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EC number: 271-138-9 | CAS number: 68516-20-1 A complex combination of hydrocarbons produced by the distillation of products from a steam-cracking process. It consists predominantly of aromatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C7 through C12 and boiling in the range of approximately 130°C to 220°C(266°F to 428°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Non GLP, QSAR calculation, acceptable with restrictions.
- Justification for type of information:
- Episuite and the BIOWIN models are well documented and commonly used QSARs for predicting the biodegradation potential of chemicals. Constituents within LOA streams fall within the applicability domain of these models and they have been recommended by ECHA in the Information Requirement Guidelines.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- assessment report
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- (Q)SAR model reporting (QMRF)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- BIOWIN v4.1 in EPISuite 4.1 (2017). The Biodegradation Probability Program (Biowin) estimates the probability for the rapid aerobic biodegradation of an organic chemical in the presence of mixed populations of environmental microorganisms. As recommended in the ECHA guidance R.7b, BIOWIN 2, 3, 5 and 6 were used to predict the ready biodegradability of constituents of the category:
BIOWIN 2 = nonlinear probability model
BIOWIN 3 = expert survey ultimate biodegradation model
BIOWIN 5 = MITI linear model
BIOWIN 6 = MITI nonlinear model
Biodegradability estimates are based upon fragment constants that were developed using multiple linear or non-linear regression analyses, depending on the model. BIOWIN 2 is intended to convey a general indication of biodegradability under aerobic conditions, and not for any particular medium (Howard et al., 1992). BIOWIN 3 yield estimates for the time required to achieve complete ultimate and primary biodegradation in a typical or "evaluative" aquatic environment (Boethling et al., 1994). BIOWIN 5 and 6 are predictive models for assessing a compound’s biodegradability in the Japanese MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry) ready biodegradation test; i.e. OECD 301C (Tunkel et al., 2000).
The use of QSAR estimates to predict the biodegradability of hydrocarbons are included in the training sets of the BIOWIN. The databases were created using experimental biodegradation data for compounds found in crude oil and its products, with biodegradation references obtained for each of these compounds, mainly from the BIOLOG and DATALOG files of EFDB, TOXLINE and American Chemical Society Chemical Abstracts as well as literature searches. - GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material:
Not applicable - Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- not specified
- Details on inoculum:
- Not applicable
- Based on:
- other: QSAR calculation
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- other: QSAR calculation
- Details on study design:
- Not applicable
- Preliminary study:
- Not applicable
- Parameter:
- probability of ready biodegradability (QSAR/QSPR)
- Remarks:
- BIOWIN 2
- Value:
- >= 0.37 - <= 1
- Remarks on result:
- other: Result from QSAR prediction. Range based on the measured constituents in the streams.
- Parameter:
- calculated rating of total degradation time (QSAR/QSPR)
- Remarks:
- BIOWIN 3
- Value:
- >= 2.33 - <= 3.54
- Remarks on result:
- other: Result from QSAR prediction. Range based on the measured constituents in the streams.
- Parameter:
- probability of ready biodegradability (QSAR/QSPR)
- Remarks:
- BIOWIN 5
- Value:
- >= 0.201 - <= 0.628
- Remarks on result:
- other: Result from QSAR prediction. Range based on the measured constituents in the streams.
- Parameter:
- probability of ready biodegradability (QSAR/QSPR)
- Remarks:
- BIOWIN 6
- Value:
- >= 0.12 - <= 0.88
- Remarks on result:
- other: Result from QSAR prediction.Range based on the measured constituents in the streams.
- Details on results:
- BIOWIN 2, 5, and 6 Result Classification: A probability greater than or equal to 0.5 indicates “Biodegrades Fast” and a probability less than 0.5 indicates “Does NOT Biodegrade Fast”
BIOWIN 3 Result Classification (primary and ultimate): 5.00 - hours, 4.00 - days, 3.00 - weeks, 2.00 - months, 1.00 - longer. A probability greater than or equal to 2.75 indicates "Biodegrades Fast".
Details of the constituents and how their BIOWIN half-lives relate to their persistence assessment are found in the PBT report attached to Section 13 (see cross-reference), and also in the document attached as background material. - Results with reference substance:
- Not applicable
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The BIOWIN models predict a high probability of ready biodegradability for a number of measured constituents of these streams. Out of the 240 constituents of the category, and according to the criteria in the R.7b Information Requirement Guidance from ECHA, the following is concluded:
- BIOWIN 2 predicted 218 constituents biodegrade fast
- BIOWIN 3 predicted 204 constituents biodegrade fast (within weeks)
- BIOWIN 5 predicted 88 constituents biodegrade fast
- BIOWIN 6 predicted 156 constituents biodegrade fast
Details of the constituents and how their BIOWIN half-lives relate to their persistence assessment are found in the PBT report attached to Section 13 (see cross-reference), and also in the document attached as background material. - Executive summary:
The ready biodegradability of measured constituents (at equal or above 0.1% w/w) of this category have been predicted using the EPISUITE v4.11 BIOWIN models (2017), which use methodology described by Howard et al. (1992), Boethling et al. (1994) and Tunkel et al. (2000). Of the 240 constituents, and according to the criteria set out in the ECHA R.7b Information Requirements Guidance, 218 (BIOWIN 2), 204 (BIOWIN 3), 88 (BIOWIN 5) and 156 (BIOWIN 6) were predicted to be readily biodegradable based on the different models, with 218 constituents having at least one prediction of a high probability that it will biodegrade fast.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 23 September 2003 - 22 October 2003
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP compliant, guideline study, available as unpublished report, acceptable without restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Clarifications provided
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- not specified
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, domestic, non-adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- from Clinton Sanitary Wastewater Treatment Plant Annadale NJ USA
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Details on study design:
- Triplicate test systems used to evaluate biodegradability of the test and positive control substances at mean concentrations of 52.67 mg/L and 51.19 mg/L respectively. Blank test systems, which did not contain the test or positive control substance were run concurrently in triplicate. The total suspended solids (TSS) of the activated sludge was determined to be 3.32 g/L. The inoculum was added at a 1% loading volume of sludge supernatant to test medium. The microbial count of the inoculum was 105 CFU/mL. One litre of test medium, which was aerated for 24 hrs with carbon dioxide free air, was added to each one litre respirometer flask. The test substance was weighed in an airtight syringe and injected into the test medium. The test system was sealed immediately after addition of the test substance. An aliquot of the positive control stock solution was added to the appropriate test flasks. An unacclimated activated sludge inoculum was used in this study. Temperature range of 22 + 1 degrees C.
- Reference substance:
- other: Sodim benzoate 99%
- Preliminary study:
- Not reported
- Test performance:
- Not readily biodegradable
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 7.3
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Results with reference substance:
- 88.93% after 28 days
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- other: Not readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Pyrolysis C10 + Fuel Oil (from Pyrolysis Gasoline Distillation) achieved a mean percent biodegradation of 7.3% and cannot be considered readily biodegradable
- Executive summary:
This is a GLP compliant, guideline study which is considered adequate for assessment. Pyrolysis C10 + Fuel Oil (from Pyrolysis Gasoline Distillation) achieved a mean percent biodegradation of 7.3% and cannot be considered readily biodegradable
Referenceopen allclose all
Model | Biodegrades fast (No. of consituents) | Does not biodegrade fast (No. of consituents) |
BIOWIN 2 | 218 | 22 |
BIOWIN 3 | 204 | 36 |
BIOWIN 5 | 88 | 152 |
BIOWIN 6 | 156 | 64 |
Description of key information
Biodegradation data are available for 1 streams within this category (ExxonMobil (2004)).The data are considered reliable and suitable for assessment. Data showed the test substances to be not readily biodegradable. Biodegradation rate was 7.3 % in 28 days. However, of the 240 measured constituents (at equal or above 0.1% w/w), and according to the criteria set out in the ECHA R.7b Information Requirements Guidance, 218 (BIOWIN 2), 204 (BIOWIN 3), 88 (BIOWIN 5) and 156 (BIOWIN 6) were predicted to be readily biodegradable based on the different models, with 218 constituents having at least one prediction of a high probability that it will biodegrade fast.
The category is considered inherently biodegradable based on ready biodegradability tests and QSAR data. Data will be read across to other category members.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- inherently biodegradable
Additional information
In an OECD 301F ready biodegradation study 1 stream from this category (CAS No: 68921 -67-5) was shown to degrade by 7.3% in 28 days and is therefore not considered readily biodegradable.
The ready biodegradability of measured constituents (at equal or above 0.1% w/w) of this category have been predicted using the EPISUITE v4.11 BIOWIN models (2017), which use methodology described by Howard et al. (1992), Boethling et al. (1994) and Tunkel et al. (2000). Of the 240 constituents, and according to the criteria set out in the ECHA R.7b Information Requirements Guidance, 218 (BIOWIN 2), 204 (BIOWIN 3), 88 (BIOWIN 5) and 156 (BIOWIN 6) were predicted to be readily biodegradable based on the different models, with 218 constituents having at least one prediction of a high probability that it will biodegrade fast.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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