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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 258-207-9 | CAS number: 52829-07-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://chesar.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.27 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 36 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 31.7 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Due to lack of repeated dose toxicity data by the inhalation route, a route to route extrapolation was performed. The NOAEL (oral) is converted into a NOAEC (corrected) in accordance to guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, ECHA, May 2008. The NOAEL (oral) has to be divided by a factor of 0.38 m³/kg body weight and corrected for activity driven differences of respiratory volumes in workers compared to workers in rest (6.7 m³/10 m³).In addition, a default factor of 2 is applied to account for differences in oral and inhalative absorption properties. The corrected starting point is therefore:NOAEC (corrected) = 36 mg/kg / 0.38 m³/kg x 0.5 x (6.7 m³/10 m³) = 31.7 mg/m³.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- extrapolation from subchronic to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Allometric scaling is part of the route to route extrapolation
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- standard factor for remaining uncertainties
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- standard factor for worker
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the database is considered sufficient
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.8 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 36 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 180 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The dermal route is typically covered by oral route information in the absence of data for this administration route. No data on skin permeation is available. According to the formula published by Fitzpatrick et al (Chemosphere. 2004 Jun;55(10):1309-14), a skin permeation coefficient logKp of -7.269 can be calculated. Based on these values, the test substance is marginally permeable. Based on these values a skin absorption of 20% is assumed. The LOAEL is therefore modified by a factor of 5.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- extrapolation from subchronic to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- extrapolation from rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- standard factor for remaining uncertainties
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- standard factor for worker
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the database is considered sufficient
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
Identification of relevant dose descriptor
The most sensititive findings observed in several studies with repeated exposure are effects on the body weight and body weight gain of treated animals. In a 90d study with rats, effects on body weight were observed in females of all treatment groups, resulting in a LOEL of 29 mg/kg body weight, no NOEL was reported for females. However, in this study inflammation was observed in all animals in the study, including controls. In their final decision (Decision number: CCH-D-2114384240-56-01/F) ECHA considered "that the inflammation may have compromised the reliability of the study", therefore the DNEL derivation is based on the NOAEL of 36 mg/kg observed in the extended one-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 443). In this guideline-compliant study, body weight and body weight gain was also affected in male and female rats, however a clear NOAEL was described for this effect for both female and male rats. Therefore, this study is considered more relevant for risk assessment and the NOAEL of 36 mg/kg body weight us used as starting point for DNEL derivation. The derived DNELs are are also protective from the observed slight reprotoxic effects, since these effects ocurred only at higher dose levels with a higher NOAEL, reuslting in higher DNELs if chosen as starting points.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.31 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 36 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 15.7 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Because no inhalation study is available, a route to route extrapolation was performed. The NOAEL (oral) has to be modified into a NOAEC (corrected) in accordance to guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8, ECHA, May 2008. Here, the NOAEL has to be divided by a factor of 1.15 m³/kg body weight. In addition, a default factor of 2 is applied to account for differences in oral and inhalative absorption properties. The corrected starting point is therefore: NOAEC (corrected) = 36 mg/kg / 1.15 m³/kg x 0.5 = 15.7 mg/m³.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- extrapolation from subchronic to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Allometric scaling is part of the route to route extrapolation
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- standard factor for remaining uncertainties
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- standard factor for consumer
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the database is considered sufficient
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.9 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 36 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 180 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The dermal route is typically covered by oral route information in the absence of data for this administration route. No data on skin permeation is available. According to the formula published by Fitzpatrick et al (Chemosphere. 2004 Jun;55(10):1309-14), a skin permeation coefficient logKp of -6.01 and -4.14 can be calculated. Based on these values, the test substance is marginally permeable. Based on these values a skin absorption of 20% is assumed. The LOAEL is therefore modified by a factor of 5.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- The default extrapolation factor for exposure duration is used: subchronic (starting point) to chronic (end point).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the more heterogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the database is considered sufficient
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- Justification:
- the database is considered sufficient
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.18 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 36 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- The default extrapolation factor for exposure duration is used: subchronic (starting point) to chronic (end point).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the more heterogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the data base is considered sufficient
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Identification of relevant dose descriptor
The dose descriptor chosen is the same as for workers (see above). The NOAEL of 36 mg/kg observed in the extended one-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 443) with a structural analogue was used as starting point to derive the DNELs.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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