obtained (literature source values used in exposure modelling) for the constituents C9, C10 and C11, respectively.
Alcohols, C9-11 branched and linear has no hydrolysable structural features and would be expected to be stable in water. All constituents are rapidly biodegradable.
A full set of reliable measured data are not available for Alcohols, C9-11 branched and linear (CAS 85711-26-8). However, short-term toxicity data are available with the closely related substance Alcohols, C9-11 linear only. The type of branched structure occurring in Alcohols, C9-11 branched and linear is termed 'essentially linear' and the physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties and behaviour do not differ significantly between such structures and their linear analogues. It is therefore possible to read-across between the substances. Additionally, these isomeric substances have an identical molecular weight. The difference in composition is dependent on the manufacturing process which may create linear alcohols or simple mono-branched structures. The presence of branched structures does not appear confer aliphatic alcohols any different environmental properties compared to the linears only substances, therefore the data is freely read-across between branched and linear substances. Direct read-across between Alcohols, C9-11 branched and linear (CAS 85711-26-8) and Alcohols, C9-11 (CAS 66455-17-2) is scientifically justified.
Constituents of commercial multi-constituent LCAAs in the environment will distribute and degrade in accordance with their intrinsic environmental fate and toxicity properties, and so exposure assessment is conducted on the basis of the single cuts. Exposure and risk are assessed on the basis of each constituent of the substance.
Alcohols, C9-11 branched and linear is a member of a category of long chain aliphatic alcohols (LCAAs) with a carbon chain length range of C6-C24. The hypothesis is that the long chain linear aliphatic alcohol Category has, at its centre, an homologous series of increasing carbon chain length alcohols. The category members are structurally very similar. They are all primary aliphatic alcohols with no other functional groups. The category members are mainly linear; and the remainder are “essentially linear”; largely 2-methyl branched, or with a single short-chain branch in another position in the chain. The majority of the category members have saturated alkyl chains.
The category members are biochemically very similar. The metabolic synthesis, degradation pathways and products are well established and considered to be similar for branched and linear structures (Mudge, 2005; DAR, 2009).
The structure of the Category is associated with a consistency and predictability in the physicochemical, environmental, and toxicological property data across its members. In addition, certain branched and unsaturated structures are considered to have such similar properties that their inclusion in the category is well justified.
As carbon number increases, short- and long-term aquatic toxicity generally increase (i.e. decreasing E(L)C50 and NOEC values observed) up to a threshold carbon number, above which there are no effects at the limit of solubility. For short term effects the threshold is between C13 and C14; for chronic effects it is between C15 and C16. The observed threshold in carbon number is associated with limitations on the degree to which predictable effects are expressed at the limit of solubility, which is low for the longer-chain alcohol structures in the category.
Evidence across the Category of C6-24 long-chain aliphatic alcohols (LCAAs) supports the conclusion that a similar level of susceptibility is exhibited for all three taxonomic groups in the short-term data set.
Alcohols in the Category have toxicity consistent with non-polar narcosis effects, in line with the very many organic non-polar narcotic organic substances that have been extensively studied and described in literature by various authors. Therefore, the LCAAs in this category should be considered in the context of neutral organics.
Long-term toxicity testing across the category has been carried out with fish and Daphnia. However, significant biodegradation losses of substance in the test system still occurred, despite measures taken to prevent this. A full report detailing properties and trends across the LCAAs category, as well as further discussion on measures to prevent test substance losses is available: ECOTOXICITY Alcohols C6-24 Category report.
Long-term tests have not been deemed necessary as long-term data are available for the individual constituents of the substance.
Where measured data is lacking or of unassignable reliability, quantitative structure-activity relationships ((Q)SAR’s) and expert judgement have been used to calculated predicted E(L)C50 and NOEC values for short- and long-term toxicity to fish, invertebrates and algal endpoints. Further details are described in the ECOTOXICITY Alcohols C6-24 Category report.
Reduced assessment factors have been used to derive PNECs:
Basis for setting of assessment factor
The purpose of assessment factors is to take a laboratory result and estimate a PNEC that applies to the environment itself. In summary, and as is well-known, the purpose of the factors is to account for uncertainty in:
1. Intra-laboratory variability
2. Inter-laboratory variability
3. Duration
4. Sensitivity of the environmental ecosystem relative to the range or organisms actually tested.
For one substance standing alone, the factor of 10 is considered in the Guidance to apply to three long term NOECs or ECx values for the aquatic compartment. Similarly, an assessment factor of 50 is specified when deriving a PNEC when two long-term NOECs or EC10s for different taxonomic groups are available.
Why is the Guidance default of 10 a reasonable number for long-term data? A reasoned discussion is set out in the table below, along with an application of the same logic to Alcohols, C9-11.
Table 1. A basis of understanding assessment factors and application to long-term studies with alcohols
|
General rationale when three trophic levels have been studied |
Members of the C6-24 Alcohols Category |
1. Intra-laboratory variability |
For well-performed studies with good chemical analysis point 1 is negligible |
This applies. Use 1 |
2. Inter-laboratory variability |
A factor of 2 to 5 would be realistic |
For the long-chain alcohols, the inter-laboratory variation is much lower, because the substances are archetypal exemplars of non-polar narcotics. Use 2 |
3. Duration |
When a full set of long-term NOECs or ECxvalues are available, the contributing factor associated with point 3 (duration) is relatively minor and can be ignored. |
This is definitely the case for the ecosystem, in which alcohols are ubiquitous, so duration is irrelevant. Use 1 |
4. Sensitivity of the environmental ecosystem |
For point 4 (ecosystem sensitivity), a value of 2 to 5 is realistic |
For non-polar narcotics, many species of organism have been studied, so the uncertainty regarding lab to field extrapolation should also be reduced. The ecosystem is adapted to alcohols. Suggest 2.5 |
Conclusion |
The geometric mean of the range of the two contributing factors is 10. Whilst not set out in Guidance, such a breakdown is a reasonable basis of the factors and is consistent with such extrapolations in mammalian toxicology. |
AF = 1*2*1*2.5 = 5 is implied |
Although in the case of Alcohols, C9-11 branched and linear specifically, a full set of long-term results are not available, the predictability of trends across the category, the low acute-to-chronic ratio and the potential for metabolism mean that the duration factor (point 3) does not need to be inflated. On the basis of this logic, an assessment factor of 10 is very conservative for deriving PNECs in the chemical safety assessment of this substance. However, an assessment factor of 10 has been applied to the lowest NOEC or ECx value to derive aquatic PNECs.
For further discussion please refer to the attached ECOTOXICITY Alcohols C6-24 Category report.
Conclusion on classification
Reliable short-term toxicity data for fish, invertebrates and algae of 6.3-10 mg/l (freshwater) and 5.8 mg/l (marine water); 7 mg/l (freshwater) and 4.6 mg/l (marine water); and 2.7 mg/l, respectively, are read-across from Alcohols, C9 -11 (CAS 66455 -17 -2; EC 266 -367 -6), pending availability of data for the substance itself. It has a NOEC value of 1.0 mg/l in algae.
There are no long-term data available for Alcohols, C9-11 branched and linear as a whole substance. Long-term invertebrate toxicity data are available for the each of the linear constituents:
C9: 21-d EC10 value of 0.4 mg/l (lowest calculated value).
C10: 21-d EC10 value of 0.21 mg/l.
C11: 21-d EC10 value of 0.075 mg/l (lowest calculated value).
The substance is readily biodegradable and very rapidly biodegraded in non-sterilised systems.
These data are consistent with the following classification under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (as amended) (CLP):
Acute toxicity: Not classified.
Chronic toxicity: Category Chronic 3.
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