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EC number: 200-309-2 | CAS number: 57-06-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Genetic toxicity in vitro
Description of key information
Overall, both positive and negative results have been observed with AITC in genotoxicity tests in bacterial and mammalian cells in vitro in the absence of metabolic activation, with positive results occurring usually at or near cytotoxic concentrations.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1980
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The mutagenicity of isothiocyanates and related compounds was tested by the method of Ames et al. with some modifications.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA1535, TA1537,TA1538
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S-9 Mix
- Vehicle / solvent:
- DMSO
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA100, TA98
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA1535, TA1537, TA1538
- Metabolic activation:
- not specified
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Additional information on results:
- There was no activating effect on mutagenicity by the pretreatment of these samples with S-9 Mix.
- Conclusions:
- It was found that all of the isohiocyanates tested showed mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium TA100, though the degree varied with each sample. Especially, allyl isothiocyanate have the highest potency among these compunds.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1987
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Results from the testing of 108 coded chemicals in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for the induction of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are presented. All chemicals were tested with and without exogenous metabolic activation, using protocols designed to allow testing up to toxic doses.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian cell transformation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 mix
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- Weakly positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The aberration test was weakly positive, with increases primarily in simple deletions. A chromosome aberration test in Chinese hamster cells with and without S9 was also reported by Kamasaki et al. (1982).
- Endpoint:
- genetic toxicity in vitro, other
- Remarks:
- Sister Chromatid Exchange
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1987
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Results from the testing of 108 coded chemicals in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for the induction of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are presented. All chemicals were tested with and without exogenous metabolic activation, using protocols designed to allow testing up to toxic doses.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- sister chromatid exchange assay in mammalian cells
- Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 Mix
- Conclusions:
- In the SCE test without S9, there was evidence for a trend, but no responses were elevated 20% over the control level. With S9, a more convincing increase in SCEs was seen. Polyploid cells were noted at 0.16 pg/ml or more without S9 and at 0.5 pg/ml or more with S9.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1982
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The mutagenicity test was conducted in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay on plates according to the method of Ames (Ames et al., 1975), with the S. typhimurium histidine (-) mutants, TA98 and TA100.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 mix
- Vehicle / solvent:
- DMSO
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA 98 and TA100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In the mutation test none of the flavorings exhibited significant induction of his + revertants in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 or TA100, either with or without rat liver microsome as the metabolic activation system.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1982
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- CH cell line B241 was used it for the chromosome test in culture stages between the 5th and 8th passages. Exponentially growing cells at one day after seeding were exposed to each of the chemicals for 24 h, and then incubated another 24 h without the chemicals followed by treatment with colchicine (1 x 10 - 7 M) for 2-3 h.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- other: chromosome aberration test
- Vehicle / solvent:
- Chemicals were dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 50 mM and then were diluted with the medium.
- Species / strain:
- other: Chinese-hamster B241 cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The results of the chromosome test showed significant increases in chromosome aberrations in the Chinese-hamster B241 cells by 8 out of the 9 agents, regardless of the presence or absence of S9 mix. In particular, trcinnamaldehyde (tr-CA) and allylisothiocyanate (AITC) exhibited high potentials for inducing aberrations. The total frequency of the aberrations indicated a dose dependent increase at a certain dose range.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1982
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- reverse mutations in Eschericia coli WP67
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli, other: Wp67 (trp uvrA polA)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Species / strain:
- E. coli, other: WP67 (trp uvrA polA)
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Additional information on results:
- The authors noted that the degree of mutagenicity was related to the source and protein content of the metabolic activation system. Microsomal fractions from the liver of phenobarbital-treated rats, goats and monkeys were reported to be more active at a lower protein content than those prepared from mice and hamsters.
- Conclusions:
- AITC induced reverse mutations in Eschericia coli WP67 (trp uvrA polA) only in the presence of metabolic activation in an assay with 120 minutes incubation (Rihová, 1982). Bacteriotoxicity was higher in the absence of metabolic activation than in the presence. The authors noted that the degree of mutagenicity was related to the source and protein content of the metabolic activation system. Microsomal fractions from the liver of phenobarbital-treated rats, goats and monkeys were reported to be more active at a lower protein content than those prepared from mice and hamsters.
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1985
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- induction of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- other: chromosomal aberration
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not specified
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- An induction of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells which were exposed to AITC concentrations up to 10 nmol/l (0.99 ng/ml) without metabolic activation was reported by Kasamaki et al. (1982) and Kasamaki and Urasawa (1985).
Referenceopen allclose all
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available (further information necessary)
Genetic toxicity in vivo
Description of key information
In vivo, the results were consistently negative in assays for micronucleus formation in mice and rats and unscheduled DNA synthesis in rats after oral application as well as in a dominant lethal mutation assay in mice after intraperitoneal injection.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1993
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Only a single sex was used.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- B6C3F1
- Sex:
- male
- Route of administration:
- intraperitoneal
- Vehicle:
- Each chemical was prepared in the appropriate solvent (PBS for water soluble chemicals, corn oil for water-insoluble chemicals).
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Three consecutive day
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Post exposure period:
- 48 hr after the third treatment, the surviving mice were euthanized
- Dose / conc.:
- 37.5 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 75 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Groups of 5 mice were administered the test chemicals.
- Control animals:
- yes
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- no effects
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Conclusions:
- AITC did not increase the number of micronuclei in bone marrow cells.
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1998
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Allylisothiocyanate (AITC) has been evaluated for its ability to initiate unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in the livers of male rats in vivo. Specific Pathogen Free
outbred albino Hsd/Ola Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by oral gavage to 37.5 or 125 mg/kg AITC in corn oil and hepatocytes assessed for UDS by autoradiography 2 and 14 h later. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- unscheduled DNA synthesis
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on species / strain selection:
- Specific Pathogen Free outbred albino Hsd/Ola Sprague-Dawley rats were treated.
- Sex:
- male
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil.
- Details on exposure:
- A dose level of 125 mg/kg bodyweight was found to be the maximum tolerated dose under the conditions of this test. Clinical signs occurred in the 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight dose groups accompanied by mortality of one and two of four animals in each group, respectively. A dosage of 125 mg/kg body weight was therefore chosen as the maximum for use in the DNA repair test.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Once
- Dose / conc.:
- 37.5 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 125 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control(s):
- Animals in the positive control group were treated with dimethylnitrosamine at 4 mg/kg for the 2 h expression or 2-acetylaminofluorene at 50 mg/kg for the 14 h expression.
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Hepatocytes were isolated from each rat by enzymatic dissociation of the liver.
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- no effects
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Conclusions:
- AITC did not induce UDS at either dose level at either time point. These data are consistent with all other evidence indicating that AITC does not act as a genotoxin in vivo.
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian germ cell study: cytogenicity / chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1972
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 478 (Genetic Toxicology: Rodent Dominant Lethal Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- lower number of animals and of dose levels used, limited report of experimental observations.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- rodent dominant lethal assay
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- Swiss
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- intraperitoneal
- Dose / conc.:
- 3.8 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 19 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 7 male rats/ 3.8 mg/kg
9 male rats/19 mg/kg - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Conclusions:
- AITC was investigated in a dominant lethal mutation assay. The substance was administered to male ICR/Ha Swiss mice as a single intraperitoneal injection at doses of 3.8 or 19 mg/kg bw. The incidence of early fetal death or pre-implantation losses in females mated with the treated males was not increased over a period of eight weeks
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1988
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Allyl isothiocyanatc (AITC) was given in doses of 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg (5 days/week) by oral intubation to male rats for up to 6 weeks.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Shoe: WIST
- Sex:
- male
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- Paraffin oil
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Up to 6 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily
- Dose / conc.:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 40 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Conclusions:
- Cell number, and the percentage of polychromatic erythrocytes and erythrocytes with micronuclei in the femoral marrow, indicative of the clastogenicity of chemicals, were not affected.
Referenceopen allclose all
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Additional information
Justification for classification or non-classification
According to the available information and in particular according to in vivo study results, AITC is not classified as genotoxic.
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