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EC number: 215-607-8 | CAS number: 1333-82-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Skin sensitisation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Studies on Contact Sensitivity to Chromium in the Guinea Pig. The Role of Valence in the Formation of the Antigenic Determinant
- Author:
- Siegenthaler et al.
- Year:
- 1 983
- Bibliographic source:
- THE JOURNAL OF I NVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, 80:44-47,1983
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The sensitization was done in the following manner: 5 injections of 0.2 ml each of emulsion containing either 1 mg/ ml of potassium dichromate (Merck, Darmstadt, FRG) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan) or 2 mg/ml of chromium chloride (Merck, Darmstadt, FRG) in FCA were given into the footpad and nape of the neck. Animals were restimulated once a week by an intradermal injection of 25 µg either of potassium dichromate or chromium chloride in 0.1 ml 0.15 M NaCl solution into the skin of the right flank. Simultaneously 0.02 ml of either 0.5% potassium dichromate or chromium chloride solution in 1 % Triton X-100 were applied epicutaneously on the skin of the left flank. The boosting was continued weekly until a positive reaction to the hapten was observed. The animals were then challenged epicutaneously with both haptens and the skin inflammation evaluated 24 hr later according to an arbitrary scale: red, swollen = 2, red, contluent = 1, red spots = 0.5.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- published study
- Type of study:
- guinea pig maximisation test
- Justification for non-LLNA method:
- available data, published before LLNA declared as gold standard
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium dichromate
- EC Number:
- 231-906-6
- EC Name:
- Potassium dichromate
- Cas Number:
- 7778-50-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cr2H2O7.2K
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium dichromate
- Details on test material:
- Cr (K2Cr2O7)
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- potassium dichromate (Merck, Darmstadt, FRG)
In vivo test system
Test animals
- Species:
- guinea pig
- Strain:
- other: Rockefeller
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals and environmental conditions:
- Inbred strain 2 and partially inbred strain Rockefeller guinea pigs of either sex were used. They weighed about 350- 400 g when sensitization was begun. The animals were bred at the Institute for Biochemical Research, Füllinsdorf, Switzerland. They were fed on pellet diet supplemented ad libitum with water containing vitamin C.
Study design: in vivo (non-LLNA)
Inductionopen allclose all
- Route:
- intradermal
- Vehicle:
- other: Freund's adjuvant (FCA)
- Concentration / amount:
- 5 injections of 0.2 ml each of emulsion containing either 1 mg/ ml of potassium dichromate in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)
- Day(s)/duration:
- not specified
- Adequacy of induction:
- not specified
- Route:
- intradermal and epicutaneous
- Vehicle:
- other: intradermal: 0.1 ml 0.15 M NaCl solution; epicutaneously: 1% Tritox X-100
- Concentration / amount:
- intradermal: 25 µg potassium dichromate in NaCl solution; epicutaneously: 0.02 ml of 0.5% potassium dichromate in Triton X-100
- Day(s)/duration:
- once a week for 4-6 weeks until positive reaction occured
- Adequacy of induction:
- not specified
Challenge
- No.:
- #1
- Route:
- other: epicutaneously
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Concentration / amount:
- not specified
- Day(s)/duration:
- 24h
- Adequacy of challenge:
- not specified
- No. of animals per dose:
- 11 animals
- Details on study design:
- see above
- Challenge controls:
- not specified
- Positive control substance(s):
- no
Results and discussion
- Positive control results:
- none
In vivo (non-LLNA)
Results
- Reading:
- 1st reading
- Hours after challenge:
- 24
- Group:
- test chemical
- Dose level:
- not specified
- No. with + reactions:
- 11
- Total no. in group:
- 11
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of skin sensitisation
Any other information on results incl. tables
All guinea pigs sensitized with potassium dichromate in FCA and boosted several times epicutaneously and intradermaliy with the same hapten responded after 4-6 weeks to an epicutaneous challenge with this hexavalent chromium salt.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Guinea pigs sensitized with either the trivalent chromium chloride or the hexavalent potassium dichromate are capable of reacting in vivo and in vitro to challenges with both chromium salts. This double reactivity is retained also after repeated restimulations with only 1 of these chromium compounds.
- Executive summary:
The results of this study show that Cr (VI) tested as potassium dichromate is able to induce skin sensitisation in guinea pigs. Also, there is evidence of cross-reactivity between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds. The experiments in guinea pigs showed that animals which were sensitised to Cr(VI) compounds produced a positive skin response when challenged with Cr(III) compounds, and that animals sensitised to Cr(III) give a positive skin response when challenged with Cr(VI).
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