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EC number: 211-108-4 | CAS number: 629-78-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://chesar.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Sediment toxicity
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: short-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 3rd October 2006 to 14th October 2006
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Good guideline study. However, there is little information on sediment(collection, characteristics...) and organisms (collection, holding and acclimation).
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: PARCOM Protocols on Methods for the testing of chemicals used in the offshore industry. Part A: A sediment bioassay using an amphipod Corophium sp. (1995)
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Guideline study
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No test surrogate material is tested - Analytical monitoring:
- not required
- Details on sampling:
- Not applicable (no analytical monitoring)
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on sediment and application:
- PREPARATION OF SPIKED SEDIMENT
- Natural sediment from the same unpolluted site as the amphipods (organic content: 3.3%; silt fraction: 73%), homogenized before preparing the test sediment.
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone
- Spiked test sediment: 5 Ll acetone containing test substance added to 130 g pre-dried sediment. After the acetone had dried off in a fume cupboard, the sample was added to 460 g of damp sediment.
- Reference substance: fluoranthene dissolved in 5 mL of acetone added to app. 110 g pre-dried sediment.After the acetone had dried off in a fume cupboard, the sample was added to app. 510 g of damp sediment in a plastic bucket.
- The sediment in the blanks (with and without acetone) was treated like the test sediment but without adding test substance.
All sediments (test concentrations, reference substance and blanks) were prepared in plastic buckets. 130 mL of seawater was added to each bucket and the bucket were shaken (120 rpm) for 5 hrs. - Test organisms (species):
- Corophium volutator
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Details on collection: collected 23.09.2006 by Biotrix, Norway and transported by car and airplane to the laboratory.
- Size of animals at beginning of exposure: 5-10 mm long
- Feeding during test: no feeding
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 4 days (29.09-0.3.10.2006)
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): temperature 15+/-2 °C - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation
- Hardness:
- Not relevant (seawater study)
- Test temperature:
- 15 +/- 2°C
- pH:
- 8.1
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 88-96 % saturation
- Salinity:
- 34 per thousand
- Ammonia:
- No data provided
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Test substance nominal concentrations: 126, 308, 668, 1495 mg/kg dw
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): 600 mL glass containers
- Weight of wet sediment: 200 g
- Overlying water volume: 450 mL
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 9-10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 3
- No. of replicates per control: 3
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 3
OVERLYING WATER CHARACTERISTCS
- Natural sea water from an unpolluted site at about 80 m depth in Byfjord, filtrated through a sand filter
- Salinity: 34 per thousand
SOURCE OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
- same unpolluted site as the amphipods
HANDLING OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
- Time of collection: 23.09.2006
CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENT
- Particle size distribution
- % silt: 73%
- Total organic content (%): 3.3
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Mortality
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2.28 - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Fluoranthene
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC10
- Effect conc.:
- 207 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Key result
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 503 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: LC90
- Effect conc.:
- 1 220 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Key result
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 126 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Details on results:
- - Mortality of test animals at end of exposure period: from 3.7 (126 mg/kg dw) to 96.3 % (96.3 mg/kg dw)
- Mortality in control: 3.3 % - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid
- Relevant effect levels: LC50 = 13.3 mg/kg dw - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- LC50, LC10 and LC90 values calculated by using the standard procedure PROBIT analysis, National Swedish Environmental Protection Board (Version 2.3, 1990).
Calculation of NOEC by single factor ANOVA followed by Dunnett's procedure for comparing each concentation mean with the control mean. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Amphipods held without sediment for less than14 days; Mortality in the individual blank less than 40%; All amphipods from the same population; Mortality in the blank less than 15%; 10-d LC50 of reference substance (fluoranthen) = 19.9 +/- 10.3 mg/kg sedim
- Conclusions:
- 10-d LC50 = 503 mg/kg sediment dw
10-d NOEC = 126 mg/kg sediment dw - Executive summary:
An acute toxicity test was conducted on the marine amphipod Corophium volutator. The test substance concentrations ranged from 126 to 1495 mg/kg sediment dw. The test sediment was from the same unpolluted site as the amphipods. The seawater was natural seawater from an unpolluted site at about 80 m depth in Byfjord, filtered through sand filter at the collection. The test substance was dissolved in acetone and added to the sediment as follows: 5 mL acetone containing the test substance was added to 130 g pre-dried sediment; after the acetone had dried off in a fume cupboard, the sample was added to 510 g of damp sediment in a plastic bucket, 130 mL seawater was added to the bucket and the bucket was shaken (120 rpm) for 5 hrs. The spiked sediment was then split into three beakers, 400 mL of seawater was added to each beaker, and they were aerated overnight before the test organisms were introduced. The blanks were prepared the same way (three with and three without acetone). In the test, 4 concentrations were tested in a geometric series: 126, 308, 668 and 1495 mg/kg. Three replicates were used for each concentration and each blank.
Dissolved oxygen was > 40% during the study. The pH was 8.1. The temperature was 15 +/- 2 °C.
The test organisms (5 -10 mm) were obtained from the same unpolluted site as the sediment.
No deviation from the protocol was noted. No analytical monitoring was performed.
The results mean that the 10-d LC50 is 503 mg/kg sediment dry weight.
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: short-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 24th August 1996 to 31st August 1996
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Good guideline study. However, There is little information on sediment (collection, characteristics...) and organisms (collection, holding and acclimation).
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: PARCOM Ring test protocol for the Abra test, November 1990
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Guideline study
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No test surrogate material is tested - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- Not applicable (no analytical monitoring)
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on sediment and application:
- TEST MEDIUM
Standard sediment suspension with 8% sediment particle content (dry weight) and particle size <= 45 µm ,and with a salinity of 31-35 per thousand, contaminated with test substance, stored 4-16 hrs at 11 °C under continuous aeration before exposure.
The test substance was a liquid insoluble in water. A 1/100 stock solution was prepared using microencapsulation. The test substance was microencapsulated to stock solution together with sediment particles. The microcapsule wall (gelatine + acacia gum) is permeable to small molecules and water soluble components will enter the water phase until equilibrium; The final test media are prepared in 500 ml glass bottles, which are shaken vigourously by hand for 30 seconds before transfer to the test aquaria.
Sediment:
collected from a locality where Abra alba is present and sieved through a 45 µm mesh. Storage at room temperature. - Test organisms (species):
- other: Abra alba
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: White furrow shell
- Details on collection: no data
- Diameter > 4 mm (largest diameter)
- feeding: organic material may be added to obtain a minimum fecal production rate
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 5 days before the start of the pre-exposure period
- Holding conditions: in natural sediment under continuous flow of natural seawater at ambient temperature - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Remarks:
- Pre-exposure: 2 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation
- Hardness:
- Not relevant (seawater study)
- Test temperature:
- 10.6 - 10.8 °C
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- 31 - 35 per thousand
- Ammonia:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 27, 59, 119, 240, 611 mg/kg (weight test substance/weight total test medium)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): Polyethylene tubes with inner diameter of 36 mm, outer diameter of 40 mm, and mesh size of 90 µm. Series of 15 tubes are glued together in a rack of 3x5 sieves put in containers with 250 g of 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
- Aeration: no
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 1 test organism per sieve, which makes 15 individuals per container in 250 g of 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 2
- No. of replicates per control / vehicle control: 4
- Feeding regime: organic material may be added to obtain a minimum fecal production rate
HANDLING OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
Collected from a locality where Abra alba is present and sieved through a 45 µm mesh. Storage at room temperature
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Fecal pellet production
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2.2 - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 83 other: mg/kg 8% (dw) sediment suspension
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Fecal pellet production
- Remarks on result:
- other: +/- 21 mg/kg
- Details on results:
- No mortality observed
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Nos applicable (no reference substance)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Calculation of the EC50:
The pre-exposure fecal pellet production is used to normalise the 5d esposure fecal pellet production, to reduce the biological variation due to individual differences in fecal pellet production.
The data points are fitted to the non-linear equation:
Y = aX + b logX + c
where Y is the response and X the exposure.
The plotted test values resulted in the following equation:
Y = -0.009 X - 58.9 logX + 163.0 (R²=1.00) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- 5d EC50 = 83 +/- 21 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension
- Executive summary:
An acute toxicity test was conducted on the marine mollusc bivalve Abra alba. The test substance concentrations ranged from 27 to 611 mg test substance / kg 8% standard sediment suspension. Test medium were prepared using microencapsulation because of the hydrophobicity of the susbtance. The standard sediment used for microencapsulation (together with gelatine and acacia gum) and standard sediment suspension (8% (dw) standard sediment in natural seawater) was a natural sediment from a location where Abra alba were present, sieved on 45µm mesh. Test systems consisted of polyethylene tubes (inner diameter: 36 mm; outer diameter: 40 mm) with 90 µm mesh, glued together in 3x5 racks and introduced in containers containing 250 g of standard sediment suspension. 5 concentrations were tested: 27, 59, 119, 240, and 611 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension. Two replicates for the test substance and four replicates for the control were used, with 1 organism per tube (15 organisms per container).
The temperature was 10.6 -10.8 °C. Analytical monitoring was not performed.
The test organisms were acclimated for 5 days prior to the exposure. A 2-d pre-exposure was performed to establish the normal fecal pellet production before exposure.
5d EC50 = 83 +/- 21 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: short-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 15th June 1996 to 22nd June 1996
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Good guideline study. However, There is little information on sediment (collection, characteristics...) and organisms (collection, holding and acclimation).
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: PARCOM Ring test protocol for the Abra test, November 1990
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Guideline study
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No test surrogate material is tested - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- Not applicable (no analytical monitoring)
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on sediment and application:
- TEST MEDIUM
Standard sediment suspension with 8% sediment particle content (dry weight) and particle size <= 45µm ,and with a salinity of 31-35 per thousand, contaminated with test substance, stored 4-16 hrs at 11 °C under continuous aeration before exposure.
The test substance was a liquid insoluble in water. A 1/100 stock solution was prepared using microencapsulation. The test substance was microencapsulated to stock solution together with sediment particles. The microcapsule wall (gelatine + acacia gum) is permeable to small molecules and water soluble components will enter the water phase until equilibrium; The final test media are prepared in 500 ml glass bottles, which are shaken vigourously by hand for 30 seconds before transfer to the test aquaria.
Sediment:
collected from a locality where Abra alba is present and sieved through a 45 µm mesh. Storage at room temperature. - Test organisms (species):
- other: Abra alba
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: White furrow shell
- Details on collection: no data
- Diameter > 4 mm (largest diameter)
- feeding: organic material may be added to obtain a minimum fecal production rate
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 5 days before the start of the pre-exposure period
- Holding conditions: in natural sediment under continuous flow of natural seawater at ambient temperature - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Remarks:
- Pre-exposure: 2 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation
- Hardness:
- Not relevant (seawater study)
- Test temperature:
- 11.2 - 11.4 °C
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- 31 - 35 per thousand
- Ammonia:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 23, 52, 103, 203, and 525 mg/kg (weight test substance/weight total test medium)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): Polyethylene tubes with inner diameter of 36 mm, outer diameter of 40 mm, and mesh size of 90 µm. Series of 15 tubes are glued together in a rack of 3x5 sieves put in containers with 250 g of 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
- Aeration: no
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 1 test organism per sieve, which makes 15 individuals per container in 250 g of 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 2
- No. of replicates per control / vehicle control: 4
- Feeding regime: organic material may be added to obtain a minimum fecal production rate
HANDLING OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
Collected from a locality where Abra alba is present and sieved through a 45 µm mesh. Storage at room temperature
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Fecal pellet production
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2.2 - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 103 other: mg/kg 8% (dw) sediment suspension
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Fecal pellet production
- Remarks on result:
- other: +/- 22 mg/kg
- Details on results:
- No mortality observed
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Nos applicable (no reference substance)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Calculation of the EC50:
The pre-exposure fecal pellet production is used to normalise the 5d esposure fecal pellet production, to reduce the biological variation due to individual differences in fecal pellet production.
The data points are fitted to the non-linear equation:
Y = aX + b logX + c
where Y is the response and X the exposure.
The plotted test values resulted in the following equation:
Y = -0.009 X - 58.9 logX + 163.0 (R²=1.00) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- 5d EC50 = 103 +/- 22 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension
- Executive summary:
An acute toxicity test was conducted on the marine mollusc bivalve Abra alba. The test substance concentrations ranged from 23 to 525 mg test substance / kg 8% standard sediment suspension. Test medium were prepared using microencapsulation because of the hydrophobicity of the susbtance. The standard sediment used for microencapsulation (together with gelatine and acacia gum) and standard sediment suspension (8% (dw) standard sediment in natural seawater) was a natural sediment from a location where Abra alba were present, sieved on 45µm mesh. Test systems consisted of polyethylene tubes (inner diameter: 36 mm; outer diameter: 40 mm) with 90 µm mesh, glued together in 3x5 racks and introduced in containers containing 250 g of standard sediment suspension. 5 concentrations were tested: 23, 52, 103, 203, and 525 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension. Two replicates for the test substance and four replicates for the control were used, with 1 organism per tube (15 organisms per container).
The temperature was 11.2 -11.4 °C. Analytical monitoring was not performed.
The test organisms were acclimated for 5 days prior to the exposure. A 2-d pre-exposure was performed to establish the normal fecal pellet production before exposure.
5d EC50 = 103 +/- 22 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: short-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 24th August 1996 to 31st August 1996
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Good guideline study. However, There is little information on sediment (collection, characteristics...) and organisms (collection, holding and acclimation).
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: PARCOM Ring test protocol for the Abra test, November 1990
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Guideline study
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No test surrogate material is tested - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- Not applicable (no analytical monitoring)
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on sediment and application:
- TEST MEDIUM
Standard sediment suspension with 8% sediment particle content (dry weight) and particle size <= 45µm ,and with a salinity of 31-35 per thousand, contaminated with test substance, stored 4-16 hrs at 11 °C under continuous aeration before exposure.
The test substance was a liquid insoluble in water. A 1/100 stock solution was prepared using microencapsulation. The test substance was microencapsulated to stock solution together with sediment particles. The microcapsule wall (gelatine + acacia gum) is permeable to small molecules and water soluble components will enter the water phase until equilibrium; The final test media are prepared in 500 ml glass bottles, which are shaken vigourously by hand for 30 seconds before transfer to the test aquaria.
Sediment:
collected from a locality where Abra alba is present and sieved through a 45 µm mesh. Storage at room temperature. - Test organisms (species):
- other: Abra alba
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: White furrow shell
- Details on collection: no data
- Diameter > 4 mm (largest diameter)
- feeding: organic material may be added to obtain a minimum fecal production rate
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 5 days before the start of the pre-exposure period
- Holding conditions: in natural sediment under continuous flow of natural seawater at ambient temperature - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Remarks:
- Pre-exposure: 2 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation
- Hardness:
- Not relevant 'seawater study)
- Test temperature:
- 11 +/- 1 °C
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- 31 - 35 per thousand
- Ammonia:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 19, 52, 111, 215, and 554 mg/kg (weight test substance/weight total test medium)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): Polyethylene tubes with inner diameter of 36 mm, outer diameter of 40 mm, and mesh size of 90 µm. Series of 15 tubes are glued together in a rack of 3x5 sieves put in containers with 250 g of 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
- Aeration: no
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 1 test organism per sieve, which makes 15 individuals per container in 250 g of 8%(dw) standard sediment suspension.
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 2
- No. of replicates per control / vehicle control: 4
- Feeding regime: organic material may be added to obtain a minimum fecal production rate
HANDLING OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
Collected from a locality where Abra alba is present and sieved through a 45 µm mesh. Storage at room temperature
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Fecal pellet production
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2.2 - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 89 other: mg/kg 8% (dw) sediment suspension
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Fecal pellet production
- Remarks on result:
- other: +/- 22 mg/kg
- Details on results:
- No mortality observed
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Not applicable (no reference substance)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Calculation of the EC50:
The pre-exposure fecal pellet production is used to normalise the 5d esposure fecal pellet production, to reduce the biological variation due to individual differences in fecal pellet production.
The data points are fitted to the non-linear equation:
Y = aX + b logX + c
where Y is the response and X the exposure.
The plotted test values resulted in the following equation:
Y = -0.009 X - 58.9 logX + 163.0 (R²=1.00) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- 5d EC50 = 89 +/- 22 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension
- Executive summary:
An acute toxicity test was conducted on the marine mollusc bivalve Abra alba. The test substance concentrations ranged from 19 to 554 mg test substance / kg 8% standard sediment suspension. Test medium were prepared using microencapsulation because of the hydrophobicity of the susbtance. The standard sediment used for microencapsulation (together with gelatine and acacia gum) and standard sediment suspension (8% (dw) standard sediment in natural seawater) was a natural sediment from a location where Abra alba were present, sieved on 45µm mesh. Test systems consisted of polyethylene tubes (inner diameter: 36 mm; outer diameter: 40 mm) with 90 µm mesh, glued together in 3x5 racks and introduced in containers containing 250 g of standard sediment suspension. 5 concentrations were tested: 19, 52, 111, 215, and 554 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension. Two replicates for the test substance and four replicates for the control were used, with 1 organism per tube (15 organisms per container).
The temperature was 11 +/- 1 °C. Analytical monitoring was not performed.
The test organisms were acclimated for 5 days prior to the exposure. A 2-d pre-exposure was performed to establish the normal fecal pellet production before exposure.
5d EC50 = 89 +/- 22 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: short-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 7th May 1995 to 14th May 1995
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Good guideline study. However, There is little information on sediment (collection, characteristics...) and organisms (collection, holding and acclimation).
- Justification for type of information:
- A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: PARCOM Ring test protocol for the Abra test, November 1990
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Guideline study
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No test surrogate material is tested - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- Not applicable (no analytical monitoring)
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on sediment and application:
- TEST MEDIUM
Standard sediment suspension with 8% sediment particle content (dry weight) and particle size <= 45 µm ,and with a salinity of 31-35 per thousand, contaminated with test substance, stored 4-16 hrs at 11 °C under continuous aeration before exposure.
The test substance was a liquid insoluble in water. A 1/100 stock solution was prepared using microencapsulation. The test substance was microencapsulated to stock solution together with sediment particles. The microcapsule wall (gelatine + acacia gum) is permeable to small molecules and water soluble components will enter the water phase until equilibrium; The final test media are prepared in 500 ml glass bottles, which are shaken vigourously by hand for 30 seconds before transfer to the test aquaria.
Sediment:
collected from a locality where Abra alba is present and sieved through a 45 µm mesh. Storage at room temperature. - Test organisms (species):
- other: Abra alba
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: White furrow shell
- Details on collection: no data
- Diameter > 4 mm (largest diameter)
- feeding: organic material may be added to obtain a minimum fecal production rate
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 5 days before the start of the pre-exposure period
- Holding conditions: in natural sediment under continuous flow of natural seawater at ambient temperature. - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Remarks:
- Pre-exposure: 2 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation
- Hardness:
- Not relevant (seawater study)
- Test temperature:
- 11 +/- 1 °C
- pH:
- No data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- 31 - 35 per thousand
- Ammonia:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 52 and 118 mg/kg (weight test substance/weight total test medium)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): Polyethylene tubes with inner diameter of 36 mm, outer diameter of 40 mm, and mesh size of 90 µm. Series of 15 tubes are glued together in a rack of 3x5 sieves put in containers with 250 g of 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
- Aeration: no
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 1 test organism per sieve, which makes 15 individuals per container in 250 g of 8%(dw) standard sediment suspension.
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 2
- No. of replicates per control / vehicle control: 4
- Feeding regime: organic material may be added to obtain a minimum fecal production rate
HANDLING OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
Collected from a locality where Abra alba is present and sieved through a 45 µm mesh. Storage at room temperature
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Fecal pellet production
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2.2 - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 3,5-dichlorophenol
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 36 other: mg/kg 8% (dw) sediment suspension
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Fecal pellet production
- Remarks on result:
- other: +/- 11 mg/kg
- Details on results:
- No mortality observed
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Defecation rate of 42 % relative to the control, in the acceptable range for the reference substance (25-45%)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Calculation of the EC50:
The pre-exposure fecal pellet production is used to normalise the 5d esposure fecal pellet production, to reduce the biological variation due to individual differences in fecal pellet production.
The data points are fitted to the non-linear equation:
Y = aX + b logX + c
where Y is the response and X the exposure.
The plotted test values resulted in the following equation:
Y = -0.009 X - 58.9 logX + 163.0 (R²=1.00) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- 5d EC50 = 36 +/- 11 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension
- Executive summary:
An acute toxicity test was conducted on the marine mollusc bivalve Abra alba. The test substance concentrations ranged from 5 to 118 mg test substance / kg 8% standard sediment suspension. Test medium were prepared using microencapsulation because of the hydrophobicity of the susbtance. The standard sediment used for microencapsulation (together with gelatine and acacia gum) and standard sediment suspension (8% (dw) standard sediment in natural seawater) was a natural sediment from a location where Abra alba were present, sieved on 45 µm mesh. Test systems consisted of polyethylene tubes (inner diameter: 36 mm; outer diameter: 40 mm) with 90 µm mesh, glued together in 3x5 racks and introduced in containers containing 250 g of standard sediment suspension. 5 concentrations were tested: 5, 10, 20, 52, and 118 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension. Two replicates for the test substance and four replicates for the control were used, with 1 organism per tube (15 organisms per container).
The temperature was 11 +/- 1 °C. Analytical monitoring was not performed.
The test organisms were acclimated for 5 days prior to the exposure. A 2-d pre-exposure was performed to establish the normal fecal pellet production before exposure.
5d EC50 = 36 +/- 11 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Justification for type of information:
- Detailed information covering the calculation model, compositional data used as input, validity, applicability and adequacy of the result are in the attached document.
The registered substance is a complex petroleum UVCB whose constituents have variable physicochemical properties. Therefore, a modeling framework is needed to account for the bioavailability of the constituents in the mixture, which was then used to predict the toxicity of the substance as a whole.
The target lipid model (TLM) is a framework that relates toxicity to the physicochemical properties of a nonpolar organic constituent. The TLM, and HC5, have been applied to soils and sediment using equilibrium partitioning (EqP) model. This framework utilizes organic carbon partition coefficients (KOC) to convert aquatic based effect levels (CW) to bulk soil- and sediment-based effect levels. The combined TLM-EqP framework was validated previously for soil and sediment acute and chronic toxicity endpoints. The constituents in this substances are within the scope of the TLM and EqP frameworks. The model used for the calculations was the PETROTOX v4.0 model. PETROTOX is a well-documented and peer reviewed model that is widely used across the chemicals industry. - Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The target lipid model (2015) and equilibrium partitioning model as described in the cited references were used to determine soil or sediment effect levels following an estimation of initial loading of the registered substance and its constituents in the substrate. A full explanation of the calculation method is provided in the 'attached justification'. For model description and justification of QSAR prediction: see fields 'justification for type of information' and 'attached justification'
- Test organisms (species):
- Lumbriculus variegatus
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: LL50
- Effect conc.:
- 2 338 076 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- other: QSAR prediction
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: QSAR predicted value
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 447 907 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- other: QSAR prediction
- Basis for effect:
- other: reproduction
- Remarks:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: ACR 5.22 (McGrath et al., 2018)
- Remarks:
- QSAR predicted value
- Details on results:
- Chronic endpoints were estimated using typical acute-to-chronic ratio of 5.22 (McGrath et al., 2018).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The toxicity of this substance to sediment dwelling organisms has been predicted using the target lipid model (TLM) and HC5, and using the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) model. The predicted 28-d LL50 (mortality) of this substance to Lumbriculus variegatus is 2338076 mg/kg sediment dw and the predicted 28-d EL10 (reproduction/biomass) is 447907 mg/kg sediment dw.
- Executive summary:
The registered substance is a complex petroleum UVCB whose constituents have variable physicochemical properties. Therefore, a modeling framework is needed to account for the bioavailability of the constituents in the mixture, which was then used to predict the toxicity of the substance as a whole. The target lipid model (TLM) and HC5, have been applied to soils and sediment using equilibrium partitioning (EqP) model. As such, modeled data are considered fit for purpose. The model used for the calculations was the PETROTOX v4.0 model. PETROTOX is a well-documented and peer reviewed model that is widely used across the chemicals industry.
The predicted 28-d LL50 (mortality) of this substance to Lumbriculus variegatus is 2338076 mg/kg sediment dw and the predicted 28-d EL10 (reproduction/biomass) is 447907 mg/kg sediment dw.
Referenceopen allclose all
Test substance concentration |
Initial values |
Oxygen (% saturation) |
||
pH |
O2% |
5 d |
10 d |
|
Blank |
8.1 |
95 |
96 |
96 |
126 mg/kg dw |
8.1 |
95 |
96 |
90 |
308 mg/kg dw |
8.1 |
95 |
96 |
93 |
668 mg/kg dw |
8.1 |
95 |
93 |
88 |
1495 mg/kg dw |
8.1 |
96 |
90 |
93 |
Reference, 5.57 mg/kg dw |
8.1 |
95 |
90 |
96 |
Reference, 10.3 mg/kg dw |
8.1 |
95 |
90 |
93 |
Reference, 18.9 mg/kg dw |
8.1 |
95 |
93 |
95 |
Reference, 32.0 mg/kg dw |
8.1 |
95 |
96 |
91 |
Concentration (mg/kg dw) |
Total number of specimen per concentration |
Number of specimen per vessel |
Number of dead (10 days) |
|||||
A D |
B E |
C F |
A D |
B E |
C F |
Total |
||
Control |
60 |
10 10 |
10 10 |
10 10 |
2 0 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
2 |
126 |
27 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
308 |
27 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
668 |
27 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
6 |
5 |
6 |
17 |
1495 |
27 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
8 |
9 |
9 |
26 |
Ref., 5.57 |
30 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Ref., 10.3 |
27 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
8 |
Ref., 18.9 |
27 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
8 |
7 |
6 |
21 |
Ref., 32.0 |
27 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
27 |
Test substance (mg/kg sediment dw) |
LC10 |
LC50 |
LC90 |
NOEC |
Fluoranthene (reference substance) |
8.2 |
13.3 |
21.6 |
5.57 |
DEV 2006-16 |
207 |
503 |
1220 |
126 |
Test acceptability:
The test acceptance criteria given were fulfilled :
- the amphipods were not held without sediment for more than 14 days before they were used for testing;
- the mortality in the individual control replicate did not exceed 40%;
- the entire batch was from the same population;
- the percentage mortality in the blank was less than 15 %;
- the oxygen contnentwas greater than 40%;
- the 10 -d LC50 for the fluoranthene was 13.3 mg/kg.
Concentration (mg/kg std sed. susp.) |
Fecal pellet production (mg/ind./d) |
|||
Pre-exposure |
5-d exposure |
Normalized |
% |
|
0 |
5.83 |
7.04 |
6.64 |
100 |
27 |
5.57 |
5.20 |
5.14 |
77 |
59 |
5.38 |
3.93 |
4.02 |
61 |
119 |
5.12 |
2.61 |
2.80 |
42 |
240 |
5.42 |
1.36 |
1.38 |
21 |
611 |
5.03 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0 |
Concentration (mg/kg std sed. susp.) |
Fecal pellet production (mg/ind./d) |
|||
Pre-exposure |
5-d exposure |
Normalized |
% |
|
0 |
4.78 |
4.87 |
4.46 |
100 |
23 |
3.98 |
4.61 |
5.06 |
113 |
52 |
5.18 |
3.83 |
3.23 |
72 |
103 |
4.82 |
2.97 |
2.69 |
60 |
203 |
4.42 |
0.85 |
0.85 |
19 |
525 |
3.73 |
0.30 |
0.35 |
8 |
Concentration (mg/kg std sed. susp.) |
Fecal pellet production (mg/ind./d) |
|||
Pre-exposure |
5-d exposure |
Normalized |
% |
|
0 |
5.83 |
7.04 |
6.64 |
100 |
19 |
5.83 |
6.40 |
6.03 |
91 |
52 |
4.95 |
3.61 |
4.01 |
60 |
111 |
4.85 |
2.59 |
2.93 |
44 |
215 |
5.91 |
2.07 |
1.92 |
29 |
554 |
4.20 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0 |
Concentration (mg/kg std sed. susp.) |
Fecal pellet production (mg/ind./d) |
|||
Pre-exposure |
5-d exposure |
Normalized |
% |
|
0 |
3.34 |
2.80 |
2.91 |
100 |
5 |
3.24 |
2.36 |
2.52 |
87 |
10 |
3.71 |
2.52 |
2.35 |
81 |
20 |
3.52 |
1.97 |
1.94 |
67 |
52 |
3.77 |
1.14 |
1.05 |
36 |
118 |
3.00 |
0.67 |
0.77 |
26 |
Description of key information
There is no data available for this substance. However, key, WOE and supporting data for short-term studies is available for structural analogues. The data is read across to this substance based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13. Key and weight-of-evidence information is summarised below:
Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics presented a 10-d LC50 for Corophium volutator of 503 mg/kg sediment dry weight.
Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics presented a 5-d EC50 (fecal pellet production) for Abra alba of 83 +/- 21 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics presented a 5-d EC50 (fecal pellet production) for Abra alba of 103 +/- 22 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics presented a 5-d EC50 (fecal pellet production) for Abra alba of 89 +/- 22 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics presented a 5-d EC50 (fecal pellet production) for Abra alba of 36 +/- 11 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
The registered substance is a complex petroleum UVCB whose constituents have variable physicochemical properties. Therefore, a modeling framework is needed to account for the bioavailability of the constituents in the mixture, which was then used to predict the toxicity of the substance as a whole. The target lipid model (TLM) and HC5, have been applied to soils and sediment using equilibrium partitioning (EqP) model. As such, modeled data are considered fit for purpose.The model used for the calculations of long-term toxicity to sediment was the PETROTOX v4.0 model. PETROTOX is a well-documented and peer reviewed model that is widely used across the chemicals industry. This substance fits within the criteria of the model and there are no reservations about the validity of the model runs. It is expected that this data is reliable with restrictions.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
In fourteen studies, the marine amphipod Corophium volutator was exposed to sediment spiked with Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics for 10 days. The geometric mean of LC50 is 537 mg/kg sediment (dw). In most of the studies, LC10 were calculated and the geometric mean of the 12 available values is 112.6 mg/kg sediment (dw). At last, the 7 more recent studies reported NOEC values and the lowest one was 100 mg/kg (dw).
In four studies, the marine mollusc bivalve Abra alba was exposed to sediment spiked with Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics for 5 days. The 5-day LC50 value ranged from is 36 +/- 11 to 103 +/- 22 mg test substance / kg 8% (dw) standard sediment suspension.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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