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EC number: 265-086-6 | CAS number: 64741-84-0 A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained as the raffinate from a solvent extraction process. It consists predominantly of aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C5 through C11 and boiling in the range of approximately 35°C to 190°C (95°F to 374°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://chesar.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
There are no skin and eye irritation data are available on any of the streams within this category (CAS Numbers; 102110-14-5, 64741-84-0, 64742-49-0, 68476-55-1,92128-65-9). However there are data on constituents present in some streams which indicate that Aliphatics and Cyclics C5 and Higher streams should be considered to be irritating to skin and eyes and that classification is appropriate with respect to the skin.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin irritation / corrosion
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation / corrosion, other
- Remarks:
- In Vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline compliant study, GLP status unknown, limitations in reporting but otherwise acceptable.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 404 (Acute Dermal Irritation / Corrosion)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Type of coverage:
- other: under exposure chamber
- Preparation of test site:
- shaved
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- not required
- Amount / concentration applied:
- Neat, 0.5 mL, to an area of 6cm2
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 4 hours
- Observation period:
- 144 h (i.e. 6 days) after end of application
- Number of animals:
- 6
- Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- > 2
- Reversibility:
- no data
- Remarks on result:
- other: erythema score 3.00 at 144 h
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: 24/48/72
- Score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible
- Remarks on result:
- other: oedema only seen at 1 h
- Interpretation of results:
- irritating
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Benzene is considered to be irritating to rabbit skin (mean over 24/48/72 h for erythema >2)
- Executive summary:
The irritation potential of benzene was assessed on the skins of six shaved rabbits exposed to neat benzene for 4 hours, using an exposure chamber of 6 cm2. One hour after exposure oedema grade 2 and erythema grade 1 were documented. No oedema, but mean scores of 2.0/2.2/2.4 for erythema were recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the end of exposure. Erythema increased to a mean of grade 3 at 6 days.
It is concluded that benzene is irritating to rabbit skin and should be classified as Xi, R38. Under CLP it is proposed that the appropriate classification is Category 2, H315.
Reference
Mean scores (Draize et al 1944):
Time after end of application |
1 h |
24 h |
48 h |
72 h |
144 h |
Mean score for erythema |
1.00 |
2.00 |
2.20 |
2.40 |
3.00 |
Mean score for edema |
2.20 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irritating)
Eye irritation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation, other
- Remarks:
- In Vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP compliant, guideline study available as unpublished report, no restrictions, fully adequate for assessment.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 405 (Acute Eye Irritation / Corrosion)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: HRP, Inc, Denver, PA, USA
- Age at study initiation: males approx 12-13 weeks, females approx 11-12 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 2.24-2.95 kg
- Housing: single housed in suspended stainless steel and wire mesh cages
- Diet: Agway certified diet RCA Rabbit (pellets) ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum via automatic system
- Acclimation period: at least 2 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: approx 18-21°C
- Humidity: 40-60%
- Air changes (per hr): no information
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark /12 hrs light
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 4 October 1994 To: 11 October 1994 - Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- not required
- Amount / concentration applied:
- 0.1 mL
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Single application
- Observation period (in vivo):
- 7 days
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 6 (4 male and 2 female)
- Details on study design:
- REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): NA - eyes were unwashed.
SCORING SYSTEM: Draize
TOOL USED TO ASSESS SCORE: 2% sodium fluorescein under UV light - Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: 24, 48 and 72 hours
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 4
- Remarks on result:
- other: no corneal effects
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: 24, 48 and 72 hours
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 2
- Remarks on result:
- other: mild iritis in 3 animals at 1 hour only
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: 24, 48 and 72 hours
- Score:
- 1.4
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 7 days
- Remarks on result:
- other: scores of 2 or 3 in all animals at 24 hours, 1 or 2 in all animals at 48 hours and 1 in 4 animals at 72 hours
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: 24, 48 and 72 hours
- Score:
- 0.4
- Max. score:
- 4
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 72 hours
- Remarks on result:
- other: minimal chemosis in 5 animals at 24 hour and persisting until 48 hours in 2 animals
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- There were no corneal effects and iridial effects were limited to 3 animals at the 1 hour observation only. At 1 hour conjunctival redness, chemosis, and discharge were observed in all animals. Redness was observed in all animals at 24 and 48 hours and in four animals at 72 hours. Chemosis was observed in five animals at 24 hours and two animals at 48 hours. Discharge was observed in four animals at 24 hours. In addition, dye retention of the nictitating membrane was observed in three animals at 24 hours and one at 48 hours. All conjunctival effects had recovered by day 7.
- Other effects:
- Clinical signs were not observed in any animal and all animals survived to study termination
- Interpretation of results:
- not irritating
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Toluene is not irritating to the rabbit eye.
- Executive summary:
The eye irritation potential of toluene was evaluated following a single 0.1 mL instillation to the right eye of 6 New Zealand White rabbits. The treated eyes of all animals remained unwashed. Observations for signs of ocular irritation and toxicity were made at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-instillation and on Day 7.
There were no corneal effects and iridial responses were limited to three animals at 1 hour. Toluene elicited conjunctival irritation in all animals from 1 hour which persisted until 72 hours in 4 animals but was fully recovered by day 7.
Toluene is slightly irritating to the rabbit eye but no classification is warranted under Dir 67/548/EEC or GHS.
Reference
Mean ocular irritation scores for each observation interval
|
1 hour |
24 hour |
48 hour |
72 hour |
7 day |
Corneal opacity |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Iritis |
0.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Conjunctival redness |
3.00 |
2.17 |
1.50 |
0.67 |
0 |
Chemosis |
3.33 |
0.83 |
0.33 |
0 |
0 |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irritating)
Respiratory irritation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Non-human information
There are no specific skin or eye irritation studies on any of the streams. Data on the specific components benzene (Jacobs, 1991), toluene (Exxon, 1988), n-hexane and pentane indicate some irritation following dermal contact with effects sufficiently severe for all except pentane to warrant labelling. Eye irritation data on the specific components benzene, toluene ((Exxon, 1995), pentane indicate that instillation of liquid test substance into the eye induces some evidence of eye irritation. For benzene the effects are sufficient to warrant labelling (Wolf et al, 1956).
The irritation potential of benzene was assessed on the skins of six shaved rabbits exposed to neat benzene for 4 hours, using an exposure chamber of 6 cm2(Jacobs. 1991). One hour after exposure oedema grade 2 and erythema grade 1 were documented. No oedema, but mean scores of 2.0/2.2/2.4 for erythema were recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the end of exposure. Erythema increased to a mean of grade 3 at 6 days. A second study (Wolf et al, 1956) examined skin irritation potential of benzene following repeated applications. Undiluted benzene was applied 10 -20 times over 2-4 weeks to the ear and shaved abdomen of white rabbits (abdomen bandaged). Perceptible to definite erythema, oedema and superficial necrosis were documented. These effects resulted in a "chapped" appearance and exfoliation of large patches of skin. Although the design and reporting are not compliant with regulatory guidelines the results are consistent with benzene being irritating to rabbit skin.
Human information
There is no specific human information concerning skin or eye irritation on any of the streams or on the majority of specific components identified as present in some streams. Specific information are available for benzene and toluene:
Benzene (Classification: EU - Irritating Xi, R36, R38; GHS/CLP - Category 2 H319, Category 2 H315): Liquid benzene on direct contact with the skin may cause erythema and blistering. Skin contact with benzene removes fat from the tissue which may result in the development of a dry, scaly dermatitis if exposure is repeated or prolonged. High concentrations of benzene vapours are irritating to the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and respiratory tract (EU RAR, 2008).
Toluene (Classification: EU - Irritating Xi, R38; GHS/CLP - Category 2 H315): No data on skin irritation have been found. The EU RAR (2003) stated “it is well known that toluene has a degreasing effect on the skin. After repeated exposures, toxic contact dermatitis may develop. ” There are no data from direct exposure of human eyes to liquid toluene. A number of human experimental studies in volunteers have investigated reports of eye “irritation” resulting from exposures to toluene in ambient air. These studies indicate that toluene produces subjective sensations of eye irritation at concentrations = 75 ppm (EU RAR, 2003). In a recent study, Muttray et al (2005) exposed twenty healthy men to a constant level of 50 ppm toluene. Acute symptoms related to eye irritation were assessed with the Swedish Performance Evaluation System (SPES) self-assessment questionnaire, once before and 3 times during exposure. Values obtained during exposure were related to pre-exposure values. There was no effect of toluene exposure on "irritation to the eye", "watering eyes" or "blurred vision”. 50 ppm (188 mg/m3) toluene is a NOAEC for eye irritation in humans.
Cyclohexane (Classification: Category 2 H315): Cyclohexane is classified as having a potential to cause skin irritation according to CLP.
Heptane (Classification: Category 2 H315): Heptane is classified as having a potential to cause skin irritation according to CLP.
References
EU RAR (2003). European Union Risk Assessment Report for Toluene. EC Joint Research Centre http: //ecb. jrc. ec. europa. eu/DOCUMENTS/Existing- Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/toluenereport032. pdf
EU RAR (2008). European Union Risk Assessment Report for Benzene. EC Joint Research Centre. http: //ecb. jrc. ec. europa. eu/documents/Existing-chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/benzenereport063. pdf.
Justification for selection of skin irritation / corrosion
endpoint:
Information on the marker substances present indicates a potential
for irritation following dermal contact with effects sufficiently severe
to warrant classification. Results obtained for the key component
benzene are considered indicative of the overall effects of these
streams on the skin.
Justification for selection of eye irritation endpoint:
Information on the marker substances present indicate a potential
for irritation following eye contact with effects sufficiently severe to
warrant classification. Results obtained for the key component toluene
are considered indicative of the overall effects of these streams on the
eye.
Effects on skin irritation/corrosion: irritating
Effects on eye irritation: slightly irritating
Justification for classification or non-classification
Although there are no studies on the streams identified for this category there are sufficient data on component substances to indicate that Aliphatics and Cyclics C5 and Higher streams are irritating to the skin and should be classified Category 2, H315 according to Reg (EC) 1272/2008. Streams that contain >10% benzene will be required to be labelled for eye irritation, Category 2, H319 under Reg (EC) 1272/2008.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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