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EC number: 234-829-6 | CAS number: 12035-72-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: other routes
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: other route
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for publication.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- other: book chapter
- Title:
- Mechanistic Evaluations Of The Pulmonary Toxicology Of Nickel Subsulfide
- Author:
- Fisher GL, Chrisp CE, McNeill KL, McNeill DA, Democko C, Finch GL
- Year:
- 1 984
- Bibliographic source:
- MacFarland, HN et al. (Ed.). Advances In Modern Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 6. Applied Toxicology Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons; Symposium, Washington, D.C., USA May 11-13, 1982. Princeton Scientific Publishers: Princeton, N.J., USA.
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A/J mice were exposed to Ni3S2 particles of different sizes via intratracheal instillation either once or once per week for 4 weeks. Lethality was compared between exposure duration and particle size.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Trinickel disulphide
- EC Number:
- 234-829-6
- EC Name:
- Trinickel disulphide
- Cas Number:
- 12035-72-2
- Molecular formula:
- Ni3S2
- IUPAC Name:
- (trinickel-1-ylidene)-1λ⁴-disulfene
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Ni3S2
- Other:
Fine: MMD = 1.8 um, GSD = 1.55
Coarse: MMD = 13.3 um, GSD = 2.17
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- other: Strain A/J
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: 8-10 weeks
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: intratracheal
- Vehicle:
- other: PBS
- Details on exposure:
- Mice were anesthetized with 60 mg/kg sodium pentobarbitol and placed on specially made holders. A fiber optic system was used to illuminate the oropharynx and a dissecting microscope gave sufficient magnification to allow insertion of a sterile one inch by 23 gauge cannula into the trachea. The tip of the cannula was inserted just anterior to the first bifurcation and the dose material slowly delivered. A 20 uL sample was well tolerated and was large enough to minimize sample to sample variation. Survivals of vehicle control and experimental animals were excellent.
Suspensions of nickel subsulfide were prepared by addition of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to the test material in a carcinogen glove box. These suspensions were then sealed and sonicated for 10 min to deagglomerate and assure a uniform distribution of particles in the suspension. Prior gravimetric studies with hematite indicated that accurate and repeatable dosing required vortex mixing of the suspension vial immediately before each dose sample was withdrawn. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- acute
- Frequency of treatment:
- once per week for 1 or 4 weeks
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
4-100 mg Ni3S2/kg for single exposure
0.5-64 mg Ni3S2/kg for once per week for 4 weeks
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10-20 males
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: not stated
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: No data
FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data
WATER CONSUMPTION:
- Time schedule for examinations: No data
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No data
HAEMATOLOGY: No data
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No data
URINALYSIS: No data
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No data
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, on animals that dies shortly after exposure
HISTOPATHOLOGY: No - Other examinations:
- Not applicable.
- Statistics:
- Not applicable.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not specified
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
The lethality of fine particles was much greater than course particles in animals receiving a single dose; the LD50 values were 4 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, the LD50 values were nearly identical for animals exposed to fine and course particles for 4 weeks; 1 and 2 mg/kg, respectively. Toxicity was first clinically manifested as rough hair coats, weight loss, and anorexia.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Toxicity was first clinically manifested as rough hair coats, weight loss, and anorexia.
GROSS PATHOLOGY
Gross examination of the nickel subsulfide treated mice that died shortly after exposure showed that the lungs were dark red and did not deflate upon opening of the thoracic cavity – indicating that lethality was associated with pulmonary hemorrhage and possible congestion and edema. No other grossly visible signs of toxicity were noted.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- other: LD50
- Effect level:
- 1 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Lethality from Fine Ni3S2
- Dose descriptor:
- other: LD50
- Effect level:
- 2 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Lethality from Coarse Ni3S2
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
LD50 After Intratracheal Exposure to Ni3S2
LD50 (mg/kg) | |||
Strain | Size: MMD, GSD | Single | Multiple* |
A/J | Fine, 1.8 um, 1.55 | 4 | 1 |
A/J | Coarse, 13.3 um, 2.17 | 50 | 2 |
B6C3F1** | Fine, 1.8 um, 1.55 | 4 | 1 |
*, exposed once per week for 4 weeks
**, B6C3F1 data are considered K3 because less data was provided, but are shown for comparison
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The authors concluded that repeated exposure to course Ni3S2 resulted in cumulative lethality; these findings demonstrate the importance of physical form in the evaluation of pulmonary toxicity.
- Executive summary:
Fisher et al. (1984) examined the lethality and toxicity of Ni3S2 particles of different size on A/J mice lungs following intratracheal instillation. The MMAD and GSD for the fine particles were 1.8 μm and 1.55, whereas the MMAD and GSD for coarse particles were 13.3 μm and 2.17. Groups of animals were exposed to 0-100 mg/kg for a single dose, or 0-64 mg/kg once per week for 4 consecutive weeks. The lethality of fine particles was much greater than that of course particles in animals receiving a single dose; the LD50 values were 4 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, the LD50 values were nearly identical for animals exposed to fine and course particles for 4 weeks; 1 and 2 mg/kg, respectively. Toxicity was first clinically manifested as rough hair coats, weight loss, and anorexia. Mortality as a result of exposure occurred from one to four days following exposure; animals that survived this period generally recovered. Gross examination of the nickel subsulfide treated mice that died shortly after exposure showed that the lungs were dark red and did not deflate upon opening of the thoracic cavity – indicating that lethality was associated with pulmonary hemorrhage and possible congestion and edema. No other grossly visible signs of toxicity were noted. This study also contained a more limited analysis in B6C3F1 mice. These animals were only exposed to fine Ni3S2 for 1 or 4 weeks. The LD50 values for the fine particles were identical to those in A/J mice (i.e. 4 and 1 mg/kg for single and multiple exposures). The authors concluded that repeated exposure to course Ni3S2 resulted in cumulative lethality; these findings demonstrate the importance of physical form in the evaluation of pulmonary toxicity. STUDY RATED BY AN INDEPENDENT REVIEWER
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