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EC number: 231-152-8 | CAS number: 7440-43-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://chesar.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Remarks:
- in B6C3F mice
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- positive control is lacking as well as any information related to the effect on P/N
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 995
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
- Version / remarks:
- Detailed discussion of this assay is given by Mc Gregor et al. (1990). Instead of one or two exposures to the test agent, followed by sampling at two or three postexposure times to obtain a sample near the time of transient peak of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, a repeated dose schedule with a single sample taken at steady state (reached within 2 to 3 days in RNA-positive reythrocytes to 5-6 weeks in RNA-negative erythroytes) is preferred. It was demonstrated that frequencies of micronucleated RNA-positive (PCEs) and RNA-negative erythrocytes in blood and bone marrow come to steady state during ‚continuous’ exposure via diet, drinking water or during repeated daily exposures to test agents by i.p. injection, gavage or inhalation.
Deviations from the EC Method: tested doses are not related to maximum tolerated dose or that producing some cytotoxicity. However, highest exposure dose is near the recommended limit dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w. per day. Blood samples are used instead of bone marrow samples. However, according to the investigations results of Mc Gregor et al. (1990) on several substances, the used procedure should allow adequate testing as well.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- in compliance with US Food and Drug Administration Good Laboratory Practices Regulations (21 CFR, Part 58).
- Type of assay:
- mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cadmium oxide
- EC Number:
- 215-146-2
- EC Name:
- Cadmium oxide
- Cas Number:
- 1306-19-0
- Molecular formula:
- CdO
- IUPAC Name:
- oxocadmium
- Details on test material:
- -Name of the test material: CdO
SOURCE: Lot 110383 from Johnson Matthey Aesar Group (Seabrook, NH).
PURITY: Purity : 99.4 % ( 0.6 % )
Impurities : 400 ppm chlorine, all other impurities detected totaled less than 263 ppm
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- B6C3F1
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Simonsen Laboratories (Gilroy, CA)
- Age at study initiation: : 6 wk old
- Weight at study initiation: no information
- Housing: in individual cages within the exposure chambers
- Diet : NIH-07 Open Formula Diet (Zeigler Brothers, Inc., Gardners, PA) in pellet form
- Water : City water (Richland, WA), ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 12-15 d
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Vehicle:
- none
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF INHALATION EXPOSURE: whole body
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- for 12 exposure days or 13 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- exposure for 6 hours plus T90 per day, 5 days per week, except weekends and holidays, for 12 exposure days or 13 weeks
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 2 and 13 weeks studies
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.025 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 13 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.05 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 13 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.1 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 13 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.25 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 13 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 13 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.1 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 2 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 2 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 3 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 2 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 10 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 2 weeks study
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.3 mg/m³ air
- Remarks:
- For the 2 weeks study
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Groups of 5 mice of each sex for the 2 weeks treatment
Groups of 10 mice of each sex for the 13 weeks treatment - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Positive control(s):
- none
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- blood
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- SAMPLING TIMES and NUMBER of SAMPLES: once, at the end of the 13 week study
TISSUE PREPARATION: Blood samples were obtained from B6C3F1 mice at the end of the 13-week study. Smears were immediately prepared, fixed in absolute methanol, stained with acridine orange (a chromatin-specific fluorescent dye), and coded. The slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei and criteria of Schmid (1976) were used to define micronuclei.
CELL STAINING: Acridine Orange
SCORING: 2,000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in each of five male and five female mice per exposure concentration - Evaluation criteria:
- the criteria of Schmid (1976) were used to define micronuclei
- Statistics:
- the results were tabulated as the mean of the pooled results from all animals within a treatment group, plus or minus the standard error of the mean. The frequency of micronucleated cells among normochromatic erythrocytes was analyzed by a statistical software package that tested increasing trend over exposure groups with a one-tailed Cochran-Armitage trend test, followed by pairwise comparisons between each exposure group and the control group (Margolin et al., 1990). In the presence of excess binomial variation, as detected by a binomial dispersion test, the binomial variance of the Cochran-Armitage test was adjusted upward in proportion to the excess varaition. In the micronucleus test, an individual trial was considered positive if the trend test P-value was less than or equal to 0.025 or the P-value for any single exposure group was less than or equal to 0.025 or the P-value for any single exposure group was less than or equal to 0.025 divided by the number of exposure groups. A final call of positive for micronucleaus induction is prefereably based on reproducible positive trials. Ultimately, the final call was determmined by the scientific staff after considering the results of statistical analyses, reproducibility of any effects observed, and the magnitudes of those effects.
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
The frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes of mice following treatment with CdO by inhalation for 13 weeks, are given below.
The results are tabulated as the mean of the pooled results from all animals within a treatment group, plus or minus the standard error of the mean.
|
Concentration (mgCdO/m3) |
Micronucleated NCEs/1000 NCEs (mean ± standard error) |
Male |
Air
0.025 0.050 0.100 0.250 1.000 |
3.5 ±0.4
2.8 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.6 3.1 ± 0.9 3.1 ± 0.4 4.3 ± 0.6 |
Female |
Air
0.025 0.050 0.100 0.250 1.000 |
2.1 ± 0.2
2.1 ± 0.4 2.2 ± 0.3 2.1 ± 0.3 2.7 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.3 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Inhalation exposure to cadmium oxide (0.025-1 mg/m3) for 13 weeks did not result in increased frequencies in micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood of male or female B6C3F1 mice.
Remark: There is however a concern that the bone marrow was not adequately exposed given the unknown effect on the P/N ratio and lack of information regards other indications of systemic toxicity. The (limited) toxicokinetic information following inhalation exposure indicates absorption of CdO into the blood, presumably leading to exposure of the bone marrow. Thus it can be reasonably assumed that the bone marrow was exposed to CdO and the negative result is relatively reliable. - Executive summary:
Dunnick (1995) treated male and female B6C3F1 mice with cadmium oxide (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 1 mg/m³) for 13 week to determine the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood of these animals..
At the end of the 13-week study, smears were prepared and slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei in 2,000 normochromatic erythrocytes in each of five male and five female mice per exposure concentration
Inhalation exposure to cadmium oxide (0.025-1 mg/m3) for 13 weeks did not result in increased frequencies in micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood of male or female B6C3F1 mice.
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